NUT 2043 Chapters 5-9 homework study guide

Dietary carbohydrate digestion: 3. pancreas

as your tortilla enters into your small intestine, this organ secrets enzymes to break down into disaccharides

On her twenty-first birthday, Cassie's friends poured her many shots of liquor and encouraged her to drink throughout the evening. Cassie weighs 120 pounds. If she consumed 8 shots of liquor within 2 hours, what would her approximate blood alcohol concentration be?

0.30

Select the following substrates that directly result in production of acetyl-CoA without breakdown through glycolysis:

Triglyceride and amino acids

Based on the results of this study, what conclusions can you draw regarding the effectiveness of these three weight-loss interventions?

Alternative approaches to weight loss should be considered based on personal preferences, gender, and existing chronic conditions

Marasmus

- appearance is one with "matchstick" arms and no subcutaneous fat - common in infants who receive inadequate calories and protein from the beginning of life - form of protein-calorie malnutrition that develops gradually

Kwashiorkor

- appearance is one with swollen belly from either fatty liver or edema - common in young children who receive a high-starch, low-protein diet, usually as a result of a subsequent child's birth - form of protein-calorie malnutrition that develops acutely (rapidly)

Regina's dad and grandfather have both had heart attacks and she is concerned about her own heart health. Currently, she is under the care of a physician and is on medication to prevent blood clotting. She has been doing her own research regarding lifestyle and diet changes that she can make. Without the guidance of her health care provider, which are the following are changes that she should make to slow the progression of cardiovascular disease?

- have fatty fish for dinner in place of steak - replace her daily breakfast of eggs and sourdough toast with oatmeal, almonds, and berries - read labels for trans fat and pick items without hydrogenated fats - replace at least 3 animal-based meals with plant-based meals each week

Primary lactose intolerance

- symptoms include gas, bloating, and diarrhea - more common in some ethnic groups - diarrhea is caused by the osmotic effect of lactose in the large intestine

Soluble fiber

- the type of fiber that absorbs water - the thickening agent used in making jams and jellies - the types of fiber thought to have cholesterol-lowering properties - ex. pectins and gums are found in foods like oatmeal and apples

Insoluble fiber

- the type of fiber that does not dissolve in water - the fibrous non-carbohydrate found in whole grains and wheat bran - the type of fiber that is responsible for bowel regularity and preventing constipation - ex. cellulose and lignin are found in foods like whole-grain products and brown rice

Mediterranean Diet Pyramid

-Meats and sweets: consume less often -Poultry, eggs, cheese, and yogurt: moderate portions, daily to weekly -Fish and seafood: often, at least two times per week -Plant-based food: base every meal on these foods

What is a reasonable lifestyle application based on the results of a Mediterranean diet in this study?

Rather than drastically reducing fat intake, change fat quality by emphasizing dietary sources of monounsaturated fat

Review the Methods section of the journal article. How did the researchers estimate adherence with the study protocol among the participants in the group assigned to follow the Mediterranean diet with supplemental olive oil?

Urinary hydroxytyrosol levels

Phenylketonuria

Your child will need a special formula. When you introduce solid foods, fruits, vegetables, and grains will be allowed but dairy products, eggs, meats, and nuts won't be allowed. Avoid all foods that contain the ingredient "aspartame."

Galactosemia

Your infant will need a soy-based formula that does not contain any dairy products. When you introduce solid foods, limit certain fruits and vegetables.

The amino acid profile of a protein in a food helps determine whether that food is a complete or incomplete protein. Which of the following contains incomplete protein?

a handful of peanuts

Dietary carbohydrate digestion: 6. liver

after sugars from a breakfast cereal and milk are absorbed into the intestinal bloodstream, they are transported to this organ

Alcohol metabolism

alcohol -> acetyl-CoA -> carbon dioxide and water

Which of the following statements about the metabolizing of alcohol is TRUE?

alcohol that is not immediately metabolized circulates throughout the body

Parents may benefit from spacing out the introduction of new foods to infants in order to identify any potential ______, the part of food that causes a hypersensitive reaction

allergens

high-fructose corn syrup in produced from corn by

an enzymatic process Corn is first milled to produce corn starch, which is then broken down by enzymes to glucose. Some of the glucose is enzymatically converted to fructose, yielding a product that contains 45% glucose and 55% fructose. There are forms of HFCS with different ratios of glucose to fructose, but HFCS-55 is the most widely used.

