NTRI Chapter 4: Carbohydrates

Which of the following non-nutritive sweeteners are currently available in the food supply in the United States? -Aspartame -Acesulfame-K -Cyclamate -Neotame

-Aspartame -Acesulfame-K -Neotame

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes? -Excessive hunger -Severe diarrhea -Frequent urination -Extreme thirst

-Excessive hunger -Frequent urination -Extreme thirst

Patients who experience reactive hypoglycemia may benefit from eating:

-Meals with a mixture of macronutrients -Meals on a regular schedule

Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through...

-Moderate weight loss -Physical activity -Diet (not dietary supplements)

Choosing to eat an abundance of whole fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will increase the intake __________.

Fiber

When monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

Galactose and Glucose

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

Grains, Vegetables, and Fruits

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.

Amylose

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides? Sucrose Amylose Lactose Amylopectin Cellulose

Amylose, Amylopectin, Cellulose

Which alternative sweetener is about 200 times sweeter than sucrose and does not cause tooth decay.

Aspartame

At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?

At any age

True or False: Type 2 diabetic patients always require insulin.

False

Which of the following sweeteners was once believed to cause bladder cancer but since has been proven safe?

Saccharin

Which of these sweeteners provide significant calories when consumed in amounts typically used in food products?

Sugars, Sugar alcohols

True or False: Hemorrhoids are swollen rectal veins that cause itching, discomfort, and/or bleeding.

True

True or False: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grain intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

True

True or False: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

Key nutrients provided by dairy products include:

Vitamin D, Calcium, Protein, and Potassium

Fluoride is found in which of the following?

Water

Grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm (starchy interior) are called...

Whole Grains

The problem with an excess amount of __________ in the diet is that it provides empty calories and promotes dental caries.

sugar

True or False: Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the liver.

False; Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the PANCREAS

True or False: Insoluble fiber in the large intestine is fermented by bacteria, which results in the formation of gas.

False; Viscous (soluble) fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine, which results in the formation of gas.

Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of...

Gases and Acids

Fermentation of undigested carbohydrates in the large intestine leads to the production of:

Gases and Acids

Name the major monosaccharide found in the body?

Glucose

Which of the following statements about fiber are true? -Is a complex carbohydrate -A substance found in plants -Can be digested by human enzymes -Adds bulk to feces

Is a complex carbohydrate, a substance found in plants, and adds bulk to feces

A high fiber diet is helpful for weight management because...

It's bulk contributes to satiety and it provides few calories.

Which three of the following contain the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates? -Legumes -Fat-free milk -Fish -Jam -Table sugar -Dried fruit

Jam, Table sugar, Dried fruit

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of __________ (a disaccharide).

Lactose

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen? -Muscle and stomach -Liver and stomach -Stomach and brain -Liver and muscle

Liver and muscle

What is the criterion for fasting blood glucose above which an individual is diagnosed as diabetic?

126 milligrams per 100 milliters of blood (126 mg/dl)

A serving from the dairy group of MyPlate provides __________ grams of carbohydrates.

15

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

Vegetables, Beans, Breads

Amylase is...

an enzyme

Complex carbohydrates are also known as...

starch

Rank in order the following four steps in the digestion and absorption process of carbohydrates from first (1) to last (4): -Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is secreted in feces -Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach -Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine -Enzymes break down starch into maltose in the small intestine

(1) Salivary amylase is inactivated by strong acids in the stomach (2) Enzymes break down starch into maltose in the small intestine (3) Viscous fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine (4) Nonfermentable fiber escapes digestion and is secreted in feces

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

-hunger -irritability -sweating -shakiness

When bacteria in the mouth break down __________, they produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel, leading to dental caries.

Carbohydrates

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

Xylitol

Healthy carbohydrate alternatives to fast-food and college cafeterias include:

Yogurt, Fresh Fruit, and Fat-free or Low-fat milk

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated? -High-density lipoprotein -Triglycerides -Fasting glucose -Blood pressure

-Triglycerides -Fasting glucose -Blood pressure

Which of the following are sources of starch in the diet? -Whole wheat bread -Potatoes -Pasta -Scallops

-Whole wheat bread -Potatoes -Pasta

People with diabetes nearly always develop:

Cardiovascular disease

A serving from the MyPlate fruit group provides __________ grams of carbohydrates.

