NUR3196 Pharmacology Exam 1 Textbook EOC Questions

Is Behtanchol indirect or direct acting? Is it a parasympathomimetic or parasympatholytic?

It is a direct-acting parasympathomimetic

Therapeutic uses of Atropine (AtroPen)?

- treat irritable bowel syndrome - treat bradycardia - cause mydriasis during eye exam

A patient with cirrhosis of the liver has hepatic impairment. This will require what possible changes? SATA 1. A reduction in the dosage of the drugs 2. A change in the timing of the medication administration 3. An increased dose of prescribed drugs 4. Giving all prescribed drugs by intramuscular injection 5. More frequent monitoring for adverse drug effects

1. A reduction in the dosage of the drugs 2. A change in the timing of the medication administration 5. More frequent monitoring for adverse drug effects

The provider has ordered atropine, a drug that will prevent the patient's own chemical, acetylcholine, from causing parasympathetic effects. What type of drug would atropine be considered. 1. Antagonist 2. Partial agonist 3. Agonist 4. Protagonist

1. Antagonist - occupies a receptor site and prevents endogenous chemicals or other drugs from acting

What is the term used to describe the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug? 1. Efficacy 2. Toxicity 3. Potency 4. Comparability

1. Efficacy

The patient or caregiver of a patient taking neostigmine (prostigmin) should be taught to be observant for which adverse effect that may signal a possible overdose has occurred? 1. Excessive sweating, salivation, and drooling 2. extreme constipation 3. Hypertension and tachycardia 4. Excessively dry eyes and reddened sclera

1. Excessive sweating, salivation, and drooling

A patient is started on atenolol (Tenormin). Which is the most important action to be included in the plan of care for this patient related to this medication? 1. Monitor apical pulse and blood pressure 2. Elevate the head of the bed during meals 3. take the medication after meals 4. Consume foods high in potassium

1. Monitor apical pulse and blood pressure

The nurse administers a medication to the wrong patient. What are appropriate nursing actions required? SATA 1. Monitor the patient for adverse reaction. 2. Document the error if the patient has an adverse reactions. 3. Report the error to the healthcare provider. 4. Notify the hospital legal department of the error. 5. Document the error in a critical incident or occurrence report.

1. Monitor the patient for adverse reactions. 3. Report the error to the healthcare provider. 5. Document the error in a critical incident or occurrence report.

A patient who is taking an adrenergic-blocker for hypertension reports being dizzy when first getting out of bed in the morning. The nurse should advise the patient to: 1. Move slowly from the recumbent to the upright position 2. Drink a full glass of water before rising to increase vascular circulating volume 3. Avid sleeping in a prone position 4. Stop taking the medication

1. Move slowly from the recumbent to the upright position - the nurse should suspect that the patient is describing orthostatic hypotension induced by the medication

Anticholinergics may be ordered for which conditions? SATA 1. Peptic ulcer disease 2. Bradycardia 3. Decreased sexual function 4. Irritable bowel syndrome 5. Urine retention

1. Peptic ulcer disease 2. Bradycardia 4. Irritable bowel syndrome

Patients characterized as slow acetylators may experience what effects related to drug therapy? 1. They are more prone to drug toxicity 2. They require more time to absorb enteral medications 3. They must be given liquid medications only 4. They should be advised to decrease protein intake

1. They are more prone to drug toxicity - slow acetylators do not metabolize drugs as rapidly, and increased levels of the drug may accumulate, leading to toxicity.

The nurse is administering medications and the patient states, "I've never seen that blue pill before." What would be the nurse's most appropriate action? 1. Verify the order and double-check the drug label 2. Administer the medication in the existing form 3. Instruct the patient that different brands are frequently used and may account for the change of color. 4. Recommend that the patient discuss the medication with the provider and give the medication.