Severe food allergies can cause an allergic response that lowers blood pressure and causes respiratory distress that can be fatal; that is referred to as

anaphylactic shock

Sources of protein that are specifically encouraged in the Mediterranean eating pattern include

beans and legumes

When two or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins involved are called

complementary proteins

In the Methods section, the authors describe how they used a method called homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to examine changes in the body's ability to regulate blood glucose. What blood measurements are used to calculate HOMA-IR?

fasting glucose and insulin HOMA-IR provides an estimate of insulin resistance and beta cell function based on fasting levels of glucose and insulin. Lower HOMA-IR indicates improved insulin sensitivity.

Even though some protein breakdown can occur in food preparation when food is cooked, protein digestion continues in the stomach where the protein is partially digested by _____ and HCL.

pepsin

The unsaturated fatty acids can exist in one of two structural forms: the ____ form occurs when hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of that bond.

trans

Dietary carbohydrate digestion: 7. rectum and anus

very little carbohydrates from a bowl of rice remains by the time food reaches this part of the digestive tract

What happens to excessive dietary protein intake?

with excessive protein intake, amino acids may be used to meet energy needs or converted to and stored as fat

Fat intake recommendation

• AMDR for fat is 20-35% of calories: 1,800 calories X 0.2-0.35 = 360-630 kcal from fat• 360-630 kcal from fat divided by 9 kcal per gram fat = 40-70 grams fat per day

Saturated fat intake recommendation

5 to 6 percent of total calories

For a social drinker, weighing about 150 pounds, alcohol is removed from the liver at a rate of ________ g of alcohol per hour or ________ standard-size drink

5-7, half of a

If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, how many grams of protein per day should he have to promote protein equilibrium? (One kilogram = 2.2 pounds.)

60 grams of protein per day The RDA for the amount of protein required for most adults to maintain protein equilibrium is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of healthy body weight.• 166 pounds divided by 2.2 pounds per kg = 75.5 kg.• 75.5 kg X 0.8 grams of protein per kg body weight = 60 grams of protein per day.

Alcohol is not a nutrient, but it does yield energy; one gram of alcohol has ____ kilocalories

7 kcals

The molecule that is produced by further oxidation in Phase 2, the transition reaction, and is an entry molecule of the citric acid cycle is

Acetyl-CoA Acetyl CoA is produced in the transition phase from pyruvate

The adaptation that allows human beings to utilize fats and produce ketones during times of fasting when insulin is low helps to maintain our metabolism because this process

Acts to protect body proteins Generating ATP from lipolysis helps spare proteins conversion to glucose by gluconeogenesis.

the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or another compound

Deamination

Classify the following factors as likely to result in the production of new body protein or not

Does not stimulate body protein production: cortisol and thyroid hormone Stimulates body protein production: insulin, testosterone, and growth hormone

A person who consumes inadequate dietary protein may be expected to experience

-decreased immune function -fluid imbalance -loss of lean body mass

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

-low nasal bridge -growth deficits -small head circumference -thin upper lip

ATP can be produced as a by-product of the metabolism of a number of substrates. Which substrates are possible sources of ATP?

-triglyceride -alcohol -amino acids -glucose

How insulin levels affect human metabolism:

1. A high level of insulin will decrease gluconeogenesis 2. A low level of insulin will increase the catabolism of amino acids in energy-yielding pathways. 3. a high level of insulin will decrease lipolysis 4. a low level of insulin will decrease the synthesis of glycogen 5. a high level of insulin will increase glycolysis

Effects of excessive alcohol use on the body

1. increased blood pressure, heart muscle damage, and resulting heart failure 2. cancer of the oral cavity, throat, larynx, and esophagus 3. vasodilation and flushing of the skin 4. Cognitive deficients; difficulties with memory, learning, and problem solving

Recommended Dietary Allowances differ for various stages of life and gender. While adult needs for most nutrients are generally greater than those of children, this is not the case for carbohydrate. Because their bodies are developing so quickly, children aged 1-3 have very high carbohydrate needs that equal the same number of grams of carbohydrate an adult should have each day. What is the RDA for carbohydrate for both children aged 1-3 and adults?

