NSG 170 lecture *EXAM 4 (sexuality/reproduction)

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Subsequent assessment for pregnancy

-Vital signs and weight -Urinalysis -Glucose screening (between 24-28 weeks) -Isoimmunization -Fundal height (Leopold's maneuver) -Fetal evaluation (fetal heart rate and activity)

Heartburn

-Wear lose fitting clothes -Do not eat or drink just before bedtime -Consume small, frequent meals -Elevate head by sleeping with extra pillows -Avoid foods that trigger symptoms such as fried/fatty foods, acidic foods, and spicy foods -The lower esophageal sphincter is relaxed, GI motility is slower, and the angle of gastroesophageal junction is changed due to stomach displacement by the enlarged uterus

This STD presents as single lesion or clusters that may be hard, yellow/gray on dry skin or may be pink/red/soft "cauliflower-like"

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

This STI is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV)

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

Side effect of too much iron

Constipation

Recurrent occurrences are itchy/painful, may last up to 10 days, and patient may experience tingling, itching or pain before the outbreaks

Genital herpes

This STI can be transmitted to baby during delivery causing multi-system diseases

Genital herpes

This STI is diagnosed through viral culture or polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR) of the lesions

Genital herpes

This STI is not curable

Genital herpes

Dominant alleles express trait even if only one copy and recessive alleles can only express themselves if there are two copies (one from each parent) is an example of what?

Genotypes

Drug treatment is IM ceftriaxone for what STI?

Gonorrhea

If patient tests positive for this infection, it is also recommended to treat the presumed co-infection of chlamydia with doxycycline

Gonorrhea

Watery/white discharge which may become purulent (yellow/green)

Gonorrhea

Which STI may cause sterility?

Gonorrhea

Organic erectile dysfunction

Gradual deterioration of function

Example of an autosomal dominant genetic disorder

Huntington's disease

Which contraceptives have the advantage of "copper ____ can also be used for emergency contraceptive"

IUD

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being effective for 5-10 years

IUD

Which contraceptives have the advantage of decreasing dysmenorrhea and menstrual blood loss?

IUD

Which contraceptives have the advantage of staying in place at all times

IUD

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of may be expelled without the woman's knowledge?

IUD (must check for strings)

Braxton hicks' contractions

Irregular painless contractions (should be <5/hour)

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of added spermicide necessary for repeat coitus?

-Diaphragm -Cervical cap

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being initially expensive; requires healthcare provider to fit?

-Diaphragm -Cervical cap

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must remain in place at least 6 hours after coitus?

-Diaphragm -Cervical cap

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of possible toxic shock syndrome or bladder infection?

-Diaphragm -Cervical cap

Pedigree (definition)

-Graph of family history for specific trait or health problem over several generations -Use at least three generations

Menstrual cycle is regulated by hormone levels controlled by...

-Hypothalamus -Anterior pituitary -Ovaries

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of potential side effects or complications

-IUD -Oral contraceptives

School age (sexuality)

-Identify with parent of same gender -Increased modesty -Advise parents to discuss basic information at about 10 years old

Assisted reproductive techniques (examples)

-In vitro fertilization (IVF) *IN the uterus -Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) *IN fallopian tube -Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIT) *IN fallopian tube -Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Biophysical profile

-Includes a nonstress test and transabdominal ultrasound -Analyses fetal breathing movement, gross fetal movement, fetal tone, amount of amniotic fluid -Done at 3rd trimester

Multiple Marker Screen

-Increased alpha fetal protein indicated neural tube defects -Decreased alpha fetal protein indicates down syndrome -Increased inhibin A indicates down syndrome -Increased HCG indicates down syndrome -16-18 weeks

Prevention of STIs

-Limit number of sexual partners -Talk openly with sexual partners about safe sex and be honest about history -Abstain from high-risk sexual activity with unknown partner -Use condoms -Follow safe sex practices during oral sex -Report to health provider to exam when in doubt about exposure -Notify all partners of STI when diagnosed -HPV vaccination

Rh negative woman should receive Rh immunoglobulin when else? (Other than carrying/birthing an Rn positive baby)

-Miscarriage -Ectopic pregnancy -Induced abortion *To prevent the chance of the woman developing antibodies that could attack a future Rh-positive baby

Postural changes in pregnancy

-Musculoskeletal changes are progressive -Estrogen and progesterone cause increased mobility of the pelvic ligaments

Common discomforts of pregnancy

-Nausea and vomiting -Heartburn -Backache -Round ligament pain -Urinary frequency -Varicosities -Constipation and hemorrhoids -Leg cramps

Glucose challenge test (GCT)

-Nonfasting -Drink 50 grams of glucose (24-28 weeks) ->140 will be referred for GTT

Nausea/vomiting

-Notify health care provider if this becomes severe or develop signs of dehydration -Avoid foods with strong odors -Consume small, frequent meals -Eat foods containing ginger or peppermint -Eat dry crackers and toast before getting up in the morning -Avoid consuming liquids and solids at the same time -Acupressure wristbands -Cause is not fully known, but theories include the interplay of hormonal changes (hCG, estrogen), slowed peristalsis, and periodic hypoglycemia

Clinical management, primary prevention (sexuality)

-Patient education -Condom use -Safe-sex practices -HPV vaccine

Reproductive anatomy of the male

-Penis (passage of urine and semen) -Seminal vesicles -Prostate gland -Vas deferens -Epididymis -Testes

Erectile dysfunction treatments

-Pharmacologic (oral-phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5) (result in smooth muscle relaxation and can lower blood pressure), penile injection, urethral suppositories) -Penile implant -Vacuum constriction devices

Collaborative interventions (sexuality)

-Pharmacotherapy (prescribed antibiotics) -Surgical procedures -Cognitive behavioral therapy (coping with stress) -Other interventions

Influencing factors (sexuality)

-Physiological -Psychological -Maturational -Environmental (may live with family members or have small children)

Prenatal education

-Preconception -Early pregnancy -Exercise -Childbirth preparation -Cesarean birth preparation -Breastfeeding -Parenting -Classes for fathers -Postpartum

The women scope is one of two states...

