NSG 170 lecture *EXAM 4 (sexuality/reproduction)
Subsequent assessment for pregnancy
-Vital signs and weight -Urinalysis -Glucose screening (between 24-28 weeks) -Isoimmunization -Fundal height (Leopold's maneuver) -Fetal evaluation (fetal heart rate and activity)
This STD presents as single lesion or clusters that may be hard, yellow/gray on dry skin or may be pink/red/soft "cauliflower-like"
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
This STI is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV)
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
Side effect of too much iron
Constipation
Recurrent occurrences are itchy/painful, may last up to 10 days, and patient may experience tingling, itching or pain before the outbreaks
Genital herpes
This STI can be transmitted to baby during delivery causing multi-system diseases
Genital herpes
This STI is diagnosed through viral culture or polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR) of the lesions
Genital herpes
This STI is not curable
Genital herpes
Dominant alleles express trait even if only one copy and recessive alleles can only express themselves if there are two copies (one from each parent) is an example of what?
Genotypes
Drug treatment is IM ceftriaxone for what STI?
Gonorrhea
If patient tests positive for this infection, it is also recommended to treat the presumed co-infection of chlamydia with doxycycline
Gonorrhea
Watery/white discharge which may become purulent (yellow/green)
Gonorrhea
Which STI may cause sterility?
Gonorrhea
Organic erectile dysfunction
Gradual deterioration of function
Example of an autosomal dominant genetic disorder
Huntington's disease
Which contraceptives have the advantage of "copper ____ can also be used for emergency contraceptive"
IUD
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being effective for 5-10 years
IUD
Which contraceptives have the advantage of decreasing dysmenorrhea and menstrual blood loss?
IUD
Which contraceptives have the advantage of staying in place at all times
IUD
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of may be expelled without the woman's knowledge?
IUD (must check for strings)
Braxton hicks' contractions
Irregular painless contractions (should be <5/hour)
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of added spermicide necessary for repeat coitus?
-Diaphragm -Cervical cap
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being initially expensive; requires healthcare provider to fit?
-Diaphragm -Cervical cap
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must remain in place at least 6 hours after coitus?
-Diaphragm -Cervical cap
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of possible toxic shock syndrome or bladder infection?
-Diaphragm -Cervical cap
Pedigree (definition)
-Graph of family history for specific trait or health problem over several generations -Use at least three generations
Menstrual cycle is regulated by hormone levels controlled by...
-Hypothalamus -Anterior pituitary -Ovaries
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of potential side effects or complications
-IUD -Oral contraceptives
School age (sexuality)
-Identify with parent of same gender -Increased modesty -Advise parents to discuss basic information at about 10 years old
Assisted reproductive techniques (examples)
-In vitro fertilization (IVF) *IN the uterus -Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) *IN fallopian tube -Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIT) *IN fallopian tube -Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Biophysical profile
-Includes a nonstress test and transabdominal ultrasound -Analyses fetal breathing movement, gross fetal movement, fetal tone, amount of amniotic fluid -Done at 3rd trimester
Multiple Marker Screen
-Increased alpha fetal protein indicated neural tube defects -Decreased alpha fetal protein indicates down syndrome -Increased inhibin A indicates down syndrome -Increased HCG indicates down syndrome -16-18 weeks
Rh negative woman should receive Rh immunoglobulin when else? (Other than carrying/birthing an Rn positive baby)
-Miscarriage -Ectopic pregnancy -Induced abortion *To prevent the chance of the woman developing antibodies that could attack a future Rh-positive baby
Postural changes in pregnancy
-Musculoskeletal changes are progressive -Estrogen and progesterone cause increased mobility of the pelvic ligaments
Common discomforts of pregnancy
-Nausea and vomiting -Heartburn -Backache -Round ligament pain -Urinary frequency -Varicosities -Constipation and hemorrhoids -Leg cramps
Glucose challenge test (GCT)
-Nonfasting -Drink 50 grams of glucose (24-28 weeks) ->140 will be referred for GTT
Sexually transmitted infections (definition)
-Passed through intimate contact -Major health concern world-wide -Can cause physical and emotional pain, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, cancer, death -Women are more easily infected
Clinical management, primary prevention (sexuality)
-Patient education -Condom use -Safe-sex practices -HPV vaccine
Reproductive anatomy of the male
-Penis (passage of urine and semen) -Seminal vesicles -Prostate gland -Vas deferens -Epididymis -Testes
Erectile dysfunction treatments
-Pharmacologic (oral-phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5) (result in smooth muscle relaxation and can lower blood pressure), penile injection, urethral suppositories) -Penile implant -Vacuum constriction devices
Collaborative interventions (sexuality)
-Pharmacotherapy (prescribed antibiotics) -Surgical procedures -Cognitive behavioral therapy (coping with stress) -Other interventions
Influencing factors (sexuality)
-Physiological -Psychological -Maturational -Environmental (may live with family members or have small children)
Prenatal education
-Preconception -Early pregnancy -Exercise -Childbirth preparation -Cesarean birth preparation -Breastfeeding -Parenting -Classes for fathers -Postpartum
The women scope is one of two states...
-Pregnant (unplanned, planned) -Unpregnant (by choice, not by choice)
Teaching necessary lifestyle changes (reproduction)
-Prescription and over-the-counter drugs -Complementary and alternative therapies -Tobacco use -Alcohol (known teratogen / leading cause of intellectual disability) *NO amount of alcohol during pregnancy is safe -Illegal drugs -Exercise in moderation
Reproductive and sexual history
-Present and past health history -Family history -Menstrual history (age at menarche and menopause, problems with menstruation) -Pregnancy history (GTPAL) (gravida (number of times the woman has been pregnant), term births, preterm births, abortions, living children) -Sexual history (includes problems with erection, libido) -History of sexually transmitted diseases -Papanicolaou test results, neoplasms -Problems with uterine support
Adolescence (sexuality)
-Primary and secondary sex characteristics develop (breast development, pubic hair, facial hair, etc.) -Menarche (often irregular to start, dysmenorrhea) -Develop relationships -Masturbation common -May be sexually active -May experiment with homosexuality -Risk for pregnancy -Risk for STIs -Parents influence values and beliefs regarding behavior
Risks of genetic testing
-Psychological risks -Family disruption -Expensive -May identify serious incurable health risks -Depression -Blame/guilt
Psychological menopausal changes
-Relief -Grief/loss -Mood swings -Irritability -Depression
If rubella is contracted during pregnancy what happens?