130 grams of carbohydrates

A standard drink provides about ___ grams of alcohol

14 grams

Alcohol abuse disorder can be ranked as mild, moderate or severe depending on the number of symptoms they have. A person with moderate alcohol abuse disorder has the presence of _____________ symptoms.

4-5

Dietary carbohydrate digestion: 1. salivary glands

enzymes released from this gland begin starch digestion

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) yields more calories than table sugar

false

Food allergies vs. food intolerance

food allergies: -exposure causes immune response -possibly life threatening food intolerance: -inability to digest food -usually requires significant amounts of food -usually due to lack of specific enzymes

Runny nose, sneezing, itching skin, hives or digestive upset are symptoms of a(n) _____

food allergy

The methyl end of the fatty acid chain is called the ____ end.

omega

Greatest (1) carbohydrate content to lowest carbohydrate content last (4)

1. 1 tablespoon of honey 2. 1/2 cup rice 3. 1/2 cup kidney beans 4. 3oz beef

Foods have varying levels of protein in them. Put the foods in order from greatest amount of protein per serving (1) to least amount of protein per serving (4).

1. 4oz canned water-packed tuna (34g) 2. 2 Tbsp peanut butter (8g) 3. 1 hard cooked egg (6g) 4. 1 medium banana (1g)

Steps in Aerobic Respiration

1. Glucose is degraded to form pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP 2. pyruvate moves from the cytosol to the mitochondria 3. under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA 4. CO2 is produced and eliminated by the lungs

________ has 18 carbons in its carbon chain and 2 double bonds, and the first double bond starts at the 6th carbon from the _____ end; thus, it is named _______

1. Linoleic acid 2. omega 3. 18:2 n6

The _____ system for naming fatty acids indicates where the first ___________ closest to the _______ end of the chain occurs.

1. Omega 2. double bond 3. methyl

Which of the following are potential confounding variables in a study of vegetarian dietary patterns and incidence of colorectal cancer?

1. age 2. exercise pattern 3. use of alcohol 4. family history of colorectal cancer

The general recommendation of fiber per day:

28 grams

Alcohol equivalents

A 12 ounce serving of beer is considered one serving, a 5 ounce serving of wine is considered one serving, and 1.5 ounces of liquor is considered a serving Binge drinking is consuming five or more drinks in a row for men or four drinks or more for women

Metabolic pathway figure explained

Carbohydrates are metabolized to monosaccharides, lipids to fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins to amino acids. All of those compounds are then further catabolized to produce acetyl-CoA.

Among men, which of the dietary interventions induced the greatest weight loss?

Low-carbohydrate diet

Which diet group experienced the biggest improvements in blood lipid profiles?

Low-carbohydrate diet Despite consuming higher total fat and saturated fat, participants following the low-carbohydrate diet experienced the greatest increases in HDL and decreases in triglycerides.

A lower hazard ratio (HR) indicates a lower incidence of colorectal cancer compared to non-vegetarians. Which vegetarian dietary pattern seems to be most protective against colorectal cancer?

Pescovegetarian (43% lower risk)

Identify the potential cardioprotective benefits of using alcohol.

Potential benefits: -lower serum low-density lipoprotein -increased high-density lipoprotein -decreased platelet aggregation Not a potential benefit: -increased platelet aggregation -increased serum low-density lipoprotein -decreased high-density lipoprotein

Label each part of anatomy involved in dietary carbohydrate digestion and absorption

Some starch is broken down by salivary amylase from the salivary gland. Activity of salivary amylase stops in the acidic environment of the stomach. Most carbohydrate absorption occurs in the small intestine after the enzymes of the pancreas help with digestion. After sugars are absorbed into the intestinal bloodstream, they are transported to the liver via the portal vein. In the large intestine, some soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria. Very little dietary carbohydrate is excreted in feces.