-Pregnant (unplanned, planned) -Unpregnant (by choice, not by choice)

Teaching necessary lifestyle changes (reproduction)

-Prescription and over-the-counter drugs -Complementary and alternative therapies -Tobacco use -Alcohol (known teratogen / leading cause of intellectual disability) *NO amount of alcohol during pregnancy is safe -Illegal drugs -Exercise in moderation

Reproductive and sexual history

-Present and past health history -Family history -Menstrual history (age at menarche and menopause, problems with menstruation) -Pregnancy history (GTPAL) (gravida (number of times the woman has been pregnant), term births, preterm births, abortions, living children) -Sexual history (includes problems with erection, libido) -History of sexually transmitted diseases -Papanicolaou test results, neoplasms -Problems with uterine support

Adolescence (sexuality)

-Primary and secondary sex characteristics develop (breast development, pubic hair, facial hair, etc.) -Menarche (often irregular to start, dysmenorrhea) -Develop relationships -Masturbation common -May be sexually active -May experiment with homosexuality -Risk for pregnancy -Risk for STIs -Parents influence values and beliefs regarding behavior

Risks of genetic testing

-Psychological risks -Family disruption -Expensive -May identify serious incurable health risks -Depression -Blame/guilt

Psychological menopausal changes

-Relief -Grief/loss -Mood swings -Irritability -Depression

If rubella is contracted during pregnancy what happens?

It crosses placental barrier and can infect the fetus, which can be born with CRS (congenital rubella syndrome; results in hearing loss, cardiac defects, intellectual disability, microcephaly)

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requiring a high level of motivation and extensive education

Natural family planning

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requiring abstinence for a large part of each cycle

Natural family planning

Increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen levels may cause...

Nausea

Steadiness and variety in fetal heartrate during a contraction is a ____ CST

Negative, reassuring

Should not take erective dysfunction medications with ...?

Nitrates; nitroglycerine

Should a woman older than 35 and smokes use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with any estrogen-dependent cancer or breast cancer use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with benign or malignant liver tumors use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with hypertension use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with impaired liver function use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with suspected or known pregnancy use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders use oral contraceptives?

No

Should women with undiagnosed vaginal bleeding use oral contraceptives?

No

Is a non-reactive stress test result reassuring?

No *(non-reassuring because you want reactivity)

Entire single chromosome added is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?

Numerical

Entire single chromosome missing is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?

Numerical

One or more added sets of chromosomes is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?

Numerical

Chromosome abnormalities can be either ____ or ____

Numerical or structural

Which age group does breast atrophy occur?

Older adults

Which age group does sexual activity become less frequent?

Older adults

Which age group does vaginal secretions diminish?

Older adults

Which age group takes more time to achieve erection?

Older adults

Which age group would privacy may be of concern?

Older adults

Polyploidy

One or more added sets of chromosomes

Which contraceptive method is 99% effective when used correctly?

Oral contraceptives

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must be taken daily at or near the same time

Oral contraceptives

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must be taken within 120 hours of unprotected intercourse

Oral emergency contraception (plan B)

Vascular disease, endocrine disease, neurologic disease, chronic disease, penile disease or trauma, surgery, pharmaceutical therapy, and obesity can all cause of what type of erectile dysfunction?

Organic

The cervix can turn a blue/purple color (Chadwick's sign) during what?

Pregnancy (due to increased blood flow and increased estrogen)

Doxycycline is contraindicated in which patient?

Pregnant

Secondary prevention (reproduction)

Prenatal care monitors the progress of the pregnancy and allows early detection of problems -Weight gain -Blood pressure -Fundal height -Edema -Fetal heart sounds -Laboratory screening (ex: urine for protein, Rh factor, rubella titer, blood glucose)

All oral erectile dysfunction medications require ____ in order to work

Sexual stimulation (15mins-2hr onset depending on medication)

Side effect of nitroglycerine (sexuality)

Should not take erective dysfunction medications with nitrates

Increased progesterone causes relaxation of smooth muscle which results in...

Stasis (inactivity) of urine and constipation

Which contraceptives have the advantage of "ends concern about contraception"

Sterilization

Which contraceptives have the advantage of tubal sterilization performed during or right after childbirth or between pregnancies?

Sterilization

Which contraceptives have the advantage of vasectomy performed in the physician's office with local anesthesia?

Sterilization

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of difficult reversal, expensive, and can be unsuccessful?

Sterilization

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of potential complications of any surgery?

Sterilization

Fragility of a specific site on the X chromosome is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?

Structural

Part of a chromosome missing or added is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?

Structural

Rearrangements of material within chromosome is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?

Structural

Two chromosomes that adhere to each other is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?

Structural

How would you calculate the estimated date of delivery?

Subtract 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual period, and then add 7 days *Adjust the year as necessary

If this STI is left untreated, the tertiary phase can lead to long term complications such as bone and liver tumors and cardiovascular issues

Syphilis

If this is untreated during pregnancy, it has been linked to miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, PROM, and chorioamnionitis

Syphilis

If untreated during pregnancy, this STI can cause stillbirth or neonatal death

Syphilis

Newborns infected with this STD may exhibit rhinitis, rash and hepatosplenomegaly. This can also affect teeth, bones, and hearing loss

Syphilis

This STD is diagnosed by blood tests (VDRL, RPR, or TURST)

Syphilis

Treatment for this STI is benzathine penicillin G

Syphilis

Which STD is Secondary phase is systemic and is manifested by skin eruptions, low grade fever, general malaise, and rash on feet/palms. This phase is highly contagious

Syphilis

Which STD is primary phase manifests as painless chancre, swollen lymph nodes. This stage is highly contagious

Syphilis

By 9 ½ days after ovulation...

The blastocyte is completely embedded in the endometrium where it gets nourished for growth

Ovulation (definition)

The release of the mature egg from the surface of the ovary into the fallopian tube (usually occurs mid cycle or two weeks before menstruation starts) *Triggered by high levels of estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Estrogen and progesterone are given under what circumstance?

The woman retains a uterus

Corneal edema causes what during pregnancy?

Thickening discomfort for women who wear contact lenses

Hyperplasia and increased vascularity in pregnancy cause _____ gland to enlarge

Thyroid gland

In which age group is exploration normal?

