NURS 334 Ch. 4 EAQ
Which type of nursing theory answers the question, "What is nursing?" 1 Grand theories 2 Practice theories 3 Descriptive theories 4 Prescriptive theories
1
Which component of a nursing theory can be either abstract or concrete and is used to communicate meaning? 1 Concepts 2 Definitions 3 Assumptions 4 Phenomenon
1 A concept, "a thought or idea of reality that is put into words or phrases to help describe or explain a specific phenomenon," can be abstract or concrete and is used to communicate meaning. Definitions may be conceptual or operational. Assumptions are "truths" and are based on values and beliefs. Phenomenon is not described as abstract or concrete.
Which nursing theorist used anthropology to form a theory of universality? 1 Madeleine Leininger 2 Callista Roy 3 Imogene King 4 Dorothea Orem
1 Leininger used her background in anthropology to form her theory of cultural care diversity and universality. Roy identified types of demands placed on the patient, assessed adaptation to demands, and helped the patient with adaptation; she did not focus on anthropology and universality. King used goal attainment to view a patient as a unique personal system that is constantly interacting/transacting with other systems; she did not use anthropology or universality. Orem promoted patient care and helped the patient fully attain self-care; she did not use anthropology or universality.
According to systems theory, which information is considered input from the patient with a urinary tract infection? 1 Reports difficulty with urination 2 Voids normally after treatment 3 Thanks the nurses for their help 4 Is given a diuretic to assist with urination
1 Reporting difficulty with urination is input data. Input is the data that are obtained after examining the patient. Output (not input) is the result, and hence, voiding normally after treatment is considered output data. The patient thanking the nurses for their help is feedback, not the input. The information that a diuretic is given is content, not input.
Which theory states that the patient adapts to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, and interdependent domains during health and illness? 1 Roy's 2 Orem's 3 Peplau's 4 Henderson's
1 Roy's theory explains the adaptation model and considers the patient to be an adaptive system. According to Roy's theory, the patient adapts to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, and interdependent domains during health and illness. Orem's theory mainly focuses on self-care. The goal of Orem's theory is to help the patient perform self-care and manage his or her own health problems, not adapt to the different domains: physiological needs, self-concept, and interdependence. Peplau's theory focuses on the interpersonal relations between the nurse, the patient, and the patient's family members. It helps to develop the nurse-patient relationship, not adapt to changes in the physiological needs, self-concept, and interdependent domains. Henderson's theory states that nursing aids in assisting sick or well individuals in the performance of activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death, not on adaptation to the different domains.
According to Orem's theory, which goal is appropriate for the patient? 1 Self-care 2 Adaptation 3 Synergy 4 Transitions
1 Self-care is the goal. Orem's theory focuses on patient self-care needs, and its goal is to care for and help the patient attain complete self-care. Helping a person adapt to changes (adaptation) is the goal of Roy's theory, not Orem's. According to the American Association of Critical Care Nurses' theory (not Orem's), synergy is the goal. Transitions are the goals of Meleis, Sawyer, Im, Messias, and Schumacher's theory, not Orem's.
Which situation is an example of feedback? 1 The wife of a husband suffering asthma thanked the nurse for her husband's recovery. 2 The nurse learned that scheduled positioning changes help reduce the risk of pressure injuries. 3 A patient who had an ischemic heart attack was stable after continued nursing care. 4 During assessment of a patient, the nurse noticed that the patient was unable to walk properly.
1 The wife's thanking the nurse for her husband's improving condition is considered feedback. Feedback is the response of the family members and other health care providers to the patient's health condition. The knowledge that scheduled positioning changes help in reducing the risk of pressure injuries is an example of nursing content, not feedback. The stable condition of the patient who had an ischemic heart attack is an example of nursing output, not feedback. Noticing the inability to walk is an example of nursing input, not feedback.