1. Verify the order and double-check the drug label

To avoid the first-dose phenomenon, the nurse knows that the initial dose of prazosin (Minipress) should be: 1. Very low and given at bedtime 2. Doubled and given before breakfast 3. The usual dose and given before breakfast 4. The usual dose and given immediately after breakfast

1. Very low and given at bedtime

A 15-year-old adolescent with a history of diabetes is treated in the ED for complications related to skipping her medication for diabetes. She confides in the nurse that she deliberately skipped some of her medication doses because she didn't want to gain weight and she is afraid of needle marks. What should the nurse assess as a potential reason for this patient's nonadherence? 1. Whether the patient received adequate teaching related to her medication and expresses an understanding of that teaching 2. Whether the patient was encouraged to skip her medication by a family member or friend 3. Whether the patient is old enough to understand the consequences of her actions 4. Whether the provider will write another prescription because the patient refused to take the medication the first time

1. Whether the patient received adequate teaching related to her medication and expresses an understanding of that teaching

What is the role of the nurse in medication administration? SATA 1. ensure that medications are administered and delivered in a safe manner 2. Be certain that healthcare provider orders are accurate 3. Inform the patient that prescribed medications need to be taken only if the patient agrees with the treatment plan 4. ensure that the patient understands the use and administration technique for all prescribed medications 5. prevent adverse drug reactions by properly administering all medications

1. ensure that medications are administered and delivered in a safe manner 4. ensure that the patient understands the use and administration technique for all prescribed medications

Following administration of phenylephrine, the nurse would assess for which adverse drug effects? 1. insomnia, nervousness, and hypertension 2. nausea, vomiting, and hyptension 3. dry mouth, drowsiness, and dyspnea 4. increased bronchial secretions, hypotension, and bradycardia

1. insomnia, nervousness, and hypertension

A patient has a new medication prescription and the nurse is providing education about the drug. Which statement made by the patient would indicate the need for further medication education? 1. "I can consult my healthcare provider if I experience adverse effects" 2. "If i take more, I'll have a better response" 3. "Taking this drug with food will decrease how much drug gets into my system" 4. "The liquid form of the drug will absorb faster than the tablets"

2. "If i take more, I'll have a better response"

Which factor in the patient's history would cause the nurse to question a medication order for atropine? 1. A 32-year-old man with a history of drug abuse 2. A 65-year-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia 3. An 8-year old boy with chronic tonsillitis 4. A 22-year-old woman on the second day of her menstrual cycle

2. A 65-year-old man with benign prostatic hyperplasia - atropine causes urinary retention to worsen in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

The order reads, "Lasix 40 mg IV STAT." Which of the following actions should the nurse take? 1. Administer the medication within 30 minutes of order. 2. Administer the medication within 5 minutes of the order. 3. Administer the medication as required by the patient's condition. 4. Assess the patient's ability to tolerate the medication before giving.

2. Administer the medication within 5 minutes of the order. STAT means immediately and the drug should be given within 5 minutes or less of receiving the order.

While the nurse takes the patient's admission history, the patient describes having a severe allergy to an antibiotic. What is the nurse's responsibility to prevent an allergic reaction? SATA 1. Instruct the patient to alert all providers about the allergy. 2. Document the allergy in the medical record. 3. notify the provider and the pharmacy of the allergy and type of allergic reaction. 4. Place an allergy bracelet on the patient. 5. Instruct the patient not to allow anyone to give the antibiotic.

2. Document the allergy in the medical record. 3. notify the provider and the pharmacy of the allergy and type of allergic reaction. 4. Place an allergy bracelet on the patient.

A patient experiences profound drowsiness when a stimulant drug is given. This is an unusual reaction for this drug, a reaction that has not been associated with this particular drug. What is the term for this type of drug reaction? 1. Allergic reaction 2. Idiosyncratic reaction 3. Enzyme-specific reaction 4. Unaltered reaction

2. Idiosyncratic reaction- an unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction

The patient informs the nurse that she will decide whether she will accept treatment after she prays with her family and her minister. What is the role of spirituality in drug therapy for this client? 1. Irrelevant because medications act on scientific principles 2. Important to the patient's acceptance of medical treatment and response to treatment 3. Harmless if it makes the patient feel better 4. Harmful, especially if treatment is delayed

2. Important to the patient's acceptance of medical treatment and response to treatment

The nurse reads that the drug to be given to the patient, has a "narrow therapeutic index." the nurse knows that this means that the drug has what properties? 1. Narrow range of effectiveness and may not give this patient the desired therapeutic results. 2. Narrow safety margin and even a small increase in dose may produce adverse or toxic effects. 3. Narrow range of conditions or diseases that the drug will be expected to treat successfully. 4. Narrow segment of the population for whom the drug will work as desired.