It crosses placental barrier and can infect the fetus, which can be born with CRS (congenital rubella syndrome; results in hearing loss, cardiac defects, intellectual disability, microcephaly)
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requiring a high level of motivation and extensive education
Natural family planning
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requiring abstinence for a large part of each cycle
Natural family planning
Increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen levels may cause...
Nausea
Steadiness and variety in fetal heartrate during a contraction is a ____ CST
Negative, reassuring
Should not take erective dysfunction medications with ...?
Nitrates; nitroglycerine
Should a woman older than 35 and smokes use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with any estrogen-dependent cancer or breast cancer use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with benign or malignant liver tumors use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with cerebrovascular or cardiovascular disease use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with hypertension use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with impaired liver function use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with suspected or known pregnancy use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders use oral contraceptives?
No
Should women with undiagnosed vaginal bleeding use oral contraceptives?
No
Is a non-reactive stress test result reassuring?
No *(non-reassuring because you want reactivity)
Entire single chromosome added is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?
Numerical
Entire single chromosome missing is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?
Numerical
One or more added sets of chromosomes is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?
Numerical
Chromosome abnormalities can be either ____ or ____
Numerical or structural
Which age group does breast atrophy occur?
Older adults
Which age group does sexual activity become less frequent?
Older adults
Which age group does vaginal secretions diminish?
Older adults
Which age group takes more time to achieve erection?
Older adults
Which age group would privacy may be of concern?
Older adults
Polyploidy
One or more added sets of chromosomes
Which contraceptive method is 99% effective when used correctly?
Oral contraceptives
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must be taken daily at or near the same time
Oral contraceptives
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must be taken within 120 hours of unprotected intercourse
Oral emergency contraception (plan B)
Vascular disease, endocrine disease, neurologic disease, chronic disease, penile disease or trauma, surgery, pharmaceutical therapy, and obesity can all cause of what type of erectile dysfunction?
Organic
The cervix can turn a blue/purple color (Chadwick's sign) during what?
Pregnancy (due to increased blood flow and increased estrogen)
Doxycycline is contraindicated in which patient?
Pregnant
Secondary prevention (reproduction)
Prenatal care monitors the progress of the pregnancy and allows early detection of problems -Weight gain -Blood pressure -Fundal height -Edema -Fetal heart sounds -Laboratory screening (ex: urine for protein, Rh factor, rubella titer, blood glucose)
All oral erectile dysfunction medications require ____ in order to work
Sexual stimulation (15mins-2hr onset depending on medication)
Side effect of nitroglycerine (sexuality)
Should not take erective dysfunction medications with nitrates
Increased progesterone causes relaxation of smooth muscle which results in...
Stasis (inactivity) of urine and constipation
Which contraceptives have the advantage of "ends concern about contraception"
Sterilization
Which contraceptives have the advantage of tubal sterilization performed during or right after childbirth or between pregnancies?
Sterilization
Which contraceptives have the advantage of vasectomy performed in the physician's office with local anesthesia?
Sterilization
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of difficult reversal, expensive, and can be unsuccessful?
Sterilization
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of potential complications of any surgery?
Sterilization
Fragility of a specific site on the X chromosome is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?
Structural
Part of a chromosome missing or added is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?
Structural
Rearrangements of material within chromosome is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?
Structural
Two chromosomes that adhere to each other is indicative of what kind of chromosome abnormality?
Structural
How would you calculate the estimated date of delivery?
Subtract 3 months from the first day of the last menstrual period, and then add 7 days *Adjust the year as necessary
If this STI is left untreated, the tertiary phase can lead to long term complications such as bone and liver tumors and cardiovascular issues
Syphilis
If this is untreated during pregnancy, it has been linked to miscarriage, premature birth, low birth weight, PROM, and chorioamnionitis
Syphilis
If untreated during pregnancy, this STI can cause stillbirth or neonatal death
Syphilis
Newborns infected with this STD may exhibit rhinitis, rash and hepatosplenomegaly. This can also affect teeth, bones, and hearing loss
Syphilis
This STD is diagnosed by blood tests (VDRL, RPR, or TURST)
Syphilis
Treatment for this STI is benzathine penicillin G
Syphilis
Which STD is Secondary phase is systemic and is manifested by skin eruptions, low grade fever, general malaise, and rash on feet/palms. This phase is highly contagious
Syphilis
Which STD is primary phase manifests as painless chancre, swollen lymph nodes. This stage is highly contagious
Syphilis
By 9 ½ days after ovulation...
The blastocyte is completely embedded in the endometrium where it gets nourished for growth
Ovulation (definition)
The release of the mature egg from the surface of the ovary into the fallopian tube (usually occurs mid cycle or two weeks before menstruation starts) *Triggered by high levels of estrogen and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Estrogen and progesterone are given under what circumstance?
The woman retains a uterus
Corneal edema causes what during pregnancy?
Thickening discomfort for women who wear contact lenses
Hyperplasia and increased vascularity in pregnancy cause _____ gland to enlarge
Thyroid gland
In which age group is exploration normal?
Toddlers
Which age group continues to develop gender identity?
Toddlers
Which age group is encouraged contact with opposite gender (if single parent)?
Toddlers
Oligohydramnios (definition)
Too little amniotic fluid
Polyhydramnios (definition)
Too much amniotic fluid
What can cat litter lead to during pregnancy?
Toxoplasma
Born male but identify as female
Trans female/woman
Born female but identify as male
Trans male/man
Which contraceptive has an advantage of requires only weekly application?
Transdermal patch
Which contraceptives have an advantage of regulating menstrual cycles?
Transdermal patch
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of "no protection against STDs"
Transdermal patch
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of causing skin irritation
Transdermal patch
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of having side effects similar to OC's
Transdermal patch
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of may being less effective for women over 90kg (198 lb)
Transdermal patch
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must remembering to apply on the right day
Transdermal patch
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of posing a higher risk for clot formation
Transdermal patch
Someone who identifies with the opposite gender than their biological gender
Transgender
Autosomal recessive
Two copies of the mutation are needed to cause disease *bb
Gender identity
What gender an individual identifies with (male, female, nonbinary)
Fetal stage (definition)
When the embryo has human features and continues to develop/grow until birth
Are LGBTQ+ population at an elevated risk for disability from chronic disease and mental distress?