Which type of knowledge is important for theory-based nursing practice? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Nursing science 2 Basic sciences 3 Experience 4 Standards of practice 5 Bias
1,2,3,4 The nurse must use knowledge from nursing and basic sciences, experience, and standards of practice when providing care. Bias is not a type of knowledge needed for theory-based nursing practice.
Which example would the nurse describe as phenomena of nursing? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Self-care 2 Caring 3 Pathophysiological processes 4 Patient responses to stress 5 Sociocultural factors affecting health
1,2,4 Examples include self-care, caring, and patient responses to stress. Nursing theories focus on the phenomena of nursing and nursing care. A phenomenon is the term, description, or label given to describe an idea or responses about an event, a situation, a process, a group of events, or a group of situations. Pathophysiological processes and sociocultural factors affecting health are not phenomena but concepts that help describe a phenomenon.
Which element is a component of nursing theories that explains a nursing phenomenon? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Concepts 2 Definitions 3 Corrections 4 Assumptions 5 Compositions
1,2,4 Nursing theory contains a set of concepts, definitions, and assumptions or propositions that explain a phenomenon. These elements provide a foundation of knowledge for nurses to direct and deliver caring nursing practices. Corrections and compositions are not nursing theory components.
Which concept is a link of the metaparadigm of nursing? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Person 2 Nursing 3 Research 4 Environment/situation 5 Knowledge development
1,2,4 The concepts are person, nursing, and environment/situation. The metaparadigm of nursing has four links, including person, nursing, environment/situation, and health. A paradigm is a pattern of beliefs that describes the domain of a particular discipline such as nursing. Research and knowledge development are not links of the nursing metaparadigm; they are elements of nursing research and theory development.
Which is a phase of Peplau's nurse-patient interpersonal relationship? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Orientation 2 Resolution 3 Proposition 4 Working 5 Assumption
1,2,4 The phases include orientation, resolution, and working. Peplau's theory states the importance of developing a good nurse-patient interpersonal relationship in caring for a patient. This relationship has four phases, including preorientation, orientation, working, and resolution. Preorientation, not proposition, is a phase. Propositions and assumptions are not phases of Peplau's theory. Assumptions and propositions refer to the taken-for-granted statements that explain the concepts, definitions, and purposes of a nursing theory.
Which explanation is true about prescriptive theories? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Are action-oriented 2 Test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention 3 Explain person, nursing, health, and environment 4 Guide nursing research to develop specific nursing interventions 5 Address a specific phenomenon or concept
1,2,4 Prescriptive theories are action-oriented, test the validity and predictability of a nursing intervention, and guide nursing research to develop specific nursing interventions. A prescriptive nursing theory is action-oriented, and the purpose of the theory is to test whether a nursing intervention is valid and predictable. Thus these theories can help develop specific nursing interventions. Grand (not prescriptive) theories explain person, nursing, health, and environment. A middle-range, not prescriptive, theory addresses a specific phenomenon or concept; it is more broad than prescriptive because prescriptive theories focus on interventions.
Which information explains the importance of nursing research for the profession of nursing? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Can lead to new theories 2 Helps test all components of a theory 3 Is not specifically conducted in nursing 4 Determines the accuracy of a theory 5 Tests a theory before it is implemented
1,4,5 Research can lead to new theories, determine the accuracy of a theory, and test a theory before it is implemented. Sometimes research is used to develop new theories. Research that tests nursing theories determines how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon. Research is useful to test a theory before it is implemented. No single study tests all components of a theory; therefore this cannot explain the importance of nursing research to the profession of nursing. Although nursing research can use other-focused and shared theories, nurses conduct specific studies in nursing; thus this cannot explain the importance of nursing research to the profession of nursing.
According to Henderson's theory, how many activities does the nurse assist the patient with?