2. Narrow safety margin and even a small increase in dose may produce adverse or toxic effects.

A patient undergoing treatment for cancer complains about nausea and fatigue. In approaching this patient problem holistically, what actions would the nurse take? SATA 1. Give an antinausea drug as ordered and place the patient on bedrest 2. Observed for specific instances of nausea or fatigue and report them to the oncologist 3. Take a medication history on the patient, noting specific medication or food triggers 4. talk to the patient about the symptoms, the impact they have on daily activities, and techniques that have helped them lessen the problem 5. Encourage the patient to use alternative therapies, such as herbal products

2. Observed for specific instances of nausea or fatigue and report them to the oncologist 4. talk to the patient about the symptoms, the impact they have on daily activities, and techniques that have helped them lessen the problem

A combination of 2 different antihypertensive drugs in lower doses has been ordered for a patient whose hypertension has not been controlled by standard doses of either drug alone. The nursing student recognizes the interaction between these 2 drugs is known as what term? 1. Addition 2. Synergism 3. Antagonism 4. Displacement

2. Synergism - an interaction of drugs taht results in a potentiated effect that is greater than would be expected from adding the 2 individual drugs' response

The healthcare agency is implementing the use of root-cause analysis to reduce the occurrence of medication errors. What areas does RCA analyze in order to prevent errors from recurring? 1. Why the medication was ordered, whether it was the correct medication, and whether the patient experienced therapeutic effects 2. What happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent it from happening again 3. What the cost of the medication was, whether it was the most appropriate medication to order, or whether there is a better alternative 4. Whether the medication was documented in the provider's orders, medication administration record, and pharmacy

2. What happened, why it happened, and what can be done to prevent it from happening again

The nurse understands that gender issues also influence pharmacotherapy. What are some important considerations for the nurse to remember about these differences? 1. Men seek healthcare earlier than women 2. Women may not seek treatment for cardiac conditions as quickly as men 3. Women are more likely to stop taking medications because of side effects 4. All drug trials are conducted on male subjects

2. Women may not seek treatment for cardiac conditions as quickly as men

The patient taking benztropine (Cogentin) should be provided education on methods to manage which common adverse effect? 1. Heartburn 2. constipation 3. hypothermia 4. increased gastric motility

2. constipation

Which medications would not be administered through a nasogastric tube? SATA 1. liquids 2. enteric-coated tablets 3. sustained-release tablets 4. finely crushed tablets 5. IV medications

2. enteric-coated tablets 3. sustained-release tablets 5. IV medications

Which of the following represents an appropriate outcome established during the planning phase? 1. the nurse will teach the patient to recognize and respond to adverse effects from the medication 2. the patient will demonstrate self-administration of the medication, using a preloaded syringe into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh, prior to discharge. 3. The nurse will teach the patient to accurately prepare the dose of medication. 4. The patient will be able to self-manage his disease and medications.

2. the patient will demonstrate self-administration of the medication, using a preloaded syringe into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh, prior to discharge.

An older adult patient has arthritis in her hands and takes several prescription drugs. Which statement by this patient requires further assessment by the nurse? 1. "My pharmacist puts my pills in screw-top bottles to make it easier for me to take them" 2. "I fill my prescriptions once per month" 3. "I care for my 2-year-old grandson twice a week" 4. "My arthritis medicine helps my stiff hands"

3. "I care for my 2-year-old grandson twice a week" - medications should be stored in child-resistant containers or out of reach of children