Toddlers

Which age group continues to develop gender identity?

Toddlers

Which age group is encouraged contact with opposite gender (if single parent)?

Toddlers

Oligohydramnios (definition)

Too little amniotic fluid

Polyhydramnios (definition)

Too much amniotic fluid

What can cat litter lead to during pregnancy?

Toxoplasma

Born male but identify as female

Trans female/woman

Born female but identify as male

Trans male/man

Which contraceptive has an advantage of requires only weekly application?

Transdermal patch

Which contraceptives have an advantage of regulating menstrual cycles?

Transdermal patch

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of "no protection against STDs"

Transdermal patch

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of causing skin irritation

Transdermal patch

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of having side effects similar to OC's

Transdermal patch

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of may being less effective for women over 90kg (198 lb)

Transdermal patch

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must remembering to apply on the right day

Transdermal patch

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of posing a higher risk for clot formation

Transdermal patch

Someone who identifies with the opposite gender than their biological gender

Transgender

Autosomal recessive

Two copies of the mutation are needed to cause disease *bb

Gender identity

What gender an individual identifies with (male, female, nonbinary)

Fetal stage (definition)

When the embryo has human features and continues to develop/grow until birth

Are LGBTQ+ population at an elevated risk for disability from chronic disease and mental distress?

Yes

Are there functional changes in the liver and gallbladder during pregnancy?

Yes

Can estrogen cause a sensation of blocked ears or temporary hearing loss during pregnancy?

Yes

Can infants who are born to mothers with rubella during pregnancy be a risk to others when come in contact with them?

Yes

Do rectus abdominus muscles separate during pregnancy?

Yes

Do the kidneys and ureters change in size and shape during pregnancy?

Yes

Does medication cure the infection of gonorrhea?

Yes

Is early menopause a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Yes

Is excessive caffeine a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Yes

Is inadequate calcium or vitamin D earlier in life a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Yes

Is intestine emptying time increased during pregnancy?

Yes

Is late menarche a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Yes

Is mild proteinuria/glycosuria expected during pregnancy?

Yes

Is ptyalism (excessive salivation) normal in pregnancy?

Yes

Is smoking/ETOH use a risk factor for osteoporosis?

Yes

Is there an increased risk of urinary tract infection during pregnancy?

Yes

Is there frequency of urination during pregnancy?

Yes

Should you treat STDs during pregnancy?

Yes

Usually, can a pregnant woman who has had a baby before (multipara) feel fetal movements earlier than 16 weeks?

Yes

Is pyrosis (heartburn) normal in pregnancy?

Yes (due to increased progesterone (relaxation of smooth muscle))

"Unrelated to coitus" is an advantage of what contraceptives?

-Transdermal patch -Hormone implant -Hormone injection -IUD -Oral contraceptives

Placenta

-Two parts (maternal portion & fetal portion) -Metabolic functions -Transport functions -Endocrine functions

Reproductive anatomy of the female

-Vagina (allows discharge of menstrual flow, intercourse, passage of fetus) -Uterus -Uterine tubes -Cervix -Ovaries

Signs of possible pregnancy complications

-Vaginal bleeding -Rupture of membranes -Swelling of fingers, face, or around eyes -Continuous pounding headache -Visual disturbances -Persistent abdominal pain -Chills or fever -Painful urination -Persistent vomiting -Changes in fetal movement -Uterine contractions, cramps, constant irregular low backache, pelvic pressure -Signs or symptoms of PTL (uterine contractions, cramps, constant or irregular low back pain, pelvic pressure, watery vaginal discharge)

What are the causes of organic erectile dysfunction?

-Vascular disease -Endocrine disease -Neurologic disease -Chronic disease -Penile disease or trauma -Surgery -Pharmaceutical therapy -Obesity

Components of ovarian cycle

1.Follicular phase 2.Ovulation 3.Luteal phase

Components of the endometrial cycle

1.Proliferative phase 2.Secretory phase 3.Ischemic phase 4.Menstrual phase

An obese woman is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy

11-20 pounds

Normal fetal heartbeat

110-160 bpm *can be picked up by doppler at 9 weeks

An overweight woman is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy

15-25 pounds

What is the time frame for triple/quad screening?

16-18 weeks of gestation

During which time period after contracting syphilis could the infection be transmitted to others?

2 years

Which age group establishes own lifestyle and values?

Adults

Which age group forms long term intimate relationships?

Adults

Moderate amounts increase fx (fracture?) and chronic use decreases desire are side effects of which medication?

Alcohol

What happens during the embryonic stage?

All of the external and internal structures are developing *Therefore, toxins (alcohol, tobacco, radiation) must be avoided at this time

Foramen ovale function

Allows passage of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium; and then into the left ventricle

Which contraceptives have the advantage of requiring less spermicide

Cervical cap

What are the least reliable methods of contraception?

-Breastfeeding -Coitus interruptus ("pull out" method)

Decreased sexual desire and reduced response are side effects of which medication?

Anticonvulsants

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of added spermicide necessary for repeat coitus

Cervical cap

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requires education on proper use?

Cervical cap

It is recommended that all women who are age 25 or less are screened for this STI annually (also women over 25 which multiple partners)

Chlamydia

Which STD is expedited partner therapy (EPT) recommended as part of treatment?

Chlamydia

Which STD is high risk for sterility due to bacteria spreading into fallopian tubes and uterus?

Chlamydia

Which STD is treated with azithromycin or doxycycline?

Chlamydia

Which STD may cause dysuria and urethritis?

Chlamydia

Which STD may have watery, mucoid discharge?

Chlamydia

Which infection is the most common cause of ophthalmia neonatorum in infants?

Chlamydia

Low levels of amniotic fluid may indicate that there's...

Chronic fetal hypoxia

Which contraceptives have the advantage of "can be carried discreetly"

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the advantage of "inexpensive per single use"

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the advantage of "no prescription needed"

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the advantage of "vaginal condoms increase women's control over contraceptive use and protection from STDs"

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being quick and easy?

