NUIP Ch.8-9 Carb and Diabetes

Like sucrose, aspartame supplies 4 kcal per gram. However, aspartame is about ______ times sweeter than sucrose, so only small amounts are needed to sweeten foods.

200

Aspartame supplies 4 kcal per gram, but it is ______, so only a small amount is used to sweeten food products.

200 times sweeter than sugar

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

Which of the following blood glucose measurements indicates hypoglycemia?

47

How many grams of sugar (based on a 2000-kcal diet) would 10% of the caloric intake from added sugar be equal to?

50 grams

The World Health Organization suggests that added sugars provide no more than 10% of total daily intake. Based on a 2000 kcal diet, this is approximately

50 grams

What are the two potential fates of fructose after it is consumed?

Converted to fat Converted to glucose

What American populations are at a particularly high risk for the development of type 2 diabetes?

African Americans Native Americans Latino/Hispanic Americans

Of the following polysaccharides, which is digested most rapidly?

Amylopectin

Which of the following are subgroups of vegetables, according to MyPlate?

Beans and peas Red and orange vegetables Dark green vegetables Starchy vegetables

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

Blockages in the intestine

Which regulatory agency in the United States determines the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) guidelines for alternative sweeteners?

Food and Drug Administration

Which monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

Galactose Glucose

What sugar is generally 55% fructose, used extensively in the food industry, and cheaper to produce than sucrose?

High-fructose corn syrup

What is the technical term for high blood sugar?

Hyperglycemia

When does a patient with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections?

In advanced stages of the disease

Which of the following is a type of simple sugar?

Monosaccharide

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners.

Sucrose Sorbitol High-fructose corn syrup

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract lacks the enzymes necessary to break down fiber.

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits. They are sometimes called starches. They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates. They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain.

Which of the following are common food sources of amylose?

Vegetables Beans Breads

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood.

`decreases

Which description best describes a starch?

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Which of the following are symptoms associated with diverticulitis?

abdominal pain

Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine by Multiple choice question.

active absorption

Because of its branched polysaccharide structure, ______ is digested more rapidly than ______.

amylopectin; amylose

Name the long, straight-chain type of starch that makes up about 20% of digestible starch.

amylose

Vegetables, beans, breads, pasta, and rice are common food sources of

amylose

What is a digestible straight-chain type of starch composed of glucose units called?

amylose

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

amylose amylopectin cellulose

Amylase is

an enzyme

At what age can type 1 diabetes first occur?

at any age

An individual who is experiencing an episode of diverticulitis should

avoid fiber

Examples of whole grains include

bulgur (cracked wheat). oatmeal. whole wheat flour.

Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ______ in the American diet.

calories and added suagr

Which macronutrients provide 4 kilocalories per gram?

carbs

People with diabetes are at risk for developing

cardiovascular disease

Which of the following are not good sources of viscous fiber?

cheese

insulin

decreases blood glucose

Excessive straining during defecation may cause formation of diverticula, which are small pouches that protrude through the outer wall of the large intestine. The presence of diverticula without any symptoms is called ______; once diverticula become inflamed and bothersome, the condition is called ______.

diverticulosis; diverticulitis

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

extreme thirst frequent urination

True or false: Most cases of type 1 diabetes begin with an immune system disorder, which causes destruction of the insulin-producing cells in the liver.

false

True or false: The chemical bonds between individual sugar units in fiber can be digested by human enzymes in the GI tract.

false

True or false: To treat an episode of diverticulitis, individuals should increase their fiber intake.

false

True or false: Type 1 diabetes only begins during childhood.

false

True or false: Vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits

false

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

fasting glucose triglycerides blood pressure

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?

fat

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver. soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted.