Yes
Are there functional changes in the liver and gallbladder during pregnancy?
Yes
Can estrogen cause a sensation of blocked ears or temporary hearing loss during pregnancy?
Yes
Can infants who are born to mothers with rubella during pregnancy be a risk to others when come in contact with them?
Yes
Do rectus abdominus muscles separate during pregnancy?
Yes
Do the kidneys and ureters change in size and shape during pregnancy?
Yes
Does medication cure the infection of gonorrhea?
Yes
Is early menopause a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Yes
Is excessive caffeine a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Yes
Is inadequate calcium or vitamin D earlier in life a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Yes
Is intestine emptying time increased during pregnancy?
Yes
Is late menarche a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Yes
Is mild proteinuria/glycosuria expected during pregnancy?
Yes
Is ptyalism (excessive salivation) normal in pregnancy?
Yes
Is smoking/ETOH use a risk factor for osteoporosis?
Yes
Is there an increased risk of urinary tract infection during pregnancy?
Yes
Is there frequency of urination during pregnancy?
Yes
Should you treat STDs during pregnancy?
Yes
Usually, can a pregnant woman who has had a baby before (multipara) feel fetal movements earlier than 16 weeks?
Yes
Is pyrosis (heartburn) normal in pregnancy?
Yes (due to increased progesterone (relaxation of smooth muscle))
"Unrelated to coitus" is an advantage of what contraceptives?
-Transdermal patch -Hormone implant -Hormone injection -IUD -Oral contraceptives
Placenta
-Two parts (maternal portion & fetal portion) -Metabolic functions -Transport functions -Endocrine functions
Reproductive anatomy of the female
-Vagina (allows discharge of menstrual flow, intercourse, passage of fetus) -Uterus -Uterine tubes -Cervix -Ovaries
Signs of possible pregnancy complications
-Vaginal bleeding -Rupture of membranes -Swelling of fingers, face, or around eyes -Continuous pounding headache -Visual disturbances -Persistent abdominal pain -Chills or fever -Painful urination -Persistent vomiting -Changes in fetal movement -Uterine contractions, cramps, constant irregular low backache, pelvic pressure -Signs or symptoms of PTL (uterine contractions, cramps, constant or irregular low back pain, pelvic pressure, watery vaginal discharge)
What are the causes of organic erectile dysfunction?
-Vascular disease -Endocrine disease -Neurologic disease -Chronic disease -Penile disease or trauma -Surgery -Pharmaceutical therapy -Obesity
Components of ovarian cycle
1.Follicular phase 2.Ovulation 3.Luteal phase
Components of the endometrial cycle
1.Proliferative phase 2.Secretory phase 3.Ischemic phase 4.Menstrual phase
An obese woman is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy
11-20 pounds
Normal fetal heartbeat
110-160 bpm *can be picked up by doppler at 9 weeks
An overweight woman is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy
15-25 pounds
What is the time frame for triple/quad screening?
16-18 weeks of gestation
During which time period after contracting syphilis could the infection be transmitted to others?
2 years
Which age group establishes own lifestyle and values?
Adults
Which age group forms long term intimate relationships?
Adults
Moderate amounts increase fx (fracture?) and chronic use decreases desire are side effects of which medication?
Alcohol
What happens during the embryonic stage?
All of the external and internal structures are developing *Therefore, toxins (alcohol, tobacco, radiation) must be avoided at this time
Foramen ovale function
Allows passage of blood from the right atrium to the left atrium; and then into the left ventricle
Which contraceptives have the advantage of requiring less spermicide
Cervical cap
What are the least reliable methods of contraception?
-Breastfeeding -Coitus interruptus ("pull out" method)
Decreased sexual desire and reduced response are side effects of which medication?
Anticonvulsants
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of added spermicide necessary for repeat coitus
Cervical cap
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requires education on proper use?
Cervical cap
It is recommended that all women who are age 25 or less are screened for this STI annually (also women over 25 which multiple partners)
Chlamydia
Which STD is expedited partner therapy (EPT) recommended as part of treatment?
Chlamydia
Which STD is high risk for sterility due to bacteria spreading into fallopian tubes and uterus?
Chlamydia
Which STD is treated with azithromycin or doxycycline?
Chlamydia
Which STD may cause dysuria and urethritis?
Chlamydia
Which STD may have watery, mucoid discharge?
Chlamydia
Which infection is the most common cause of ophthalmia neonatorum in infants?
Chlamydia
Low levels of amniotic fluid may indicate that there's...
Chronic fetal hypoxia
Which contraceptives have the advantage of "can be carried discreetly"
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the advantage of "inexpensive per single use"
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the advantage of "no prescription needed"
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the advantage of "vaginal condoms increase women's control over contraceptive use and protection from STDs"
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being quick and easy?
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being the best protection available for STDs
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of can break or slip off
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of can only be used once
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of interfering with spontaneity
Condoms
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of must be checked for expiration date and holes
Condoms
Certain strains of the causative agent are linked to cervical cancer
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
Newborns of mothers infected with this STD may develop laryngeal papillomatosis
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
One treatment for this STI is cryodestructive therapy
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
One treatment for this STI is surgical excision
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
Recurrence of this STI is likely
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
Regular PAP tests can screen for the causative agent of this STI
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
Biological gender assigned at birth
Sex
A state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality
Sexual health
Who an individual is attracted to
Sexual orientation
Fetal stage occurs when?
9 weeks to birth
There is a vaccination to protect patients against the causative agent of this STD
Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts)
Side effect of anticonvulsants (sexuality)
Decreased sexual desire, reduced response
Which contraceptives have the advantage of available over the counter to patients 17 years and older?
Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)
Which contraceptives have the advantage of preventing pregnancy after unprotected coitus?
Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being time sensitive?
Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of may cause nausea?
Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)
Trisomy
Entire single chromosome added
Monosomy
Entire single chromosome missing
Develops through the fertilization of the ovum by an X barring sperm
Female fertilization
Immune system changes throughout pregnancy
Function is altered to allow the fetus to grow undisturbed
Males attracted to males
Gay
Phenotype (definition)
Genetic trait or characteristic that can be observed or determined by a laboratory test *Brown eyes, curly hair, red hair, blood type
Can cause preterm labor, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth
Genital herpes
First outbreak of this STI is usually precipitated by flu-like symptoms (fever, general malaise, lymphadenopathy)
Genital herpes
Once primary lesions heal, this virus remains in a dormant state in the sacral nerve ganglia
Genital herpes
Outbreaks can be treated/suppressed with antiviral medications (such as Acyclovir)
Genital herpes
Periodically this virus activates, and symptoms recur. The recurrence can be triggered by stress, fever, sunburn, poor nutrition, menses, and sexual activity
Genital herpes
Primary involves presence of painful sores or large vesicles
Genital herpes
Which contraceptive has the disadvantage of side effects that are similar to other progestin contraceptives
Hormone injection
Which contraceptives have the advantage of not needing to use every day
Hormone injection
Which contraceptives have the advantage of requiring use only every 12 weeks?
Hormone injection
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of causing a temporary decrease in bone density. Long-term effects unknown
Hormone injection
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of having to remember to repeat every 12 weeks
Hormone injection
Develops through the fertilization of the ovum by a Y barring sperm
Male fertilization
Genetics (definition)
Mechanisms of heredity and variation of inherited single-gene traits
An increase in spaces in the bone (osteoporosis) occurs after...
Menopause
Therapy for menopause
Menopause hormone therapy (MHT)
Side effect of alcohol (sexuality)
Moderate amounts increase fx (fracture?); chronic use decreases desire
Does hair grow more or less rapidly during pregnancy?
More rapidly
Inhibited sexual desire and response and erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions are side effects of which medication?
Narcotics
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being able to be combined with barrier methods to increase the effectiveness
Natural family planning
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being acceptable to most religions
Natural family planning
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being inexpensive?
Natural family planning
Which contraceptives have the advantage of helping a woman learn about her body
Natural family planning
Which contraceptives have the advantage of may be used to help achieve pregnancy
Natural family planning
Physiologic menopausal changes
-Breasts become smaller -Uterus and ovaries atrophy -Decreased bladder and urethral tone -LDL increases -HDL decreases -Hot flashes/flushes
Which STD must be reported to the local health department?
-Chlamydia -Syphilis -Gonorrhea
Side effect of antidepressants (sexuality)
-Decreased sexual desire -Orgasmic delay/dysfunction -Delayed/failed ejaculation -Painful erection
Side effect of antihistamines (sexuality)
-Decreased vaginal lubrication -Decreased desire
Side effect of diuretics (sexuality)
-Decreased vaginal lubrication -Decreased desire -Erectile dysfunction
Which contraceptives have the advantage of no drugs or hormones?
Natural family planning
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of "many factors may change ovulation time"
Natural family planning
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of high risk of pregnancy from error
Natural family planning
Which age group should be given answers honestly and simply?
Pre-school
History assessment (sexuality)
*In addition to the typical elements of a history, "the five P's" of a sexual history are... -Partners -Practices -Protection from infection -Past history of infection -Prevention of pregnancy
Follicular phase (in order)
*Prompted by the hypothalamus -Pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) -FSH stimulates the ovary to produce around 5-20 follicles (each follicle houses an immature egg; usually one follicle will mature into an egg while the others will die off (occurs around day 10/28 of cycle) -Growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation of possibly pregnancy (starts on the first day of the menstrual cycle and ends with ovulation
Antepartum fetal surveillance: non-stress test (NST)
*for "further testing" -Evaluates fetal heart rate (FHR) accelerations, with or without fetal movement -Fetal heart rate reactivity with accelerations & variability is a reassuring sign -Reactivity is associated with adequate fetal oxygenation and intact neural pathways -Fetal heart rate reactivity may not develop until 32 weeks in the fetus -Done at 32+ weeks
Urinary frequency
- Decrease fluids in the evening -Perform Kegel exercises to maintain control -Common during 3rd trimester from uterine pressure on the bladder -Common during the first trimester due to hormonal changes, increased blood volume and changes in glomerular filtration rate -Avoid caffeinated beverages
Ultrasound
-2 or 3D images using high frequency sound waves -Used to determine a variety of fetal and placental conditions (presence and location of pregnancy (1st), multifetal gestation(1st), gestational age(2nd), viability confirmation, fluid volume(2nd), identifying fetal abnormalities) -Emotional responses -Not always possible to determine fetal sex -Transvaginal (1st semester) -Transabdominal (2nd semester) *requires full bladder
Menopause (definition)
-A combination of endocrine, body, and psychological changes that occur at the end of the reproductive cycle -End of menstruation (2 months without menses) -The time that precedes the final menstrual period -Decrease/lack of estrogen -AKA: the climacteric or change of life
Probable indications of pregnancy
-Abdominal enlargement -Cervical softening -Uterine changes -Pregnancy tests
Benefits of genetic testing
-Ability to confirm a diagnosis -Pre-symptomatic testing (plan for early detection) (prevention)
Factors in the man contributing to infertility
-Abnormalities of the sperm -Abnormal erections -Abnormal ejaculation -Abnormalities of seminal fluid
Amniotic fluid
-Acts as a cushion to protect embryo -Helps control embryo's temperature -Permits symmetric external growth, development of embryo -Prevents adherence of embryo-fetus to amnion -Allows umbilical cord to be free of compression -Acts as extension of fetal extracellular space -Permits fetal swallowing and excretion, serving as waste repository -Provides fluid for analysis to determine fetal health, maturity
Populations at greatest risk (sexuality)
-Adolescents (peer pressure) -Disabilities (cognitive, developmental, and physical) *usually overlooked when it comes to sexuality -Newly unpartnered (STIs, wanting to have a good time) -Sexual orientation and identification (lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, transgender) *engage in more high-risk sexual activities
Post-menopause
-After menses have ceased for one year -Vaginal bleeding must always be investigated at this stage
Antepartum assessment and care
-All women should have a preconception visit with a health provider to ensure they are healthy before conceiving (and interconception care during early weeks of pregnancy) -Initial antepartum visit includes complete history, physical examination, laboratory data, risk assessment
Presumptive indications of pregnancy
-Amenorrhea -Nausea and vomiting -Fatigue -Urinary frequency -Breast and skin changes -Vaginal and cervical color changes (Chadwick's sign) -Fetal movement (quickening) *noticed 16-20 weeks
What are the causes of episodic erectile dysfunction?