Not metabolic syndrome

Waist circumference 29 inches, fasting blood sugar 78 ml/dL, triglycerides 105 mg/dL, HDL 35 mg/dL, blood pressure 110,90 mmHg

Metabolic syndrome

Waist circumference 34 inches, fasting blood sugar 110mg/dL, triglycerides 100 mg/dL, HDL 45 mg/dL, blood pressure 135/90 mmHg

Metabolic syndrome

Waist circumference 42 inches, fasting blood sugar 145 mg/dL, triglycerides 200 mg/dL, HDL 65 mg/dL, blood pressure 132/92 mmHG

Not metabolic syndrome

Waist circumference 44 inches, fasting blood sugar 95 mg/dL, triglycerides 135 mg/dL, HDL 30 mg/dL, blood pressure 120/80 mmHg

When hydrogens on an unsaturated fatty acid lie on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, a ____ formation exists.

cis

High-quality complete protein vs. lower-quality incomplete protein

high-quality complete protein: chicken, egg, whey (milk protein) Lower-quality incomplete protein: gelatin, garbanzo bean, rice

A vegetarian diet differs from a traditional animal-based diet in that a vegetarian diet is:

higher in dietary fiber than a traditional animal-based diet

Fatty acids are classified based on their degree of saturation of ____ to be bound to the carbons in the fatty acid chain.

hydrogen

Amino acids enter the _____ from the small intestine where they are transported to the liver and released into the bloodstream.

portal vein

Ethanol

the two-carbon compound that is classified as alcohol is called

Dietary carbohydrate digestion: 2. stomach

when it reaches this organ, the acidic environment stops the activity of salivary amylase

Omega-6 fatty acids

1. increase clotting 2. increase inflammation in the body

Potential effects of alcohol intake on nutritional status

1. Chronic alcohol abuse often leads to a severe form of thiamin deficiency called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. This causes significant changes in brain and nervous system function, which, if untreated, result in irreversible paralysis of the eye muscles, loss of sensation in the lower extremities, loss of balance with abnormal gait, and memory loss. 2. Excessive alcohol consumptioncan damage gastrointestinal tissues, causing bleeding, malabsorption, and the eventual development of iron deficiency. 3. The metabolism of alcohol can increase the excretion of vitamin B-6 in the urine, which, if not offset with increased dietary intake, increases the risk of developing anemia and peripheral neuropathy (weakness or numbness in the arms and legs). 4. Increased urinary excretion of magnesium contributes to low blood concentrations of this nutrient and deficiency symptoms. One of the classic symptoms of deficiency associated with this nutrient is tetany, a condition characterized by muscle twitches, cramps, spasms, and seizures.

Fat digestion anatomy:

1. Only minor digestion of fat takes place in the stomach through the action of salivary and gastric lipase enzymes. 2. The liver produces bile, stored in the gallbladder and released through the bile duct into the small intestine. Bile aids in fat digestion and absorption by emulsifying lipids in the digestive juices. 3. The pancreas secretes a mixture of enzymes, including lipase, into the small intestine. 4. The small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of lipids. 5. Less than 5% of ingested fat is normally excreted in the feces.

the process whereby a pharmacological agent may be used for the treatment of alcoholism:

1. a person drinks alcohol 2. alcohol binds to endorphin receptors in the brain, creating a sense of euphoria 3. endorphins act as a natural painkiller and elicits feelings of well-being 4. neurotransmitter dopamine is released 5. dopamine causes a sensation of being "high" 6. a person make take naltrexone before her or she drinks to block the craving for alcohol and the pleasure of intoxication 7. naltrexone blocks alcohol's ability to bind to brain receptors 8. the release of dopamine is reduced 9. the pleasant feelings associated with alcohol are blocked

Excessive alcohol use effects:

1. abdominal fat deposition and fluid accumulation (ascites) 2. malabsorption of nutrients in the small intestine 3. impaired pancreatic function and related hypoglycemia, pancreatic cancer 4. decrease in bone mineral density

Polysaccharides to polysaccharide classification: starch

1. amylose 2. amylopectin

Risks of alcohol poisoning:

1. are high when many alcoholic drinks are consumed in rapid succession 2. symptoms include: confusion, stupor, vomiting, low blood sugar, severe dehydration, slow heartbeat, and pale skin 3. if alcohol levels rise high enough, the person experiences acute alcohol toxicity can lead to: brain damage, heart failure, or stroke

Previous research has linked a vegetarian dietary pattern to reduced risk for:

1. cancers of the gastrointestinal tract 2. type 2 diabetes 3. obesity 4. hypertension

Stages of fasting

1. cells break down stored glycogen (to yield glucose) and triglycerides )to yield fatty acids) for fuel 2. cells break down proteins (to yield amino acids) to supply the nervous system and red blood cells with glucose 3. the nervous system adapts to use ketone bodies (from the breakdown of fat) for fuel 4. lean tissue deteriorates; death occurs

Polysaccharides to polysaccharide classification: Fiber

1. cellulose 2. ligin

What are methods used to measure protein quality in food?

1. chemical score 2. biological value 3. protein efficiency ratio 4. protein digestibility corrected amino acid score

Omega-3 fatty acids

1. decrease blood clotting 2. decrease inflammation in the body 3. can be used as a dietary supplement to decrease circulating triglyceride levels in the blood

Uncontrolled diabetes increases the risk for:

1. decrease nerve stimulation (neuropathy) 2. blindness 3. kidney disease 4. cardiovascular disease 5. ketosis, which can be life threatening

Regular intake of fish provides a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. Which of the following are health effects of omega-3 fatty acids?

1. decreased inflammation 2. decreased blood pressure 3. decrease blood clotting

The _____ system describes fatty acids in relation to the ______ end of the carbon chain and indicates the location of ___ double bonds.

1. delta 2. carboxyl 3. all

Indigestible carbohydrates

1. enhance glucose control 2. promote bowel health 3. reduce cholesterol absorption 4. reduce risk of obesity ex. oligosaccharides, dietary fibre, and resistant starch

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease were diagnosis of diabetes or at least three of the following:

1. family history of premature coronary heart disease 2. hypertension 3. overweight or obesity 4. smoking 5. high HDL 6. low HDL 7. high BMI

The liver is important in carbohydrate digestion as it processes the monosaccharides galactose and fructose into glucose. What happens to glucose once it is done being processed in the liver?

1. if blood glucose levels are adequate, some can be stored as glycogen 2. if glucose is present in excess, some can be turned into fat 3. the liver can release the glucose directly into the bloodstream for transport to organs

Phospholipid

1. important component of all cell membranes due to its hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail 2. forms the outer shell of lipoproteins, which facilitate fat transport in the blood

Put the components of fat digestion and absorption in their appropriate order from first (1) to last occurring event (8)

1. lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids in the small intestine 2. monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the small intestine cells are repackages into triglycerides 3. small intestine cells package triglycerides into chylomicrons 4. chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system and the blood stream 5. triglycerides in the chylomicron are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipoprotein lipase 6. fatty acids are release to the bloodstream and glycerol circulates back to the liver 7. muscle cells use absorbed fatty acids immediately for fuel and adipose cells re-form fatty acids into triglycerides for storage 8. chylomicron remnant is removed from circulation by the liver and its components are recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids

Bile acids work as emulsifiers to aid in fat digestion. Starting from the site of bile production (1), trace the route of bile acids as they circulate through the body during fat digestion and absorption.

1. liver 2. gallbladder 3. small intestine 4. portal vein

Glucose intolerance

1. may have a hormonal component 2. can result in elevated levels in the blood

Anaerobic Glucose Metabolism steps:

1. muscle cells metabolize glucose to pyruvate, producing ATP 2. when oxygen is lacking, pyruvate is converted to lactate 3. lactate builds up in the cells 4. lactate is released into the bloodstream 5. lactate is picked up by the liver 6. lactate is converted to glucose

Put the foods in order of most monounsaturated fat per serving (1) to least monounsaturated per serving (5).