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being the best protection available for STDs

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of can break or slip off

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of can only be used once

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of interfering with spontaneity

Condoms

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must be checked for expiration date and holes

Condoms

Certain strains of the causative agent are linked to cervical cancer

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

Newborns of mothers infected with this STD may develop laryngeal papillomatosis

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

One treatment for this STI is cryodestructive therapy

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

One treatment for this STI is surgical excision

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

Recurrence of this STI is likely

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

Regular PAP tests can screen for the causative agent of this STI

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

There is a vaccination to protect patients against the causative agent of this STD

Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)

Biological gender assigned at birth

Sex

A state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality

Sexual health

Who an individual is attracted to

Sexual orientation

Fetal stage occurs when?

9 weeks to birth

Side effect of anticonvulsants (sexuality)

Decreased sexual desire, reduced response

Which contraceptives have the advantage of preventing pregnancy after unprotected coitus?

Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being time sensitive?

Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of may cause nausea?

Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)

Trisomy

Entire single chromosome added

Monosomy

Entire single chromosome missing

Develops through the fertilization of the ovum by an X barring sperm

Female fertilization

Immune system changes throughout pregnancy

Function is altered to allow the fetus to grow undisturbed

Males attracted to males

Gay

Phenotype (definition)

Genetic trait or characteristic that can be observed or determined by a laboratory test *Brown eyes, curly hair, red hair, blood type

Can cause preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth

Genital herpes

First outbreak of this STI is usually precipitated by flu-like symptoms (fever, general malaise, lymphadenopathy)

Genital herpes

Once primary lesions heal, this virus remains in a dormant state in the sacral nerve ganglia

Genital herpes

Outbreaks can be treated/suppressed with antiviral medications (such as Acyclovir)

Genital herpes

Periodically this virus activates, and symptoms recur. The recurrence can be triggered by stress, fever, sunburn, poor nutrition, menses, and sexual activity

Genital herpes

Primary involves presence of painful sores or large vesicles

Genital herpes

Which contraceptive has the disadvantage of side effects that are similar to other progestin contraceptives

Hormone injection

Which contraceptives have the advantage of not needing to use every day

Hormone injection

Which contraceptives have the advantage of requiring use only every 12 weeks?

Hormone injection

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of causing a temporary decrease in bone density. Long-term effects unknown

Hormone injection

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of having to remember to repeat every 12 weeks

Hormone injection

Develops through the fertilization of the ovum by a Y barring sperm

Male fertilization

Genetics (definition)

Mechanisms of heredity and variation of inherited single-gene traits

An increase in spaces in the bone (osteoporosis) occurs after...

Menopause

Therapy for menopause

Menopause hormone therapy (MHT)

Side effect of alcohol (sexuality)

Moderate amounts increase fx (fracture?); chronic use decreases desire

Does hair grow more or less rapidly during pregnancy?

More rapidly

Inhibited sexual desire and response and erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions are side effects of which medication?

Narcotics

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being able to be combined with barrier methods to increase the effectiveness

Natural family planning

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being acceptable to most religions

Natural family planning

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being inexpensive?

Natural family planning

Which contraceptives have the advantage of helping a woman learn about her body

Natural family planning

Which contraceptives have the advantage of may be used to help achieve pregnancy

Natural family planning

Physiologic menopausal changes

-Breasts become smaller -Uterus and ovaries atrophy -Decreased bladder and urethral tone -LDL increases -HDL decreases -Hot flashes/flushes

Which contraceptives have the advantage of no drugs or hormones?

Natural family planning

Side effect of antihistamines (sexuality)

-Decreased vaginal lubrication -Decreased desire

Side effect of diuretics (sexuality)

-Decreased vaginal lubrication -Decreased desire -Erectile dysfunction

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of "many factors may change ovulation time"

Natural family planning

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of high risk of pregnancy from error

Natural family planning

Which age group should be given answers honestly and simply?

Pre-school

History assessment (sexuality)

*In addition to the typical elements of a history, "the five P's" of a sexual history are... -Partners -Practices -Protection from infection -Past history of infection -Prevention of pregnancy

Follicular phase (in order)

*Prompted by the hypothalamus -Pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -FSH stimulates the ovary to produce around 5-20 follicles (each follicle houses an immature egg; usually one follicle will mature into an egg while the others will die off (occurs around day 10/28 of cycle) -Growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation of possibly pregnancy (starts on the first day of the menstrual cycle and ends with ovulation

Antepartum fetal surveillance: non-stress test (NST)

*for "further testing" -Evaluates fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations, with or without fetal movement -Fetal heart rate reactivity with accelerations & variability is a reassuring sign -Reactivity is associated with adequate fetal oxygenation and intact neural pathways -Fetal heart rate reactivity may not develop until 32 weeks in the fetus -Done at 32+ weeks

Urinary frequency

- Decrease fluids in the evening -Perform Kegel exercises to maintain control -Common during 3rd trimester from uterine pressure on the bladder -Common during the first trimester due to hormonal changes, increased blood volume and changes in glomerular filtration rate -Avoid caffeinated beverages

Ultrasound

-2 or 3D images using high frequency sound waves -Used to determine a variety of fetal and placental conditions (presence and location of pregnancy (1st), multifetal gestation(1st), gestational age(2nd), viability confirmation, fluid volume(2nd), identifying fetal abnormalities) -Emotional responses -Not always possible to determine fetal sex -Transvaginal (1st semester) -Transabdominal (2nd semester) *requires full bladder

Menopause (definition)

-A combination of endocrine, body, and psychological changes that occur at the end of the reproductive cycle -End of menstruation (2 months without menses) -The time that precedes the final menstrual period -Decrease/lack of estrogen -AKA: the climacteric or change of life

Probable indications of pregnancy

-Abdominal enlargement -Cervical softening -Uterine changes -Pregnancy tests

Benefits of genetic testing

-Ability to confirm a diagnosis -Pre-symptomatic testing (plan for early detection) (prevention)

Factors in the man contributing to infertility

-Abnormalities of the sperm -Abnormal erections -Abnormal ejaculation -Abnormalities of seminal fluid