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ______.

fructose

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

fructose

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

fruits vegetables grains

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

galactose fructose glucose

Which of the following are monosaccharides?

galactose fructose glucose

After being ingested, galactose is converted to ______ by the liver.

glucose

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many ______ units bonded together.

glucose

Most of the fructose consumed in the diet is converted to ________(another monosaccharide) in the liver.

glucose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

in the liver, galacaose is transformed into

glucose

The advantage of the branched structure of ______ is that it allows multiple enzymes to attach to its structure and break it apart quickly.

glycogen

Which MyPlate food group has the highest starch content?

grains

Choose the group of substances that are classified as dietary fiber.

gums pectins hemicelluloses cellulose

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

high blood pressure high fasting glucose low HDL cholesterol high blood triglycerides large waist circumference

Because of its low cost, shelf-stability, and desirable food properties, ______ is used in the manufacture of many processed foods, including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods.

high-fructose corn syrup

Treating cornstarch with acid and enzymes results in the production of

high-fructose corn syrup

Mel has diabetes and uses insulin for glucose management. If he takes more than his prescribed dose of insulin,

his blood sugar will be too low

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is Multiple choice question.

hyperglycemic

inadequate insulin production.

inadequate insulin prodction

Glucagon

increases blood glucose

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called

insoluble fiber

In people with type 1 diabetes, the cells of the pancreas stop producing

insulin

High-fructose corn syrup is widely used in food processing because

it is less expensive than sugar. it has better shelf-stability than sugar.

Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar."

lactose

The main form of carbohydrate found in dairy foods is

lactose

What is a major food source of lactose?

milk

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories.

nutritive sweeteners

Which of the following is the best source of soluble fiber?

oats

Choose risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

obesity, especially intra-abdominal obesity history of gestational diabetes family history of diabetes physical inactivity prediabetes

Which of the following are sources of starch in the diet?

pasta whole wheat bread potatoes

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 1000 or more are called _____.

polysaccharides

Most carbohydrates are absorbed from the

small intestine

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

small intestine mouth

Citrus fruits, apples, bananas, oat and rice bran, barley, peas, and beans are major food sources of ______ fiber.

soluble

______ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

soluble

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

starch; polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

starches

The main function of glucose is to

supply energy

In which part of the GI tract does a minor amount of carbohydrate digestion begin?

the mouth

The source of energy for carbohydrate production by plants comes from

the sun

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

to provide energy for the body

True or false: Amylase is an enzyme that is released from the salivary glands and the pancreas.

true

True or false: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.

true

True or false: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

true

True or false: Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

true

True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

true

True or false: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed

true

True or false: Viscous fiber is fiber that is readily fermented.

true

True or false: When dietary consumption of carbohydrates exceeds the amount needed for energy and glycogen storage, the excess carbohydrates will be stored as fat.

true

Grains containing the entire seed of the plant, including the bran, germ, and endosperm (starchy interior) are called

whole grains

Which of the following types of fruit are great sources of dietary fiber?

whole, cut up

The World Health Organization recommends an upper limit of ______ of total kcal from added sugars.

10%

At what initial level is fasting blood glucose considered to be too high and is an indicator of metabolic syndrome?

100 mg/dL

Based on a 2000-kcal diet, a moderate intake of 10% of calorie intake corresponds to approximately _____ teaspoons of sugar per day.

12

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

A substance found in plants Adds bulk to feces Is a complex carbohydrate

What is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Which of the following are used for treatment of type 2 diabetes?

Injecting insulin to help lower blood glucose. Incorporating physical activity in the daily routine Taking oral medications that help to lower blood glucose.

Which fiber type increases fecal bulk and decreases intestinal transit time?

Insoluble (nonfermentable) fiber

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?

Reduces constipation Reduces transit time of feces

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

When is glucose most likely used to produce fat?

When overall calorie needs are exceeded.

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

limit intake of added sugars. consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains.

Glycogen stored in the ______ is used to maintain blood glucose concentrations when you have not eaten for hours or have not eaten enough carbohydrates.

liver

Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?

liver

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

liver and muscle

Hypoglycemia is a ______ blood glucose level.

low

, ____________ or malt sugar, has two glucose molecules bonded together.

maltobiose

What is produced when starch is broken down to just two glucose molecules bonded together?

maltose

What are some natural food sources of sucrose?

maple sugar, sugar beets

The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and

muscles

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

nerves heart kidneys eyes

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

no

Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are ______.

nonstarch polysaccharides in foods dietary fiber

Overcrowding the diet with sweets leaves little room for _____ foods such as fruits and vegetables.

nutrient-dense