A 16-year-old adolescent is 6 weeks pregnant. the pregnancy has exacerbated her acne. She asks the nurse if she can resume taking her isotretinoin prescription. a Category X drug. What is the most appropriate response by the nurse? 1. "Since you have a prescription for isotretinoin, it is safe to resume using it" 2. "You should check with your healthcare provider at your next visit" 3. "Isotretinoin is known to cause birth defects and should never be taken during pregnancy" 4. "You should reduce the isotretinoin dosage by half during pregnancy"

3. "Isotretinoin is known to cause birth defects and should never be taken during pregnancy"

The nurse is preparing a plan of care for a patient with myasthenia gravis. Which outcome would be appropriate for a patient receiving a cholinergic agonist such as pyridostigmine (Mestinon) for this condition? The patient will exhibit: 1. An increase in pulse rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate 2. Enhanced urinary elimination 3. A decrease in muscle weakness, ptosis, and diplopia 4. Porlonged muscle contractions and proprioception

3. A decrease in muscle weakness, ptosis, and diplopia - a decrease in these symptoms is an expected therapeutic outcome for this drug

The nurse provides teaching about a drug to an older adult couple. To ensure that the instructions are understood, which action would be most appropriate for the nurse to take? 1. Provide detailed written material about the drug 2. Provide labels and instructions in large print 3. Assess the patients' reading levels and have the patients "teach back" the instructions to determine understanding 4. Provide instructions only when family members are present

3. Assess the patients' reading levels and have the patients "teach back" the instructions to determine understanding - until the literacy level of the client is assessed, written materials, even in large letters, may not be appropriate for teaching

The nurse is preparing to give an oral medication to a 6-month-old infant. How should this drug be administered? 1. By placing the medication in the next bottle of formula 2. By mixing the medication with juice in a bottle 3. By placing the medicine dropped in the inner cheek, allowing time for the infant to swallow 4. By placing the medication toward the back of the mouth to avoid having the infant immediately spit out the medication

3. By placing the medicine dropped in the inner cheek, allowing time for the infant to swallow - to prevent aspiration

The nurse is teaching a postoperative patient about the medications ordered for use at home. Because this patient also has a primary care provider in addition to the surgeon, which strategy should the nurse include in this teaching session that might prevent a medication error in the home setting? 1. encourage the patient to consult the internet about possible side effects. 2. Delay taking any new medications prescribed by the surgeon until the next health visit with the primary provider 3. Have all prescriptions filled at one pharmacy 4. Insist on using only brand-name drugs because they are easier to remember than generic names

3. Have all prescriptions filled at one pharmacy

A patient who has acute kidney injury may have a diminished capacity to excrete medications. The nurse must assess the patient more frequently for what development? 1. Increased risk of allergy 2. Decreased therapeutic drug effects 3. Increased risk for drug toxicity 4. Increased absorption of the drug from the intestines

3. Increased risk for drug toxicity Renal failure increases the duration of the drug's action because of decreased excretion

During the evaluation phase of drug administration the nurse completes which responsibilities? 1. Prepares and administers drugs correctly 2. Establishes goals and outcome criteria related to drug therapy 3. Monitors the patient for therapeutic and adverse effects 4. Gathers data in a drug and dietary history

3. Monitors the patient for therapeutic and adverse effects

To reduce the chance of duplicate medication order for the older adult returning homed after surgery, what actions should the nurse take? SATA 1. Call in all prescriptions to the patient's pharmacies rather than relying on paper copies of prescriptions 2. Give all prescriptions to the patient's family member 3. Take a medication history, including all OTC and prescriptions medications, and a pharmacy history with each patient visit 4. Work with the patient's healthcare provider to limit the number of prescriptions 5. Perform a medication reconciliation before sending the patient home

3. Take a medication history, including all OTC and prescriptions medications, and a pharmacy history with each patient visit 5. Perform a medication reconciliation before sending the patient home

Which of the following are correct statements regarding nursing diagnoses? SATA 1. They identify the medical problem experienced by the patient 2. They are identified for the patient by the nurse. 3. They identify the patient's response to a health condition or life process 4. They assist in determining nursing interventions 5. they remain the same throughout the patient's healthcare encounter to ensure continuity of care

3. They identify the patient's response to a health condition or life process 4. They assist in determining nursing interventions