-Anxiety -Fatigue -Depression -Negative body image -Privacy -Trust
Amniocentesis
-Aspiration of amniotic fluid from the sac for further examination -Second trimester amniocentesis (performed between 15 and 20 weeks / chromosomal or biochemical abnormalities or neural tube defects) -Third trimester amniocentesis (performed during the third trimester / used to determine fetal lung maturity (LS ratio) or hemolytic disease)
Positive indications of pregnancy
-Auscultation of fetal heart sounds -Fetal movements felt by examiner -Visualization of fetus
Positive sexual attitudes and behaviors
-Being present -Authenticity -Intense emotional connection -Sexual and erotic intimacy -Communication -Transcendence (heightened mental, emotional, spiritual states of mind)
Individuals at risk for reproduction
-Biophysical factors (genetic disorders) -Psychosocial factors (depression, poor nutrition, smoking, alcohol) -Sociodemographic factors (younger than 15, older than 35) -Environmental factors (geographic locations; pollution, radiation, higher infection)
Breast changes (reproduction)
-Breasts change in size and appearance (may result in striae (stretch marks)) -Estrogen stimulates growth of mammary tissue -Progesterone stimulates growth of lobes, lobules, and alveoli (become highly vascular, striae gravidarum may appear) -Colostrum (thick yellow fluid aka "first milk") is present at 12-16 weeks of pregnancy
Treatments for osteoporosis
-Calcitonin -Bisphosphonates (inhibit osteoblasts (cells that break down the bones)) -Hormone replacement medications (inhibit bone resorption) *increase risk of cancer -Daily calcium supplements along with vitamin D (vitamin D is needed for calcium to be absorbed) -Weight bearing exercises (increases bone density and builds muscle mass)
Effects of female hormones (estrogen)
-Causes uterus to increase in size, weight -Expands blood supply -Aids in developing ductal system in the breasts -Associated with hyperpigmentation, vascular changes in skin -Increases activity of salivary glands, hyperemia of the gums and nasal mucous membranes
Which STD is Ophthalmia neonatorum a common result in infants which manifests 1-4 days after birth as thick, purulent discharge from the eyes. If untreated, this can lead to blindness
-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea
Which STD is diagnosed by culture, nucleic acid amplifications tests (NAATs), or urine swab?
-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea
Which STD may be asymptomatic?
-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea
Which infections can be diagnosed using a nucleic acid amplified test?
-Chlamydia -Gonorrhea -Trichomoniasis
Which STD is bacterial?
-Chlamydia -Syphilis -Gonorrhea
Fetal portion of placenta
-Chronic villi and their circulation -Covered by amnion, giving it shiny gray appearance
Changes of skin in pregnancy
-Circulation increases, causing increased activity of sweat glands -Hyperpigmentation (linea nigra, melasma, chloasma) -Cutaneous vascular changes
Chromosomes
-Composed of genes that are composed of DNA -23 pairs -Karyotype (individual's collection of chromosomes)
This STD is viral
-Condylomata Acuminata (genital warts) -Genital herpes
Toddler (sexuality)
-Continue to develop gender identity -Exploration is normal -Encourage contact with opposite gender if single parent
Maternal portion of placenta
-Decidua basalis and its circulation -Red, rough
Factors in the woman contributing to infertility
-Disorders of ovulation -Abnormalities of the fallopian tubes or cervix -Repeated pregnancy loss -Abnormalities of fetal chromosomes -Abnormalities of the cervix or uterus -Endocrine abnormalities -Immunologic factors -Environmental agents or infections
Food safety during pregnancy
-Do not eat shark, swordfish, mackerel, and tile fish -Do not eat raw or undercooked fish, meats, poultry, or eggs -Avoid luncheon meats and hot dogs (unless steaming hot) -Avoid soft cheeses (unless made with pasteurized milk) -Do not consume pate or meat spreads or raw (unpasteurized) milk products
Allele types
-Dominant -Recessive
Which treatment strategy would benefit a client diagnosed with chlamydia?
-Doxycycline -Azithromycin
Constipation
-Eat foods high in fiber -Restrict cheese consumption and reduce intake of sweets -Drink a minimum of 8 glasses of fluid daily -Walk, swim, or bike 1 mile per day -This can be exacerbated by side effects of iron and decreased physical activity -Due to changes in fluid reabsorption, increased amounts of progesterone causing relaxation of the smooth muscle, decreased peristalsis, and displacement/compression by the enlarged uterus
Bleeding gums
-Encouraged to continue to regularly maintain oral hygiene (brushing and flossing), routine dental care should be continued as necessary -Increased levels of estrogen increase blood flow to gingival tissue. The increase of small blood vessels, hyperplasia, and edema can cause this
Numeric chromosome abnormality
-Entire single chromosome added (trisomy) -Entire single chromosome missing (monosomy) -One or more added sets of chromosomes (polyploidy
Menopause hormone therapy (MHT)
-Estrogen and progesterone are given to the woman who retains a uterus -Estrogen to those who have had a hysterectomy
Cardiovascular system (reproduction)
-Expanded blood volume increases cardiac output but not blood pressure -Supine hypotensive syndrome occurs because the gravid uterus partially occludes the vena cava and aorta when the mother is supine *corrected by position change (turn to lateral/side position) -Five major changes to blood flow -Plasma volume expansion results in physiologic anemia (diluted RBCs, NOT decreased count of RBCs) *iron intake is critical
Pre-school (sexuality)
-Explore own and others body parts -Learn correct names -Focus love for parent of opposite gender -Answer questions honestly and simply
Risk factors for osteoporosis
-Family history -Late menarche -Early menopause -Smoking -ETOH use -Excessive caffeine -Inadequate calcium or vitamin D earlier in life
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
-Fasting -Drink 100 grams of glucose -Draw labs (Fasting, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after drinking glucose) -Diagnoses for diabetes: Fasting glucose is >95 2 or more other values are abnormal (1 hour >180, 2 hour >155, 3 hour >140)
Calcium storage in pregnancy
-Fetal demands for calcium increase -The amount transferred from the mother is small
If fetal heart rate does not accelerate with movement, then ____ & ____ are of concern
-Fetal hypoxia -Acidosis
Maternal assessment of fetal activity
-Fetal movement is indicative that baby is healthy -Decrease in fetal movement = let provider know -Can be done at about 16-20 weeks
Barriers to prenatal care
-Financial barriers (one of the most important factors in limiting care) -Systemic barrier (limited appointments / scheduling difficulties) -Attitudinal barriers (staff overworked or judgmental -May not realize she is pregnant
Side effects of sildenafil
-Flushing -Headache -Dyspepsia (pain in upper middle abdomen)
Fetal circulation: course of blood circulation
-From the fetal heart to placenta -Exchange of oxygen and waste products -Back to fetus for delivery to fetal tissues -Umbilical cord is cushioned by Wharton's jelly
What does GTPAL stand for?