1. olive oil (73%) 2. canola oil (63%) 3. peanut oil (46%) 4. butter (26%) 5. coconut oil (7%)

Digestible carbohydrates

1. prevent ketosis 2. provide energy 3. spare protein ex. sugars and starches

Which of the following statements are true about the role of protein in the body?

1. proteins forms the major part of lean body tissue 2. enzymes and hormones are made up of proteins 3. amino acids are the building blocks of protein

Lactose intolerance

1. results in gas and bloating 2. can cause diarrhea 3. is a digestive disorder

A fatty acid is 1.______ if it contains no carbon-carbon double bonds, 2. ______ if it contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds, and 3._______ if it has only one carbon-carbon double bond.

1. saturated 2. polyunsaturated 3. monounsaturated

Women have a higher BAC when consuming the same amount of alcohol as men due to:

1. smaller body size 2. more body fat 3. less body water 4. less alcohol dehydrogenase

Protein digestion:

1. stomach acid denatures protein 2. pepsin partially digests peptide chains 3. partially digested protein moves from stomach into the small intestine with nutrients and chyme 4. CCK is release from the walls of the small intestine 5. CCK stimulates the pancreas to release proteases 6. trypsin is released from the pancreas 7. mixture or enzymes breaks partially digested proteins into amino acids Explanation- 1) Protein digestion begins in the stomach with partial digestion of protein by pepsin and hydrochloric acid. 2) Enzymes secreted by the pancreas further protein digestion in the small intestine. 3) Final digestion of protein into amino acids occurs in the small intestine. 4) Amino acids are absorbed into the portal vein and then into the bloodstream. 5) Little dietary protein is in the feces.

Polysaccharides to polysaccharide classification: Glycogen

1. storage form of glucose in humans 2. polysaccharide stored in liver and muscles

The following substrates can be metabolized to yield acetyl-CoA:

1. sugars 2. alcohol 3. protein 4. triglycerides 5. starches

Triglyceride

1. transports fat-soluble vitamins 2. primary storage form of fat in the adipose tissue

The analyses indicated that reducing intake of red meat to less than ______ would have prevented 9.3% of deaths in men and 7.6% of deaths in women in this study.

1/2 serving per day (42 g/day)

At the time the article was written, the 2015 - 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans had not yet been released. Now, for the first time, the Dietary Guidelines specify an upper limit for intake of added sugars. What is the new upper limit?

10% of total kcal

Determine whether each of the scenarios pertains to the anaerobic or aerobic breakdown of glucose.

Aerobic respiration of glucose: -breakdown products are carbon dioxide and water -occurs when plenty of oxygen is available in the muscle -supplies more ATP than other types of glucose metabolism -provides 95% of the ATP made from complete glucose metabolism Anaerobic metabolism of glucose: -breakdown products are pyruvate and lactate -occurs when oxygen supply in the muscles is limited -provides most of the energy needed for events that require a quick burst of energy -provides about 5% of the ATP made from complete glucose metabolism

Select the appropriate substrates that are broken down through catabolic processes and those that are not affected by catabolism.

Affected by catabolic processes: -protein -fat -starch -sugar Not affected by catabolic processes: -iron -fiber

Enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism

Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH): -metabolizes mostly in stomach -low to moderate intake activates -metabolized about 90% of alcohol Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS): -metabolizes only in the liver -metabolism increases as alcohol intake increases to moderate to excessive Catalase Pathway: -metabolizes in cells other than liver -minor participation in alcohol metabolism

Cardiologists and other healthcare professionals recommend that people who are at elevated risk for developing cardiovascular disease adopt an "anti-atherosclerotic" lifestyle to help prevent atherosclerosis. Which of the following is a component of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle? -smoking cessation -low-saturated fat and trans dat diet -consumption of fruits and vegetables high in antioxidants