Amniotic fluid

-Acts as a cushion to protect embryo -Helps control embryo's temperature -Permits symmetric external growth, development of embryo -Prevents adherence of embryo-fetus to amnion -Allows umbilical cord to be free of compression -Acts as extension of fetal extracellular space -Permits fetal swallowing and excretion, serving as waste repository -Provides fluid for analysis to determine fetal health, maturity

Populations at greatest risk (sexuality)

-Adolescents (peer pressure) -Disabilities (cognitive, developmental, and physical) *usually overlooked when it comes to sexuality -Newly unpartnered (STIs, wanting to have a good time) -Sexual orientation and identification (lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, transgender) *engage in more high-risk sexual activities

Post-menopause

-After menses have ceased for one year -Vaginal bleeding must always be investigated at this stage

Antepartum assessment and care

-All women should have a preconception visit with a health provider to ensure they are healthy before conceiving (and interconception care during early weeks of pregnancy) -Initial antepartum visit includes complete history, physical examination, laboratory data, risk assessment

Presumptive indications of pregnancy

-Amenorrhea -Nausea and vomiting -Fatigue -Urinary frequency -Breast and skin changes -Vaginal and cervical color changes (Chadwick's sign) -Fetal movement (quickening) *noticed 16-20 weeks

What are the causes of episodic erectile dysfunction?

-Anxiety -Fatigue -Depression -Negative body image -Privacy -Trust

Amniocentesis

-Aspiration of amniotic fluid from the sac for further examination -Second trimester amniocentesis (performed between 15 and 20 weeks / chromosomal or biochemical abnormalities or neural tube defects) -Third trimester amniocentesis (performed during the third trimester / used to determine fetal lung maturity (LS ratio) or hemolytic disease)

Positive indications of pregnancy

-Auscultation of fetal heart sounds -Fetal movements felt by examiner -Visualization of fetus

Positive sexual attitudes and behaviors

-Being present -Authenticity -Intense emotional connection -Sexual and erotic intimacy -Communication -Transcendence (heightened mental, emotional, spiritual states of mind)

Individuals at risk for reproduction

-Biophysical factors (genetic disorders) -Psychosocial factors (depression, poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol) -Sociodemographic factors (younger than 15, older than 35) -Environmental factors (geographic locations; pollution, radiation, higher infection)

Breast changes (reproduction)

-Breasts change in size and appearance (may result in striae (stretch marks)) -Estrogen stimulates growth of mammary tissue -Progesterone stimulates growth of lobes, lobules, and alveoli (become highly vascular, striae gravidarum may appear) -Colostrum (thick yellow fluid aka "first milk") is present at 12-16 weeks of pregnancy

Treatments for osteoporosis

-Calcitonin -Bisphosphonates (inhibit osteoblasts (cells that break down the bones)) -Hormone replacement medications (inhibit bone resorption) *increase risk of cancer -Daily calcium supplements along with vitamin D (vitamin D is needed for calcium to be absorbed) -Weight bearing exercises (increases bone density and builds muscle mass)

Effects of female hormones (estrogen)

-Causes uterus to increase in size, weight -Expands blood supply -Aids in developing ductal system in the breasts -Associated with hyperpigmentation, vascular changes in skin -Increases activity of salivary glands, hyperemia of the gums and nasal mucous membranes

Which STD is Ophthalmia neonatorum a common result in infants which manifests 1-4 days after birth as thick, purulent discharge from the eyes. If untreated, this can lead to blindness

-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea

Which STD is diagnosed by culture, nucleic acid amplifications tests (NAATs), or urine swab?

-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea

Which STD may be asymptomatic?

-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea

Which infections can be diagnosed using a nucleic acid amplified test?

-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea -Trichomoniasis

Which STD is bacterial?

-Chlamydia -Syphilis -Gonorrhea

Which STD must be reported to the local health department?

-Chlamydia -Syphilis -Gonorrhea

Fetal portion of placenta

-Chronic villi and their circulation -Covered by amnion, giving it shiny gray appearance

Changes of skin in pregnancy

-Circulation increases, causing increased activity of sweat glands -Hyperpigmentation (linea nigra, melasma, chloasma) -Cutaneous vascular changes

Chromosomes

-Composed of genes that are composed of DNA -23 pairs -Karyotype (individual's collection of chromosomes)

This STD is viral

-Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts) -Genital herpes

Toddler (sexuality)

-Continue to develop gender identity -Exploration is normal -Encourage contact with opposite gender if single parent

Maternal portion of placenta

-Decidua basalis and its circulation -Red, rough

Side effect of antidepressants (sexuality)

-Decreased sexual desire -Orgasmic delay/dysfunction -Delayed/failed ejaculation -Painful erection

Factors in the woman contributing to infertility

-Disorders of ovulation -Abnormalities of the fallopian tubes or cervix -Repeated pregnancy loss -Abnormalities of fetal chromosomes -Abnormalities of the cervix or uterus -Endocrine abnormalities -Immunologic factors -Environmental agents or infections

Food safety during pregnancy

-Do not eat shark, swordfish, mackerel, and tile fish -Do not eat raw or undercooked fish, meats, poultry, or eggs -Avoid luncheon meats and hot dogs (unless steaming hot) -Avoid soft cheeses (unless made with pasteurized milk) -Do not consume pate or meat spreads or raw (unpasteurized) milk products

Allele types

-Dominant -Recessive

Which treatment strategy would benefit a client diagnosed with chlamydia?