-G: gravidity (number of pregnancies including current) -T: term (number of pregnancies carried to 38+ weeks) -P: preterm (number of pregnancies carried between 20 and 37 weeks) -A: abortion (number of losses) -L: living (number of living children)
Physiological processes of reproduction
-Gametogenesis (development of gametes) -Ovulation -Fertilization -Cleavage -Implantation -Embryo and fetus
May cause dysuria and urinary retention
-Genital herpes -Gonorrhea
Individual risk factors (sexuality)
-High risk sexual behavior (multiple and casual partners, failure to practice safe-sex measures) -Use of alcohol, marijuana, or other illicit substances *impaired coordination and judgement -Underlying medical conditions and medications *can affect sexual function
Erectile dysfunction assessment
-History (sexual and medical) -Symptoms -Physical exam -Neurologic exam -Assess medications/drugs/alcohol -Doppler probe -Nerve conduction tests -Psychological evaluation
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of providing no protection against STIs?
-Hormone implant -Hormone injection -Sterilization -IUD -Oral contraceptives -Natural family planning -Emergency contraception (plan B & copper IUD)
Which contraceptives have an advantage of a low long-term cost?
-Hormone implant -Sterilization -IUD
Which contraceptives have the advantage of causing amenorrhea with continued use?
-Hormone injection -IUD
Changes caused by placental hormones within the endocrine system
-Increased human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and estrogen levels may cause nausea in early pregnancy -Increased progesterone causes relaxation of smooth muscle, resulting in stasis of urine and constipation -Progesterone maintains the uterine lining, prevents contractions, and helps prepare breasts for lactation -Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) increases availability of glucose for the fetus -Relaxin inhibits uterine activity and softens connective tissue in the cervix, and lengthens public ligaments
Osteoporosis (definition)
-Increases spaces in the bone -Reduced bone density -Susceptibility to fractures -Decrease of estrogen accelerates bone loss
Side effect of narcotics (sexuality)
-Inhibited sexual desire and response -Erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions
Older adults (sexuality)
-Interest in sexual activity continues -Sexual activity may be less frequent -Vaginal secretions diminish -Breast atrophy -Fewer sperm produced -More time needed to achieve erection -Privacy may be of concern -Educate about enhancement products
Prevention of STIs
-Limit number of sexual partners -Talk openly with sexual partners about safe sex and be honest about history -Abstain from high-risk sexual activity with unknown partner -Use condoms -Follow safe sex practices during oral sex -Report to health provider to exam when in doubt about exposure -Notify all partners of STI when diagnosed -HPV vaccination
Autosomal dominant
-Located on numbered chromosome, a single copy of the disease associated mutation is enough to cause the disease *EX: -Huntington's disease (ONE copy of the gene is needed) -Bb/BB
Poor weight gain in pregnant women is associated with
-Low birth weight infants -Preterm birth -SGA
Back pain
-Lumbar lordosis occurs to counter the weight of the uterus -Result of increased pressure due to the enlarging uterus, lordosis, relaxed ligaments, and muscle strain associated with pregnancy. Common during 3rd trimester -Avoid bending over -Proper body mechanics -Wear supportive, low-heeled shoes -Perform exercises such as tailor sitting, shoulder circling and pelvic rocking
Excessive weight gain in pregnant women may lead to...
-Macrosomia -Cesarean birth -Low Apgar scores -Hypoglycemia -Overweight in children
Progesterone does what throughout pregnancy?