14 According to this theory, nurses assist patients with 14 activities (breathing, eating/drinking, elimination, movement/positioning, sleep/rest, clothing, body temperature, hygiene, safety, communication/socialization/play, practice of faith, work, play, and learning). Henderson's theory is based on the individual needs of a person. This theory defines nursing as assisting an individual—well or sick—in performing these 14 activities until he or she can meet these needs for him- or herself or have a peaceful death.
Which level is designated for safety and security needs, according to Maslow's hierarchy? 1 First 2 Second 3 Third 4 Fourth
2 According to Maslow, safety and security is the second level. The first level is physiological, not safety and security. The third level is love and belonging, not safety and security. The fourth is self-esteem, not safety and security.
Which patient need falls under the third level of Maslow's hierarchy? 1 Nutrition 2 Friends 3 Sense of achievement 4 Sense of safety
2 Friends fall under the third level of Maslow's hierarchy: love and belonging. Maslow's hierarchy involves five levels. Nutrition, sense of achievement, and sense of safety do not fall under the third level. Nutritional needs come under the first level: physiological. The need for a sense of achievement is a fourth-level need: self-esteem. A sense of safety is a second-level need: safety and security.
Which phrase accurately describes output? 1 Data entering the system 2 The end product 3 Data related to system functioning 4 The product and information obtained from the system
2 Output is the end product. A system functions on its content, input, output, and feedback. Data entering the system is input, not output. Data related to system functioning is feedback, not output. The product and information obtained from the system is content, not output.
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need is the priority for an elderly woman with a fever who lives in a high-crime area? 1 Esteem and self-esteem 2 Basic physiological 3 Safety and security 4 Self-actualization
2 The priority is basic physiological needsbecause of the fever. Lower basic needs must be met before higher needs. The patient is admitted to the hospital now and not in her home environment where safety is a priority, so the priority need now is physiological because of the fever. At home, the patient's priority is likely safety followed by self-esteem and then self-actualization.
Which purpose does a theory fulfill? 1 Formulates legislation 2 Explains a phenomenon 3 Measures nursing functions 4 Reflects the domain of nursing practice
2 Theories are designed to explain a phenomenon such as self-care or caring. A theory is a way of seeing through a set of concepts and propositions that describe or link the concepts to the phenomenon. Theory does not formulate legislation, measure nursing functions, or reflect the domain of nursing practice. Laws and bills help formulate legislation. Operational definitions state how concepts are measured. The domain is the perspective or territory of a profession or discipline that provides both a practical and theoretical aspect of the discipline.
Which goal is typical of Watson's theory? 1 To develop interaction between the nurse and patient 2 To promote self-healing using carative factors 3 To focus on unitary beings by expanding consciousness 4 To facilitate the reparative processes of the body by manipulating the patient's environment
2 Watson's theory is to promote self-healing using carative factors. Developing a nurse-patient relationship is the main goal of Peplau's theory, not Watson's. Focusing on unitary beings by expanding consciousness is the main goal of Rogers, Parse, and Newman, not Watson. Facilitating the reparative processes of the body by manipulating the patient's environment is a goal of Nightingale's theory, not Watson's theory.
Which phrase accurately describes descriptive theory? 1 Addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice 2 Is the first level in theory development and describes a phenomenon 3 Provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing 4 Links outcomes to specific nursing interventions
2 A descriptive theory is the first level of theory development and describes the phenomena under study. A middle-range (not descriptive) theory addresses a specific field or phenomenon and reflects practice. A grand (not descriptive) theory provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing. A prescriptive, not descriptive, theory links outcomes to specific nursing interventions that helps guide research.
Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which patient need is an immediate priority? 1 Self-actualization 2 Physiological 3 Safety and security 4 Self-esteem
2 The immediate priority is physiological needs, like air, water, and nutrition. The physiological needs are basic to life and are the immediate priority. Self-actualization is the highest need and is not a priority. Safety and security is a level above physiological needs, so it is not an immediate priority. Self-esteem is a higher need and is not an immediate priority.