Before administering drugs by the enteral route, the nurse should evaluate which of the following? 1. Ability of the patient to lie supine 2. Compatibility o the drug with IV fluid 3. ability of the patient to swallow 4. patency of the injection port

3. ability of the patient to swallow

Older adult patients taking bethanechol (Urecholine) need to be assessed more frequently because of which adverse effect? 1. tachycardia 2. hypertension 3. dizziness 4. urinary retention

3. dizziness

Which medication is indicated to treat bradycardia for a client whose heart rate drops to 38 beats/minute during a procedure? 1. Digoxin 2. Lidocaine 3. Amiodarone 4. Atropine sulfate

4. Atropine sulfate

Propranolol (Inderal) has been ordered for a patient with hypertension. Because of adverse effects related to this drug, the nurse would carefully monitor for which adverse effect? 1. Bronchodilation 2. Tachycardia 3. Edema 4. Bradycardia

4. Bradycardia - beta-adrenergic blockers slow electrical conduction through the cardiac system

A healthcare provider has written an order for digoxin for the patient but the nurse cannot read whether the order is for 0.25 mg, 0.125 mg,, or 125 mg because there is no "zero" and the decimal point may be a "one". What action would be the best to prevent a medication error? 1. Check the dosage with a more experienced nurse. 2. Consult a drug handbook and administer the normal dose. 3. Contact the hospital pharmacist about the order. 4. Contact the healthcare provider to clarify the illegible order.

4. Contact the healthcare provider to clarify the illegible order.

Which factor is most important for the nurse to assess when evaluating the effectiveness of a patient's drug therapy? 1. the patient's promise to adhere to drug therapy 2. the patient's satisfaction with the drug 3. the cost of the medication 4. Evidence of therapeutic benefit from the medication

4. Evidence of therapeutic benefit from the medication

To reduce the effect of a prescribed medication on the infant of a breast-feeding mother, how should the nurse teach the mother to take the medication? 1. At night 2. Immediately before the next feeding 3. In divided doses at regular intervals around the clock 4. Immediately after breastfeeding

4. Immediately after breastfeeding - allows as much time as possible for the medication to be excreted from the mother's body prior to the next feeding

The healthcare provider prescribes epinephrine (Adrenalin) for a patient who was stung by several wasps 30 minutes ago and is experiencing an allergic reaction. The nurse knows that the primary purpose of this medication for this patient is to: 1. Stop the systemic release of histamine produced by the mast cells 2. Counteract the formation of antibodies in response to an invading antigen 3. Increase the number of white blood cells produced to fight the primary invader 4. Increase a declining blood pressure and dilate constricting bronchi associated with anaphylaxis

4. Increase a declining blood pressure and dilate constricting bronchi associated with anaphylaxis

As the nurse enters a room to administer medications, the patient states, "I'm in the bathroom. Just leave my pills on the table and I'll take them when I come out." What is the nurse's best response? 1. Leave them on the table as requested and check back with the patient later to verify they were taken. 2. Leave the medications with the patient's visitors so they can verify that they were taken. 3. Inform the patient that the medications must be taken now, otherwise they must be documented as "refused". 4. Inform the patient that the nurse will return in a few minutes when the patient is available to take the medications.

4. Inform the patient that the nurse will return in a few minutes when the patient is available to take the medications.

What is the rationale for the administration of a loading dose of a drug? 1. It decreases the number the number of doses that must be given 2. It results in lower dosages being required to achieve therapeutic effects 3. It decreases the risk of drug toxicity 4. It more rapidly builds plasma drug levels to a plateau level

4. It more rapidly builds plasma drug levels to a plateau level

The nurses reads that butorphanol (Stadol) is a partial agonist. What does this term tell the nurse about the drug? 1. It produces the same type of response as the endogenous substance 2. It will occupy a receptor and prevent the endogenous chemical from acting. 3. It causes unpredictable and unexplained drug reactions. 4. It produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than an agonist drug.