18

A serving from the dairy group of MyPlate provides __________ grams of dairy.

18

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams

Rank each of the following foods based on carbohydrate content from highest (1) to lowest (3): -egg, 1 large -baked potato, 1 medium -fat-free milk, 1 cup

3 = egg, 1 large 1 = baked potato, 1 medium 2 = fat-free milk, 1 cup

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide __________% to __________% of total calories in the diet.

45; 65

A serving from the MyPlate vegetable group provides __________ grams of carbohydrates.

5

Which description best describes a starch?

A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made up of two __________ acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) and methanol.

Amino

Which type of fiber is an undigestible, nonfermentable, straight-chain polysaccharide made of glucose molecules?

Cellulose

Primary lactose maldigestion

Chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

The combination of a very high fiber intake (>60 grams per day) and low fluid intake can lead to...

Constipation and intestinal blockages

When it comes to sugar and hyperactivity, the problem may be from:

Excitement or tension in situations where sugar-rich foods are served

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome? High blood triglycerides Persistent hip pain High blood pressure High fasting glucose Low HDL cholesterol Frequent headaches Large waist circumference

High fasting glucose, low HDL cholesterol, high blood triglycerides, large waist circumference, high blood pressure

__________ has two glucose molecules bonded together.

Maltose

__________ is a disaccharide important in the formation of alcoholic beverages.

Maltose

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

Maple sugar, Sugar beets

Fiber is a considered a _________.

Polysaccharide

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose unites together?

Polysaccharides

The RDA of 130 grams per day of carbohydrates is set to:

Provide adequate glucose for the brain and nervous system

Lactase is produced by the cells of the...

Small intestine

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

Small intestine, mouth

Which type of fiber is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine?

Soluble fiber

The artificial sweetener __________ is considered useful in baking because it resists destruction by heat.

Sucralose

Secondary lactose maldigestion

Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

True or False: A diet that contains excess fiber and insufficient fluid may contribute to blockages in the intestine.

True

True or False: Dental caries are formed when sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel and underlying structure by bacteria that live in the mouth.

True

True or False: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

True

True or False: Treatment for metabolic syndrome includes weight loss, increasing physical activity, and eating a healthy diet.

True

True or False: Both sugar alcohols provide calories and sweetness.

True; Sugars contain 4 kcals/gram and sugar alcohols contain about 2.6 kcals/gram

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many __________ units bonded together.

glucose

In the liver, galactose is transformed into __________, the most common monosaccharide.

glucose

Most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to __________ (another monosaccharide) in the liver.

glucose

Nutritionally similar to table sugar, honey contains:

glucose and fructose

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is stored in the __________ and __________.

liver, muscles

Differentiate between the following types of digestible starch: -amylopecton -amylose

Amylopectin: highly branched chain of glucose units Amylose: straight chain of glucose units

Which of the following are subgroups of vegetables, according to MyPlate?

Beans and peas, Starchy vegetables, Red and orange vegetables, Dark green vegetables (Light green vegetables)

Which of the following are good sources of viscous fiber? -Milk -Apples -Carrots -Kidney beans

Carrots, Apples, and Kidney beans

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber? -Fruit juice -Cut-up -Whole

Cut-up, and Whole

True or False: Sucralose is the oldest alternative sweetener and was first produced in 1879.

False: Saccharin is the oldest alternative sweetener and is currently approved for use in more than 90 countries.

Which macro-nutrient provides 9 kcal per gram?

Fats and oils

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because...

Fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver Soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted Reduced insulin secretion results in lower cholesterol synthesis in the liver

__________ is also known as dextrose or blood sugar.

Glucose

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

Glucose and Fructose

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars? -Amylose -Galactose -Glucose -Fructose

Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose

Explain each hormone's effect on blood glucose: -Insulin -Glucagon

Insulin decreases blood glucose Glucagon increases blood glucose

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

Monosaccharide

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

Mouth

Which of the following foods are useful for managing blood glucose levels?

Oatmeal, Kidney beans, and Apples (Not white bread)

Holding a starchy substance in the mouth for a few minutes will break down starch into smaller units making the food taste: -Sweeter -Less sweet

Sweeter