nuclear chemistry
Beta particle symbol can be stopped by: charge: relative mass: changes atomic number (nuclear charge) by changes mass number composition
0/-1e aluminum foil -1 0 increase by 1 unchanged electron
what symbol represents a neutron
1/0n
Alpha particle symbol can be stopped by: charge: relative mass: changes atomic number (nuclear charge) by changes mass number composition
4/2 He sheet of paper +2 4amu decrease by 2 decrease by 4 2 protons and 2 neutrons
natural elements higher than atomic number __ do not have stable isotopes
83
gamma particle symbol can be stopped by: charge: relative mass: changes atomic number (nuclear charge) by changes mass number composition
:2 several feet of lead and concrete 0 0 unchanged unchanged electromagnetic wave
how does mass affect a chain reaction
a certain amount of mass "critical mass" is necessary for the chain reaction to take place
what is the strong nuclear force
a force that acts on subatomic particles that are extremely close together
define nuclear reaction
a reaction that involves a change in the nucleus of an atom
how do control rods in the nucleus reactors control the reaction?
absorb neutrons to slow reaction
4/2He
alpha
a particle has an atomic number of 2 and mass of 4
alpha
atomic # greatee than 60+
alpha decay
0/-1
beta
a particle has an atomic nhmber of -1 and mass of 0
beta
a particle is produxed when a neutron breaks into proton and electron
beta
mass # greater than atomic weight,( nucelus will attempt to lose protons and neutrons)
beta decay
the law of __ does not apply to fission reactions
conservation of mass
electron capture
converts protons into neutrons ; mass unchanged atomic # dec bh 1
a beta particle is the same as an
electron
gamma radiatio consists of
electronmagnetic radiation of jigh energy and frequenxy that penetrates almost anything ; accompanies nuclear decay along w alpha and beta radiation
transuranium elements
elements w atomic number above 92; none occur in nature ; radioactive
a fusion reaction converts some of the mass of the original nuclei into a great deal of __
energy
when atomic nuclei undergo fission the total mass of the two nucleu is less than the origianl mass. the mussing mass is converted into __
energy
beta radiation comsists of
fast moving electrons that exit the nucleus
the nuclear reactions that produce energy at nuclear power plants is an example of __
fission
Nuclear reactors
fission controlled by: 1 a moderator (water or liquid sodium) to slow down neutrons and 2 control rods (graphite or cadmium) to absorb neutrons to slow down the reaction
the energy producing nuclear reaction that takes place between hydrgen atoms in the sun and stars is an example of __
fusion
2
gamma
the ___ is the time required for one half of the atoms of a radioisotope to __
half life; decay
alpha radiations consists of
he nuclei that are emitted from the nuclei od unstable atoms ; positively charged ; 2 protons and 2 neutrons ; largest form of radiation
an alpha particle is they same as a
helium nucleus
main obstacles working w fusion
high temps required and no structural material can stand corosive effects of the plasma and high temps
E=mc^2
m=mass c=speed of light
beta particles charge
negative xhare
1/0n
neutron
what makes an atoms nucleus unstable
neutron to proton ratio
when atoms undergo fission additional ___ are released. the neutrons cause more fission reaction to occur thus leads to a continuous series of fission reactions called a __
neutrons; nuclear chain
gamma rays charge
none
___ is the splitting of an atom into two atoms
nuclear fission
____ is the joining of two small nuclei to form a larger nucleus
nuclear fusion
mass defect
nucleus produced fusion has less mass than the # of protons and neutrons that produced it; take small amounts of mass converting into large amounts of energy
0/+1
positron
mass # less than atomic weight (nucleus attempt to lose protons and gain neutrons)
positron emission/electron capure
aplha particles charge
postive
1/1H
proton
poistron emission
protons convert to neutrons ;mass of electron but positice charge ; mass is unchanged but atomic # decreases by 1 0/+1e
detectinf radiation
radiation cannot be seen, heard, felt, or smelled so we need detectives 1. geiger counter- detects beta radiation by ionizing a gas, also detects gamma radiation 2. scintillation counter- detects all types of radiation; uses a phosphor surface like TVs 3. film badge- monitors the radiation exposure of a person
nuclear change is called ___
radioactive decay
nuclides that are not stable
radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
transmution equation
shows the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element
since they require such a high temp, nuclear fusion reactions are often called _ reactions
thermonuclear
an atomic bomb is designed as a ____ creating an enormous amount of energy
uncontrolled fission reaction