Which nursing theory is useful in promoting self-management for a patient with diabetes taking insulin? 1 Neuman's 2 Orem's 3 Roy's 4 Peplau's
2 orem's theory of self-care provides a solid theoretical background for self-management for a variety of diseases. This theory shows the nurse how to direct the patient toward self-management to meet physical, psychological, sociological, and developmental needs. Neuman's theory focuses on the patient as an open system exchanging energy with internal and external environments; it does not focus on self-management. Roy's theory focuses on adaptation, not self-management. Peplau's theory focuses on interpersonal relationships, not self-management
Which feature is true about grand theory? 1 Addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice 2 Is the first level in theory development and describes a phenomenon 3 Provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing 4 Links outcomes to specific nursing interventions
3 A grand theory provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing. A middle-range theory focuses on a specific field or phenomenon rather than the broad scope of a grand theory. A descriptive theory (not a grand theory) is the first level of theory development and describes the phenomena under study. A prescriptive theory (not grand theory) details nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of care and helps guide research.
Which theory is the nurse implementing when dimming the lights of a patient's room and minimizing excessive loud noise? 1 Peplau's interpersonal theory 2 Leininger's culture care theory 3 Nightingale's environmental theory 4 Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory
3 By dimming the lights and minimizing excessive loud noise, the nurse is implementing Nightingale's environmental theory, which states that nurses should manipulate the patient's environment to enable nature to restore a patient to health. Peplau's interpersonal theory focuses on relationships, not the patient's environment. Leininger's culture care theory draws attention to the way a patient's culture and background affects their care. Orem's self-care deficit nursing theory emphasizes the importance of a patient participating in self-care to improve his or her health condition.
Which intervention reflects Kolcaba's theory? 1 Collaborating with the patient to set realistic goals 2 Encouraging the patient to consume a diet low in fat 3 Ensuring that the patient has a quiet room with dim lighting 4 Asking the patient's family to aid in activities of daily living
3 Ensuring that the patient has a quiet room with dim lighting reflects Kolcaba's theory, which focuses on enhancing the patient's physical, psychospiritual, environmental, and sociocultural comfort. Collaborating with the patient to set realistic goals correlates with King's theory, not Kolcaba's theory. Encouraging the patient to consume a diet low in fat reflects Pender's theory, which focuses on health promotion. Asking the patient's family to aid in activities of daily living is reflective of Abdella's theory, which states that the nurse involves the patient's family in care when appropriate.
Which phrase accurately describes feedback as it relates to the nursing process as a system? 1 Data entering the system 2 The end product 3 Data related to system functioning 4 The product and information obtained from the system
3 Feedback is the data related to system functioning. Feedback serves to inform a system about how it functions. A system functions on its content, input, output, and feedback. Data entering the system are input, not feedback. The end product is output, not feedback. The product and information obtained from the system is content, not feedback.
Which theory is useful for developing interpersonal relationships? 1 Leininger's 2 Roy's 3 Peplau's 4 Nightingale's
3 Peplau's theory focuses on developing interpersonal relationships among the nurse, the patient, and the patient's family. Following this theory, the nurse acts as a counselor, a resource person, and a surrogate. Thus the nurse helps the patient reduce the anxiety related to health care problems. Leininger's theory focuses on cultural diversity and providing culturally specific health care, not on developing interpersonal relationships. Roy's theory deals with helping the patient adapt to changes, and Nightingale's theory focuses on environmental factors influencing the patient's health status; Roy and Nightingale do not focus on developing interpersonal relationships.
Which principle of Leininger's theory would the nurse use to develop a diet plan for a devout Hindu patient who is a vegetarian? 1 Stabilize the patient or situation. 2 Serve as a resource person, counselor, and surrogate. 3 Integrate the patient's cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into the care plan. 4 Explain the benefits of a nonvegetarian diet to the patient
3 The nurse would integrate the patient's cultural traditions, values, and beliefs into the care plan. Leininger's theory deals with protecting the traditions and cultural beliefs of the patient. Stabilizing the patient or situation is from Neuman's theory, not Leininger's. The nurse serving as a resource person, counselor, and surrogate is Peplau's interpersonal theory, not Leininger's theory. Explaining the benefits of having a nonvegetarian diet is not providing culturally competent care, is inappropriate, and would not be used to plan dietary needs.