-Doxycycline -Azithromycin

Constipation

-Eat foods high in fiber -Restrict cheese consumption and reduce intake of sweets -Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of fluid daily -Walk, swim, or bike 1 mile per day -This can be exacerbated by side effects of iron and decreased physical activity -Due to changes in fluid reabsorption, increased amounts of progesterone causing relaxation of the smooth muscle, decreased peristalsis, and displacement/compression by the enlarged uterus

Bleeding gums

-Encouraged to continue to regularly maintain oral hygiene (brushing and flossing), routine dental care should be continued as necessary -Increased levels of estrogen increase blood flow to gingival tissue. The increase of small blood vessels, hyperplasia, and edema can cause this

Numeric chromosome abnormality

-Entire single chromosome added (trisomy) -Entire single chromosome missing (monosomy) -One or more added sets of chromosomes (polyploidy

Menopause hormone therapy (MHT)

-Estrogen and progesterone are given to the woman who retains a uterus -Estrogen to those who have had a hysterectomy

Cardiovascular system (reproduction)

-Expanded blood volume increases cardiac output but not blood pressure -Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs because the gravid uterus partially occludes the vena cava and aorta when the mother is supine *corrected by position change (turn to lateral/side position) -Five major changes to blood flow -Plasma volume expansion results in physiologic anemia (diluted RBCs, NOT decreased count of RBCs) *iron intake is critical

Pre-school (sexuality)

-Explore own and others body parts -Learn correct names -Focus love for parent of opposite gender -Answer questions honestly and simply

Risk factors for osteoporosis

-Family history -Late menarche -Early menopause -Smoking -ETOH use -Excessive caffeine -Inadequate calcium or vitamin D earlier in life

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

-Fasting -Drink 100 grams of glucose -Draw labs (Fasting, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after drinking glucose) -Diagnoses for diabetes: Fasting glucose is >95 2 or more other values are abnormal (1 hour >180, 2 hour >155, 3 hour >140)

Calcium storage in pregnancy

-Fetal demands for calcium increase -The amount transferred from the mother is small

If fetal heart rate does not accelerate with movement, then ____ & ____ are of concern

-Fetal hypoxia -Acidosis

Maternal assessment of fetal activity

-Fetal movement is indicative that baby is healthy -Decrease in fetal movement = let provider know -Can be done at about 16-20 weeks

Barriers to prenatal care

-Financial barriers (one of the most important factors in limiting care) -Systemic barrier (limited appointments / scheduling difficulties) -Attitudinal barriers (staff overworked or judgmental -May not realize she is pregnant

Side effects of sildenafil

-Flushing -Headache -Dyspepsia (pain in upper middle abdomen)

Fetal circulation: course of blood circulation

-From the fetal heart to placenta -Exchange of oxygen and waste products -Back to fetus for delivery to fetal tissues -Umbilical cord is cushioned by Wharton's jelly

What does GTPAL stand for?

-G: gravidity (number of pregnancies including current) -T: term (number of pregnancies carried to 38+ weeks) -P: preterm (number of pregnancies carried between 20 and 37 weeks) -A: abortion (number of losses) -L: living (number of living children)

Physiological processes of reproduction

-Gametogenesis (development of gametes) -Ovulation -Fertilization -Cleavage -Implantation -Embryo and fetus

May cause dysuria and urinary retention

-Genital herpes -Gonorrhea

Individual risk factors (sexuality)

-High risk sexual behavior (multiple and casual partners, failure to practice safe-sex measures) -Use of alcohol, marijuana, or other illicit substances *impaired coordination and judgement -Underlying medical conditions and medications *can affect sexual function

Erectile dysfunction assessment

-History (sexual and medical) -Symptoms -Physical exam -Neurologic exam -Assess medications/drugs/alcohol -Doppler probe -Nerve conduction tests -Psychological evaluation

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of providing no protection against STIs?

-Hormone implant -Hormone injection -Sterilization -IUD -Oral contraceptives -Natural family planning -Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)

Which contraceptives have an advantage of a low long-term cost?

-Hormone implant -Sterilization -IUD

Which contraceptives have the advantage of causing amenorrhea with continued use?

-Hormone injection -IUD

Changes caused by placental hormones within the endocrine system

-Increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen levels may cause nausea in early pregnancy -Increased progesterone causes relaxation of smooth muscle, resulting in stasis of urine and constipation -Progesterone maintains the uterine lining, prevents contractions, and helps prepare breasts for lactation -Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) increases availability of glucose for the fetus -Relaxin inhibits uterine activity and softens connective tissue in the cervix, and lengthens public ligaments

Osteoporosis (definition)

-Increases spaces in the bone -Reduced bone density -Susceptibility to fractures -Decrease of estrogen accelerates bone loss

Side effect of narcotics (sexuality)

-Inhibited sexual desire and response -Erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions

Older adults (sexuality)

-Interest in sexual activity continues -Sexual activity may be less frequent -Vaginal secretions diminish -Breast atrophy -Fewer sperm produced -More time needed to achieve erection -Privacy may be of concern -Educate about enhancement products

Decreased sexual desire, orgasmic delay/dysfunction, delayed/failed ejaculation, painful erection are side effects of which medication?

Antidepressants

Autosomal dominant

-Located on numbered chromosome, a single copy of the disease associated mutation is enough to cause the disease *EX: -Huntington's disease (ONE copy of the gene is needed) -Bb/BB

Poor weight gain in pregnant women is associated with

-Low birth weight infants -Preterm birth -SGA

Back pain

-Lumbar lordosis occurs to counter the weight of the uterus -Result of increased pressure due to the enlarging uterus, lordosis, relaxed ligaments, and muscle strain associated with pregnancy. Common during 3rd trimester -Avoid bending over -Proper body mechanics -Wear supportive, low-heeled shoes -Perform exercises such as tailor sitting, shoulder circling and pelvic rocking

Excessive weight gain in pregnant women may lead to...

-Macrosomia -Cesarean birth -Low Apgar scores -Hypoglycemia -Overweight in children

Progesterone does what throughout pregnancy?

-Maintains the uterine lining -Prevents contractions -Helps prepare breasts for lactation

Therapies to facilitate pregnancy

-Medications (ovulation induction) -Surgical procedures -Therapeutic insemination -Egg donation -Surrogate parenting -Assisted reproductive techniques

Sexually transmitted infections (definition)

-Passed through intimate contact -Major health concern world-wide -Can cause physical and emotional pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, cancer, death -Women are more easily infected

Chromosome abnormalities examples

-Numeric -Structural

Effects of female hormones (progesterone)

-Often called hormone of pregnancy: maintains pregnancy -Prepares breasts for lactation -Relaxes smooth muscle -Facilitates deposit of maternal fat stores, which provide reserve of energy for pregnancy and lactation

Antepartum fetal surveillance: contraction stress test (CST)