4. It produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than an agonist drug.

A patient asks the nurse why the healthcare provider keeps stating that "precision medicine is being used to guide his treatment plan" and expresses concern that the provider wasn't being precise before. What is the most appropriate response by the nurse? 1. Better computer systems allow providers to select drug therapy based on analysis of the patient's health data 2. The patient's genetic analysis has determined which drug therapy to use 3. The provider may have acquired newer or more extensive knowledge about the patient's health condition 4. Precision medicine is the use of information about a patient's genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environment to determine the best treatment

4. Precision medicine is the use of information about a patient's genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environment to determine the best treatment

Which method may offer the best opportunity for patient teaching? 1. Providing detailed written information when the patient is discharged 2. Providing the patient with internet links to conduct research on drugs 3. Referring the patients to external healthcare groups that provide patient education, such as the American Heart Association 4. Providing education about the patient's medications each time the nurse administers the drugs

4. Providing education about the patient's medications each time the nurse administers the drugs

A nurse is administering a liquid medication to a 15-month-old child. What are the most appropriate approaches to medication administration by the nurse? SATA 1. Tell the child that the medication tastes just like candy 2. Mix the medication in 8 oz of orange juice 3. Ask the child if she would like to take her medication now 4. Sit the child up, hold the medicine cup to her lips and kindly instruct her to drink. 5. Offer the child a choice of cup in which to take the medicine.

4. Sit the child up, hold the medicine cup to her lips and kindly instruct her to drink. 5. Offer the child a choice of cup in which to take the medicine.

The patient requires a drug that is known to be completely metabolized by the first-pass effects. What change will be needed when this drug is administered? 1. The drug must be given more frequently 2. The drug must be given in higher doses 3. The drug must be given in a lipid-soluble form 4. The drug must be given by a non-oral route, such as parenterally.

4. The drug must be given by a non-oral route, such as parentally

A patient with diabetes has been NPO since midnight for surgery in the morning. He usually takes an oral type 2 antidiabetic drug to control his diabetes. What would be the best action for the nurse to take concerning the administration of his medication? 1. hold all medications as ordered 2. give him the medication with a sip of water 3. give him half the original dose 4. contact the provider for further orders

4. contact the provider for further orders

What is a black box warning? Why is it important for nurses to consider these when reading drug information materials?

A black box warning is a special alert required by the FDA to note that a drug or class of drugs has the potential for causing serious injury or death. Nurses should always read the warnings and consider the implications for the patient prescribed that drug. If the nurse has questions about the appropriateness of the drug for a given patient, the nurse should consult the healthcare provider before administering the drug.

Physostigmine (Antilirium) pharmacologic class?

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Pharmacologic class of Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)?

Adrenergic drug (sympathomimetic)

Type of drug used to treat Parkinson's disease?

Anticholinergic aka parasympatholytic

Therapeutic class of atropine (AtroPen)?

Antidote for anticholinesterase poisoning

Antidote for Physostigmine (Antilirium)?

Atropine

What are "biosimilar" drugs? How do they differ from generic drugs?

Biosimilars are drugs which are highly similar to biologic medications that have already received FDA approval. They are chemically synthesized and are not required to undergo the same rigorous preclinical and clinical testing as their reference products. Because biosimilars are not exact, duplicate copies of original medications, they should not be called generic medications.

Which information would the nurse consider when formulating a response to a client with myasthenia gravis who asks about the action of neostigmine?

Blocks the action of cholinesterase

Characteristics of Parkinson's disease

Loss of dopamine-producing neurons

Which decrease in function would a nurse expect in a client with myasthenia gravis who is prescribed the anticholinesterase medication pyridostigmine?

Heart rate

Type of drug used to treat Alzeimer's disease?

Indirect acting parasympathomimetic aka cholinesterase inhibitor

Type of drug used to treat mysathenia gravis?

Indirect acting parasympathomimetic aka cholinesterase inhibitor

Therapeutic class of Bethanechol

Nonobstructive urinary retention drug

Explain why a patient might seek treatment from an OTC drug instead of a more effective prescription drug.