-Maintains the uterine lining -Prevents contractions -Helps prepare breasts for lactation
Therapies to facilitate pregnancy
-Medications (ovulation induction) -Surgical procedures -Therapeutic insemination -Egg donation -Surrogate parenting -Assisted reproductive techniques
Nausea/vomiting
-Notify health care provider if this becomes severe or develop signs of dehydration -Avoid foods with strong odors -Consume small, frequent meals -Eat foods containing ginger or peppermint -Eat dry crackers and toast before getting up in the morning -Avoid consuming liquids and solids at the same time -Acupressure wristbands -Cause is not fully known, but theories include the interplay of hormonal changes (hCG, estrogen), slowed peristalsis, and periodic hypoglycemia
Chromosome abnormalities examples
-Numeric -Structural
Effects of female hormones (progesterone)
-Often called hormone of pregnancy: maintains pregnancy -Prepares breasts for lactation -Relaxes smooth muscle -Facilitates deposit of maternal fat stores, which provide reserve of energy for pregnancy and lactation
Antepartum fetal surveillance: contraction stress test (CST)
-Oxytocin challenge test -Used to determine how the fetal heart responds to uterine contractions that temporarily decrease placental blood flow -Cannot be done if stimulated uterine contractions are contraindicated -Nipple stimulation or low-dose oxytocin to trigger a contraction -Can be done in 3rd trimester -Positive test = placenta can support life for at least one more week
Structural chromosome abnormality
-Part of a chromosome missing or added -Rearrangements of material within chromosomes -Two chromosomes that adhere to each other -Fragility of a specific site on the chromosome
Contraception considerations
-Safety -Protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) -Effectiveness -Acceptability -Convenience -Education needed (types and how to use them properly) -Benefits -Side effects -Effect on spontaneity -Availability -Expense -Preference -Religious and personal beliefs -Culture
Chorionic Villus Sampling
-Sample of chorionic villi -10-13 weeks -Risk for infection & pregnancy loss -Can be done before an amniocentesis
Clinical management, secondary prevention (sexuality)
-Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) -Screening for intimate partner violence -Cervical cytologic screening (pap test) -HIV screening
Defining sexuality
-Sense of being -Unique and individual -Dynamic -Nature of relation to self and others
Adults (sexuality)
-Sexual activity is common -Establish own lifestyle and values -Form long term intimate relationships -Encourage communication among partners -STI
Infancy (sexuality)
-Sexual response is present before birth -Self manipulation is normal and common
Round ligament pain
-Sharp pain in the side or inguinal area usually on the right-side cause by softening and stretching of the ligament from hormones and uterine growth -Practice good body mechanics -Squat when picking items up (do not bend at the waist) -Avoid stretching and twisting at the same time -Bend towards the pain, squat or bring the knees up to the chest
Respiratory system (reproduction)
-Slight hyperventilation and decreased airway resistance allow oxygen needs to be met -Oxygen consumption increases by about 20% in pregnancy (half of this oxygen is used by the uterus, fetus, and placenta; the remainder is consumed by breast tissue and increased cardiac, renal, and respiratory maternal demands) -Hormones play a role in airway resistance
Diagnostic tests (sexuality)
-Specimen collection -Tissue biopsy -Aspiration -Ultrasound -X-ray -Laparoscopy -Colposcopy -Colonoscopy -Genetic testing -Cancer screening -STI testing -Hormonal testing
Menstrual cycle
-Stage 1: shedding of the endometrium due to a decrease in progesterone and estrogen -Follicular phase (prompted by the hypothalamus; the pituitary gland releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and FSH stimulates the ovary to produce around 5-20 follicles; each follicle houses an immature egg, usually one follicle will mature into an egg while the others will die off (this can occur around day 10 of the 28 day cycle); growth of the follicles stimulates the lining of the uterus to thicken in preparation of possibly a pregnancy): starts on the first day of the menstrual cycle and ends with ovulation))
Methods of contraception
-Sterilization -Hormonal contraceptives (patches, injections, oral) -Intrauterine devices (IUD) -Barrier methods (chemical barriers (spermicide) and mechanical barriers (condoms)) -Natural family planning (tracking menstrual cycle) -Least reliable methods of contraception (breastfeeding and coitus interruptus ("pull out" method)
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being expensive initially?
-Sterilization -IUD
If pregnancy does not occur (what happens?)
-The corpus luteum dies (around day 22/28-day cycle) -There's a drop in progesterone levels which causes the lining of the uterus to shed (menstruation)
Heartburn
-Wear lose fitting clothes -Do not eat or drink just before bedtime -Consume small, frequent meals -Elevate head by sleeping with extra pillows -Avoid foods that trigger symptoms such as fried/fatty foods, acidic foods, and spicy foods -The lower esophageal sphincter is relaxed, GI motility is slower, and the angle of gastroesophageal junction is changed due to stomach displacement by the enlarged uterus
Changes in metabolism during pregnancy
-Weight gain -Water metabolism -Dependent edema -Carpal tunnel syndrome -Carbohydrate metabolism
Decreased sexual desire, orgasmic delay/dysfunction, delayed/failed ejaculation, painful erection are side effects of which medication?
Antidepressants
Umbilical cord has _ arterie(s) (deoxygenated blood) and _ vein(s)
2, 1
Normal cells contain _____ pairs of chromosomes
23
If the mother is 24 weeks pregnant, the fundal height should be around what?
24 cm *Weeks pregnant = fundal height estimate
The lifespan of a typical egg is...
24 hours
A woman of normal weight is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy
25-35 pounds
An underweight woman is expected to gain __-__ pounds during pregnancy
28-40 pounds
A state of estrogen deficit in menopause can lead to...
Bone loss (osteoporosis)
Estrogen is given under what circumstance?
A women who has had a hysterectomy
Embryonic stage is during which weeks?
3-8 weeks after fertilization
Which age group may experiment with homosexuality?
Adolescences
Fertility begins to decline at what age?
35-40
Which age group is at risk for STIs?
Adolescences and adults
Average age for menopause
45-50
How much does renal blood flow increase during pregnancy?
50%
30 hours after fertilization...
A membrane like sac forms around the zygote and starts division/cleavage; rapid cell division occurs
Significant changes in hormone levels in pregnancy occur within which gland?
Adrenal gland
Genotype (definition)
Actual alleles for a certain trait (not just what can be observed) *Dominant alleles express trait even if only one copy and recessive alleles can only express themselves if there are two copies (one from each parent)
Which age group develops relationships?
Adolescences
Which age group do parents influence values and beliefs regarding behavior?
Adolescences
Which age group does menarche start?
Adolescences
Which age group is at risk for pregnancy?
Adolescences
Which age group is masturbation common?
Adolescences
Which age group is sexually active?
Adolescences
Decreased vaginal lubrication and decreased desire are side effects of which medication?
Antihistamines
Human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) increases what?
Availability of glucose for the fetus
Which contraceptives have the advantage of no pressure against the bladder
Cervical cap
Syphilis and gonorrhea are caused by...
Bacteria
Sexual identity
Being sexually attracted/attractive to others (heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning)
Decreased desire is a side effect of which medication?
Betablockers
An individual attracted to both females and males
Bisexual
When should a baby become active?
By 24 weeks
Which contraceptives have the advantage of providing SOME protection against STDs
Cervical cap
Oral contraceptives put many women at increased risk for what?
Cardiac issues and stroke
All daughters of a man affected by an X linked disorder (hemophilia) will automatically be
Carriers
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being less noticeable than a diaphragm
Cervical cap
Which contraceptives have the advantage of being smaller than a diaphragm and may fit women who cannot wear a diaphragm?
Cervical cap
Which contraceptives have the advantage of can remain in place for 48 hours
Cervical cap
Side effect of betablockers (sexuality)
Decreased desire
Which contraceptive has the advantage of "can remain in place up to 24 hours"?
Diaphragm
Which contraceptive has the advantage of being able to be inserted several hours before coitus?