Which option is another term for shared theory? 1 Paradigm 2 Practice theory 3 Interdisciplinary theory 4 Content
3 The other term for shared theory is interdisciplinary theory or borrowed theory. Paradigm is not another term for shared theory. Paradigm is a pattern of beliefs used to describe the domain of a discipline. Practice theory is another term for situation-specific theory, not for shared theory. Content is not another word for shared theory; content is the product and information obtained from the system.
Which element is a domain of Roy's adaptation model that can be useful in helping the patient? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 Economical 2 Pathological 3 Physiological 4 Self-concept 5 Interdependence
3,4,5 The elements include physiological, self-concept, and interdependence. Roy's adaptation model is an example of a grand theory and is based on the physiological, self-concept, interdependence, and role function domains. Economical and pathological adaptive domains are not part of Roy's theory.
Which statement about Orem's theory is correct? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1 The goal of nursing care is to provide culturally competent care. 2 Orem's theory focuses on interpersonal relations between the nurse and the patient. 3 Orem's theory focuses on the patient's self-care needs. 4 The goal is to help the patient perform self-care and manage health problems. 5 Nursing care aims to increase the patient's ability to independently meet his or her own needs.
3,4,5 True statements include the following: Orem's theory focuses on the patient's self-care needs; the goal is to help the patient perform self-care and manage health problems; and nursing care aims to increase the patient's ability to independently meet his or her own needs. The goal of Leininger's theory (not Orem's) is to provide culturally competent care. Peplau's, not Orem's, theory focuses on interpersonal relations between the nurse and the patient.
Which nursing theory would a group of nurse researchers use to improve nursing interventions for patients with paralysis to regain their strength and independence as soon as possible? 1 Nightingale's 2 Benner's 3 Peplau's 4 Henderson'
4 Henderson's theory promotes assisting patients with 14 activities until patients can meet these needs for themselves (independence and strength). The researchers would apply this theory to improve nursing interventions that help the paralytic patients recover from their decreased mobility. Nightingale's theory deals with manipulating the environment so that nature can help restore a patient to health; the researchers were not focusing on the environment. Benner's theory deals with nurses and the various levels of skill acquisition from novice to expert, not helping to develop nursing interventions. Peplau's theory deals with developing interactions between the nurse and the patient, not developing interventions for patients with paralysis to gain independence and strength.
Which statement is true about prescriptive theory? 1 It addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice. 2 It describes a phenomenon and is the first level in theory development. 3 It provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing. 4 It is linked to outcomes (consequences of specific nursing interventions).
4 A prescriptive theory is linked to outcomes (consequences of specific nursing interventions). A prescriptive theory details nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of the care. A middle-range (not prescriptive) theory addresses specific phenomena and reflects practice. A descriptive, not prescriptive, theory is the first level of theory development, describes the phenomena under study, and guides research. A grand (not prescriptive) theory provides a structural framework for broad concepts about nursing.
Which type of theory would the nurse consider to find the effectiveness of breathing exercises for patients with asthma? 1 Grand 2 Middle-range 3 Descriptive 4 Prescriptive
4 Prescriptive theories detail nursing interventions for a specific phenomenon and the expected outcome of the interventions. Thus the nurse would refer to prescriptive theories to find the efficacy of an intervention. Grand theories do not provide guidance for specific nursing interventions; they provide a broad abstract framework for general ideas about nursing. Middle-range theory tends to focus on a specific field of nursing rather than reflect on a wide variety of nursing care situations. Descriptive theories explain why a phenomenon occurs; they do not guide nursing interventions.