OTC medications do not require the patient to see a healthcare provider to write a prescription for the drug, saving time and cost for the office visit. OTC medications are also more readily available in a variety of settings than are prescription drugs. Patients often believe that OTC drugs do not have as many side effects as prescription medications.

What type of response is being demonstrated in a client with insomnia who takes a new medication to promote sleep and 2 hours later is wide awake and feeling more energized than before the medication was taken?

Paradoxical

Antidote for Atropine?

Physostigmine

What is a prototype drug and how does it differ from other drugs in the same class?

Prototype drugs exhibit typical or essential features of the drugs within a specific class. By learning the characteristics of the prototype drug, students may better anticipate the actions and adverse effects of other drugs in the same class

A generic-equivalent drug may be legally substituted for a trade-name medication unless the medication is on a negative formulary or requested by the prescriber or patient. What advantages does this substitution have for the patient? What disadvantages might be caused by the switch?

The advantages include cost savings to the patient and the fact that the name will remain the same, regardless of what company makes the drug. However, the inert ingredients may be somewhat different, affecting the bioavailability of the drug.

If the ED50 is the dose required to produce an effective response in 50% of a group of patients, what happens in the other 50% of the patients after a dose has been administered?

The other 50% of patients did not experience the desired effect from the dose

Why is a drug's plasma half-life important to nurses?

The plasma half-life is the time required for the concentration for the medication in the plasma to decrease to half its initial value after administration. The longer the half-life, the longer it takes the medication to be excreted. The half-life determines how often a medication will be administered. Kidney and liver diseases will prolong the half-life of drugs, increasing the potential for toxicity.

What is the difference between therapeutic and pharmacologic classifications?

The therapeutic classification is a method of organizing drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in treating particular diseases. The pharmacologic classification refers to how a drug works at the molecular, tissues, and body system levels.

A nurse is preparing to give a patient a medication and notes that a drug to be given is marked as a Schedule III drug. What does this information tell the nurse about this medication?

This Schedule III drug is a controlled substance restricted and regulated by the DEA. A schedule III drug has a moderate abuse potential, moderate potential for physical dependency, and high potential for psychologic dependency.

What effect would the nurse anticipate after the healthcare provider prescribes a cholinergic medication to treat a client's urinary problem?

Urinary retention is prevented

Which type of urinary condition would cholinergic agonists be prescribed for?

Urine retention

Which pharmacokinetic condition would result in a high intensity and long duration of response?

When both absorption is rapid but eliminate is delayed

Pharmacologic class of Prazosin?

adrenergic-blocking drug

Physostigmine (Antilirium) therapeutic class?

antidote for anticholinergic toxicity

Therapeutic class of Prasozin (Minipress)?

antihypertensive

Characteristics of Myasthenia gravis

autoantibodies bind and block the cholinergic muscle receptors for acetylcholine

Pharmacologic class of atropine (AtroPen)?

muscarinic cholinergic receptor blocker

Pharmacologic class of Bethanechol

muscarinic cholinergic receptor drug

Therapeutic class of Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)?

nasal decongestant; mydriatic drug; antihypotensive

Identify the following classifications as therapeutic or pharmacologic: folic acid antagonist

pharmacologic

Identify the following classifications as therapeutic or pharmacologic: beta-adrenergic blocker

pharmacologic

10 mg of morphine is considered to provide the same pain relief as 200 mg of codeine. This indicates that morphine would be considered more ___________ than codeine.

potent - a drug that is more potent will produce a therapeutic effect at a lower dose

Characteristics of Alzheimer's disease

progressive loss of ACh

The nursing student is discussing the action of Bethanechol (Urecholine) and would like to tell the client the type of muscle affected by the drug. What muscle type is affected?

smooth

What conclusion would the nurse make about the development of loose stools and increased salivation 2 days after a client with myastenia gravis begins taking pyridostigmine?

the medication is causing cholinergic side effects

Identify the following classifications as therapeutic or pharmacologic: antianginal drug

therapeutic

Identify the following classifications as therapeutic or pharmacologic: laxative

therapeutic

Identify the following classifications as therapeutic or pharmacologic: oral contraceptive

therapeutic