-Oxytocin challenge test -Used to determine how the fetal heart responds to uterine contractions that temporarily decrease placental blood flow -Cannot be done if stimulated uterine contractions are contraindicated -Nipple stimulation or low-dose oxytocin to trigger a contraction -Can be done in 3rd trimester -Positive test = placenta can support life for at least one more week

Structural chromosome abnormality

-Part of a chromosome missing or added -Rearrangements of material within chromosomes -Two chromosomes that adhere to each other -Fragility of a specific site on the chromosome

Contraception considerations

-Safety -Protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) -Effectiveness -Acceptability -Convenience -Education needed (types and how to use them properly) -Benefits -Side effects -Effect on spontaneity -Availability -Expense -Preference -Religious and personal beliefs -Culture

Chorionic Villus Sampling

-Sample of chorionic villi -10-13 weeks -Risk for infection & pregnancy loss -Can be done before an amniocentesis

Clinical management, secondary prevention (sexuality)

-Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) -Screening for intimate partner violence -Cervical cytologic screening (pap test) -HIV screening

Defining sexuality

-Sense of being -Unique and individual -Dynamic -Nature of relation to self and others

Adults (sexuality)

-Sexual activity is common -Establish own lifestyle and values -Form long term intimate relationships -Encourage communication among partners -STI

Infancy (sexuality)

-Sexual response is present before birth -Self manipulation is normal and common

Round ligament pain

-Sharp pain in the side or inguinal area usually on the right-side cause by softening and stretching of the ligament from hormones and uterine growth -Practice good body mechanics -Squat when picking items up (do not bend at the waist) -Avoid stretching and twisting at the same time -Bend towards the pain, squat or bring the knees up to the chest

Respiratory system (reproduction)

-Slight hyperventilation and decreased airway resistance allow oxygen needs to be met -Oxygen consumption increases by about 20% in pregnancy (half of this oxygen is used by the uterus, fetus, and placenta; the remainder is consumed by breast tissue and increased cardiac, renal, and respiratory maternal demands) -Hormones play a role in airway resistance

Diagnostic tests (sexuality)

-Specimen collection -Tissue biopsy -Aspiration -Ultrasound -X-ray -Laparoscopy -Colposcopy -Colonoscopy -Genetic testing -Cancer screening -STI testing -Hormonal testing

Menstrual cycle

-Stage 1: shedding of the endometrium due to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen -Follicular phase (prompted by the hypothalamus; the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and FSH stimulates the ovary to produce around 5-20 follicles; each follicle houses an immature egg, usually one follicle will mature into an egg while the others will die off (this can occur around day 10 of the 28 day cycle); growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation of possibly a pregnancy): starts on the first day of the menstrual cycle and ends with ovulation))

Methods of contraception

-Sterilization -Hormonal contraceptives (patches, injections, oral) -Intrauterine devices (IUD) -Barrier methods (chemical barriers (spermicide) and mechanical barriers (condoms)) -Natural family planning (tracking menstrual cycle) -Least reliable methods of contraception (breastfeeding and coitus interruptus ("pull out" method)

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being expensive initially?

-Sterilization -IUD

If pregnancy does not occur (what happens?)

-The corpus luteum dies (around day 22/28-day cycle) -There's a drop in progesterone levels which causes the lining of the uterus to shed (menstruation)

Changes in metabolism during pregnancy

-Weight gain -Water metabolism -Dependent edema -Carpal tunnel syndrome -Carbohydrate metabolism

Umbilical cord has _ arterie(s) (deoxygenated blood) and _ vein(s)

2, 1

A state of estrogen deficit in menopause can lead to...

Bone loss (osteoporosis)

Normal cells contain _____ pairs of chromosomes

23

If the mother is 24 weeks pregnant, the fundal height should be around what?

24 cm *Weeks pregnant = fundal height estimate

The lifespan of a typical egg is...

24 hours

A woman of normal weight is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy

25-35 pounds

An underweight woman is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy

28-40 pounds

Estrogen is given under what circumstance?

A women who has had a hysterectomy

Embryonic stage is during which weeks?

3-8 weeks after fertilization

Which age group may experiment with homosexuality?

Adolescences

Fertility begins to decline at what age?

35-40

Which age group is at risk for STIs?

Adolescences and adults

Average age for menopause

45-50

How much does renal blood flow increase during pregnancy?

50%

30 hours after fertilization...

A membrane like sac forms around the zygote and starts division/cleavage; rapid cell division occurs

Significant changes in hormone levels in pregnancy occur within which gland?

Adrenal gland

Genotype (definition)

Actual alleles for a certain trait (not just what can be observed) *Dominant alleles express trait even if only one copy and recessive alleles can only express themselves if there are two copies (one from each parent)

Which age group develops relationships?

Adolescences

Which age group do parents influence values and beliefs regarding behavior?

Adolescences

Which age group does menarche start?

Adolescences

Which age group is at risk for pregnancy?

Adolescences

Which age group is masturbation common?

Adolescences

Which age group is sexually active?

Adolescences

Decreased vaginal lubrication and decreased desire are side effects of which medication?

Antihistamines

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) increases what?

Availability of glucose for the fetus

Which contraceptives have the advantage of no pressure against the bladder

Cervical cap

Which contraceptives have the advantage of providing SOME protection against STDs

Cervical cap

Syphilis and gonorrhea are caused by...

Bacteria

Sexual identity

Being sexually attracted/attractive to others (heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning)

Decreased desire is a side effect of which medication?

Betablockers

An individual attracted to both females and males

Bisexual

When should a baby become active?

By 24 weeks

Oral contraceptives put many women at increased risk for what?

Cardiac issues and stroke

All daughters of a man affected by an X linked disorder (hemophilia) will automatically be

Carriers

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being less noticeable than a diaphragm

Cervical cap

Which contraceptives have the advantage of being smaller than a diaphragm and may fit women who cannot wear a diaphragm?

Cervical cap

Which contraceptives have the advantage of can remain in place for 48 hours

Cervical cap

Side effect of betablockers (sexuality)

Decreased desire

Which contraceptive has the advantage of "can remain in place up to 24 hours"?

Diaphragm

Which contraceptive has the advantage of being able to be inserted several hours before coitus?

Diaphragm

Which contraceptive has the advantage of providing some protection from STDs?