Diaphragm
Which contraceptive has the advantage of providing some protection from STDs?
Diaphragm
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of difficultly inserting or removing for some women?
Diaphragm
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of requiring education on proper use?
Diaphragm
Sex-linked dominant
Disorders present on sex chromosome
Sex-linked recessive
Disorders present on sex chromosome *Colorblindness
Decreased vaginal lubrication, decreased desire, and erectile dysfunction are side effects of which medication?
Diuretics
Trisomy example
Down syndrome (trisomy 21)
Pre-menopause
Early stage of climacteric before menstruation ceases, but the body is experiencing symptoms (irregular periods)
Anxiety, fatigue, depression, negative body image, privacy, and trust all can cause what type of erectile dysfunction?
Episodic
Psychogenic erectile dysfunction
Episodic
Oral-phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5) (can lower blood pressure) (result in smooth muscle relaxation) are used for what?
Erectile dysfunction
Penile injection is used to treat what?
Erectile dysfunction
Urethral suppositories are used to treat what?
Erectile dysfunction
Aids in developing ductal system in the breasts is an effect of which female hormone?
Estrogen
Associated with hyperpigmentation, vascular changes in skin are an effect of which female hormone?
Estrogen
Causes uterus to increase in size, weight is an effect of which female hormone?
Estrogen
Expands blood supply is an effect of which female hormone?
Estrogen
Increases activity of salivary glands, hyperemia of the gums and nasal mucous membranes is an effect of which female hormone?
Estrogen
Papanicolaou (pap) test is performed how often and at what age?
Every 3 years after the age of 21
How often is a human papillomavirus test performed?
Every 5 years from the age 30-65 y/o
Primary prevention (reproduction)
Health education -Safe sex -Contraception -Avoidance of smoking, alcohol, drug use -Nutrition (water (8-10 cups), Iron, & folic acid: all woman of reproductive age should get 400 μg if folic acid every day in addition to consuming foods with folates (beets, nuts, seeds, avocados) to prevent neural tube defects) -Exercise
Which contraceptive has an advantage of 3-year protection?
Hormone implant
Which contraceptive has an advantage of being safe during lactation?
Hormone implant
Which contraceptive has an advantage where body weight has no effect?
Hormone implant
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of being a minor surgical procedure to insert and remove?
Hormone implant
Which contraceptives have the disadvantage of the major side effect being irregular bleeding?
Hormone implant
Populations at risk for reproduction
Impoverished populations (lack of access to prenatal care) Adolescents (mothers & children): -Impaired nutrition -Anemia -Infection -Depression -Social insolation -Preeclampsia -Cephalopelvic disproportion -Premature birth -Cesarean birth
Should fetal heartrate decrease, stay the same, or increase with fetal movement?
Increase
Adverse effects of menopause hormone therapy (MHT)
Increased risk for breast and uterine cancers
Relaxin does what throughout pregnancy?
Inhibits uterine activity and softens connective tissue in the cervix, and lengthens public ligaments
Diagnostic tests for reproduction
Laboratory testing -Pregnancy testing (urine, serum) -Complete blood count, blood type, Rh factor (contraindicated if mother is Rh negative and baby is Rh positive), rubella titer (determines the mother's immunity to rubella (if not immune, immunization will be given postpartum)) -Screening for sexually transmitted diseases -GTT -Triple or quad screen (MSAFP, HCG, estriol, inhibin A)
Females attracted to females
Lesbian
Alterations in maternal blood glucose levels and fluctuations in insulin production during pregnancy occur within which gland/organ?
Pancreas *increased glucose levels trigger pancreas to release insulin
Which medication would be prescribed for pregnant patients diagnosed with syphilis
Penicillin G
_____ is having brown eyes, Bb or BB is the _____
Phenotype, genotype
Prolactin prepares breasts for milk production through which gland?
Pituitary gland
Decrease in fetal heartrate during a contraction is a _____ CST
Positive, non-reassuring (infant does not have adequate oxygen reserves)
Which age group explores own and others body parts?
Pre-school
Which age group focuses love for parent of opposite gender?
Pre-school
Which age group learns correct names of body parts?
Pre-school
What does folic acid do for pregnancy?
Prevents neural tube defects
Condom use is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Primary
HPV vaccine is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Primary
Patient education is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Primary
Safe-sex practices is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Primary
Facilitates deposit of maternal fat stores, which provide reserve of energy for pregnancy and lactation is an effect of which female hormone?
Progesterone
Often called hormone of pregnancy (maintains pregnancy) is an effect of which female hormone?
Progesterone
Prepares breasts for lactation is an effect of which female hormone?
Progesterone
Relaxes smooth muscle is an effect of which female hormone?
Progesterone
Umbrella term for LGBTQ+
Queer
If expecting mother is Rh negative and baby is positive, the mother may receive
Rh immunoglobulin around 28th week of pregnancy to prevent sensitization for the rest of pregnancy *If the baby is born and has Rh positive blood, then the mother is given another dose of Rh immunoglobulin postpartum
Heritability (definition)
Risk for developing a disorder can be transmitted to one's children in a recognizable pattern
Which age group has increased modesty?
School age
Which age group identified with parent of same gender?
School age
Which age group should parents be advised to discuss basic information about sexuality (at about 10 years old)?
School age
At what stage is an individual with syphilis most infectious?
Secondary
Cervical cytologic screening (pap test) is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Secondary
HIV screening is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Secondary
Screening for intimate partner violence is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Secondary
Screening for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is what type of prevention (sexuality)?
Secondary
Which stage of syphilis would the nurse associate with a sexually active client who reports sore throat, generalized rash, and history of a healed chancre (lesion) from 3 months ago?
Secondary
Which complication will occur as the result of administering sildenafil to a client who takes isosorbide dinitrate?
Severe hypotension
What does a pink triangle in a health care facility signify?
The health care facility welcomes LGBTQ+ clients
If egg is fertilized, it implants in the lining of the uterus and produces
The hormones that are necessary to maintain corpus luteum (human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)) (increased progesterone: needed to maintain thickening of the lining of uterus)
Fertilization results in...
The new cell (zygote) has two sets of chromosomes (female: develops through the fertilization of the ovum by an X barring sperm, Male: develops through the fertilization of the ovum by a Y barring sperm)
