Nursing Research Exam II (Part I: Inferential Statistics)

How do researchers ensure the integrity of their results when using inferential statistics?

they try to keep their methods and practices transparent and as rigorous as possible

Why do statisticians use inferential statistics for?

to extrapolate on and reach conclusions that extends beyond the specific data studied

A type of error where the rejection of a null hypothesis is actually true.

type I error

A type of error where there is no effect, however a person could say that there is and does not reject the null hypothesis when it's false.

type II error

What are the factors that the bell curve depend on?

*~mean* *~standard deviation*

What is inferential statistics classified as?

*~parametrics* *~non-parametrics*

What is the value of alpha for the results with a 90% level of confidence?

1-.90 = 0.10

What is the value of alpha for the results with a 95% level of confidence?

1-.95 = 0.05

What is the value of alpha for the results with a 99% level of confidence?

1-.99 = 0.01

A researcher could have a sample of a whole population.

False, it is not possible the best a researcher could do is to find a representative sample and use those results as a basis for a more generalized conclusion

A major key of inferential statistics is the development of ways to calculate confidence intervals.

True

The threshold values that a person measures p values against and tells how extreme observed results must be in order to reject the null hypothesis of a significance test.

alpha

A type of analysis that is used when a person wants to compare difference between more than two groups or variables.

analysis of variance

Descriptions of the main factors of a group of data or a summary of the information.

descriptive statistics

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.

inferential statistics

What is the pro to simple random sampling?

it eliminates all bias

What is the con to simple random sampling?

it is difficult to obtain a completely random sample and when the population is large, a small sample can't account for the diversity of the main population

A value that is related to the test statistics and gives a person a measurement of evidence against the null hypothesis.

p-value

Confidence intervals

provides a person with a way to estimate a population parameter

What type of samples are used when a researcher uses inferential statistics?

random sampling (non-probability) where each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected

A method of answering questions that deals with large numbers of individuals by selecting a smaller subset of the population for a study.

sampling

A common approach to sampling and allows all individuals and subsets to have equal weight and probability of being selected.

simple random sampling

A type of sampling that begins with a random sample and then continues with the sampling every kth (population/sample size) element.

systematic sampling

Non-parametric

test where it does not make assumptions about the population

Parametric

tests with assumptions about the whole population where the sample is drawn from

Inferential statistics

the act or process of reaching a conclusion about something from known facts or evidence

When is inferential statistics used?

when using a sample data to determine how a larger population might behave or respond to a specific stimulus