Diaphragm

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of difficultly inserting or removing for some women?

Diaphragm

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requiring education on proper use?

Diaphragm

Sex-linked dominant

Disorders present on sex chromosome

Sex-linked recessive

Disorders present on sex chromosome *Colorblindness

Which contraceptives have the advantage of available over the counter to patients 17 years and older?

Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)

Decreased vaginal lubrication, decreased desire, and erectile dysfunction are side effects of which medication?

Diuretics

Trisomy example

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

Pre-menopause

Early stage of climacteric before menstruation ceases, but the body is experiencing symptoms (irregular periods)

Anxiety, fatigue, depression, negative body image, privacy, and trust all can cause what type of erectile dysfunction?

Episodic

Psychogenic erectile dysfunction

Episodic

Oral-phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5) (can lower blood pressure) (result in smooth muscle relaxation) are used for what?

Erectile dysfunction

Penile injection is used to treat what?

Erectile dysfunction

Urethral suppositories are used to treat what?

Erectile dysfunction

Aids in developing ductal system in the breasts is an effect of which female hormone?

Estrogen

Associated with hyperpigmentation, vascular changes in skin are an effect of which female hormone?

Estrogen

Causes uterus to increase in size, weight is an effect of which female hormone?

Estrogen

Expands blood supply is an effect of which female hormone?

Estrogen

Increases activity of salivary glands, hyperemia of the gums and nasal mucous membranes is an effect of which female hormone?

Estrogen

Papanicolaou (pap) test is performed how often and at what age?

Every 3 years after the age of 21

How often is a human papillomavirus test performed?

Every 5 years from the age 30-65 y/o

Primary prevention (reproduction)

Health education -Safe sex -Contraception -Avoidance of smoking, alcohol, drug use -Nutrition (water (8-10 cups), Iron, & folic acid: all woman of reproductive age should get 400 μg if folic acid every day in addition to consuming foods with folates (beets, nuts, seeds, avocados) to prevent neural tube defects) -Exercise

Which contraceptive has an advantage of 3-year protection?

Hormone implant

Which contraceptive has an advantage of being safe during lactation?

Hormone implant

Which contraceptive has an advantage where body weight has no effect?

Hormone implant

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being a minor surgical procedure to insert and remove?

Hormone implant

Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of the major side effect being irregular bleeding?

Hormone implant

Populations at risk for reproduction

Impoverished populations (lack of access to prenatal care) Adolescents (mothers & children): -Impaired nutrition -Anemia -Infection -Depression -Social insolation -Preeclampsia -Cephalopelvic disproportion -Premature birth -Cesarean birth

Should fetal heartrate decrease, stay the same, or increase with fetal movement?

Increase

Adverse effects of menopause hormone therapy (MHT)

Increased risk for breast and uterine cancers

Relaxin does what throughout pregnancy?

Inhibits uterine activity and softens connective tissue in the cervix, and lengthens public ligaments

Diagnostic tests for reproduction

Laboratory testing -Pregnancy testing (urine, serum) -Complete blood count, blood type, Rh factor (contraindicated if mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive), rubella titer (determines the mother's immunity to rubella (if not immune, immunization will be given postpartum)) -Screening for sexually transmitted diseases -GTT -Triple or quad screen (MSAFP, HCG, estriol, inhibin A)

Females attracted to females

Lesbian

Alterations in maternal blood glucose levels and fluctuations in insulin production during pregnancy occur within which gland/organ?

Pancreas *increased glucose levels trigger pancreas to release insulin

Which medication would be prescribed for pregnant patients diagnosed with syphilis

Penicillin G

_____ is having brown eyes, Bb or BB is the _____

Phenotype, genotype

Prolactin prepares breasts for milk production through which gland?

Pituitary gland

Decrease in fetal heartrate during a contraction is a _____ CST

Positive, non-reassuring (infant does not have adequate oxygen reserves)

Which age group explores own and others body parts?

Pre-school

Which age group focuses love for parent of opposite gender?

Pre-school

Which age group learns correct names of body parts?

Pre-school

What does folic acid do for pregnancy?

Prevents neural tube defects

Condom use is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Primary

HPV vaccine is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Primary

Patient education is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Primary

Safe-sex practices is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Primary

Facilitates deposit of maternal fat stores, which provide reserve of energy for pregnancy and lactation is an effect of which female hormone?

Progesterone

Often called hormone of pregnancy (maintains pregnancy) is an effect of which female hormone?

Progesterone

Prepares breasts for lactation is an effect of which female hormone?

Progesterone

Relaxes smooth muscle is an effect of which female hormone?

Progesterone

If expecting mother is Rh negative and baby is positive, the mother may receive

Rh immunoglobulin around 28th week of pregnancy to prevent sensitization for the rest of pregnancy *If the baby is born and has Rh positive blood, then the mother is given another dose of Rh immunoglobulin postpartum

Umbrella term for LGBTQ+

Queer

Heritability (definition)

Risk for developing a disorder can be transmitted to one's children in a recognizable pattern

Which age group has increased modesty?

School age

Which age group identified with parent of same gender?

School age

Which age group should parents be advised to discuss basic information about sexuality (at about 10 years old)?

School age

At what stage is an individual with syphilis most infectious?

Secondary

Cervical cytologic screening (pap test) is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Secondary

HIV screening is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Secondary

Screening for intimate partner violence is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Secondary

Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is what type of prevention (sexuality)?

Secondary

Which stage of syphilis would the nurse associate with a sexually active client who reports sore throat, generalized rash, and history of a healed chancre (lesion) from 3 months ago?

Secondary

Which complication will occur as the result of administering sildenafil to a client who takes isosorbide dinitrate?

Severe hypotension

What does a pink triangle in a health care facility signify?

The health care facility welcomes LGBTQ+ clients

If egg is fertilized, it implants in the lining of the uterus and produces

The hormones that are necessary to maintain corpus luteum (human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)) (increased progesterone: needed to maintain thickening of the lining of uterus)

Fertilization results in...

The new cell (zygote) has two sets of chromosomes (female: develops through the fertilization of the ovum by an X barring sperm, Male: develops through the fertilization of the ovum by a Y barring sperm)


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