All of these are components of an anti-atherosclerotic lifestyle

Lipoprotein classification

Chylomicron: carries absorbed fat to body cells VLDL: carries fat taken up from the bloodstream by the liver, as well as any fat made by the liver, to body the cells LDL: arises from VLDL and carries mostly cholesterol to cells HDL: arises mostly from the liver and intestine and carries cholesterol from cells to other lipoproteins and to the liver for excretion

Yeast

Commercial alcoholic beverage production relies on ____ to ferment simple sugars in the absence of oxygen to generate energy and the metabolic waster product, alcohol

Contrary to popular belief, the alternative sweeteners approved for sale in the U.S. are safe for human consumption. Of the following alternative sweeteners, which one is banned for sale in the U.S. because of controversial research that indicated the substance caused cancer in mice?

Cyclamate

Alcohol true or false statements:

FALSE: -alcohol digestion is a complex process -the majority of alcohol detoxification occurs in the stomach -drinking caffeinated beverages often leads to drinking less alcohol as the caffeine enhances the ability to feel intoxication TRUE: -drinking alcohol on an empty stomach speeds up the rate at which alcohol enters the bloodstream when compared to drinking after eating -generally speaking, a woman who is of comparable size to a man will get drunk more quickly when consuming the same amount of alcohol -binge drinking is classified as five or more drinks per occasion for males and four or more drinks per occasion for females

True and false statements about alcohol and alcohol consumption

False: -excess alcohol can be stored in the body -moderate drinking means one drink per day for men and two drinks per day for women True: -alcohol requires no digestion -the liver is the primary site of alcohol metabolism -given the same amount of alcohol, a women is likely to reach a higher BAC than a man of similar size due to difference in body fat and body water

Sort each amino acid by its metabolic path. Each amino acid can be converted to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates and is therefore glucogenic or can be converted directly to acetyl-CoA and is therefore ketogenic.

GLUCOGENIC: alanine, glycine, arginine, proline, histidine KETOGENIC: leucine, lysine, tryptophan, tyrosine

A child living in a developing country with high rates of malnutrition is at risk for developing protein-calorie malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?

Insufficient dietary protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes

Ketogenic vs. Nonketogenic processes

Ketogenic: 1. beta-oxidation 2. diabetes 3. starvation Nonketogenic: 1. glycolysis 2. excessive caloric intake 3. anaerobic metabolism

Trans fat intake recommendation

Less than 1% of calories

Cholesterol intake recommendation

Less than 300 mg per day

Glycogen Storage Disease

Make sure that your child eats frequently and find ways to include cornstarch in between meals.

Among women, which of the dietary interventions induced the greatest weight loss?

Mediterranean diet

Among diabetic subjects, which diet group experienced the biggest improvements in fasting blood glucose levels?

Mediterranean diet Diabetic study participants experienced improvements in fasting blood glucose and insulin sensitivity while following the Mediterranean diet as compared to the low-fat diet, which actually resulted in worsened glycemic control.

The Mediterranean diet is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. Which component of the Mediterranean diet is a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Olive oil

The restoration of an amino group to a compound from which it had already been removed

Reamination

Primary fat components:

Saturated fats: butter and coconut oil Monounsaturated fats: peanuts and olive oil Polyunsaturated fats: soybean oil and corn oil

The diets of North Americans are lower in carbohydrate and fiber than other diets worldwide.

The North American diet is about 50% of energy intake from carbohydrate with white bread, soft drinks, cookies, cakes, donuts, sugars, syrups, jams and potatoes the leading sources. Worldwide, carbohydrates account for 70%-80% of energy consumed, with much greater intakes of whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes.

Amino acids have a number of common properties in their chemical structures, but each has a defining component. Match the name of the component of an amino acid with its role:

The nitrogen atom is in the amino group. The R group identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid. The carbon skeleton is an important component of an amino acid because the body can be used for energy or synthesized into other compounds, such as glucose.

List of micronutrients that are important in the production of acetyl CoA from pyruvate:

Thiamine, pantothenic acid, Riboflavin, Niacin These all participate either as coenzymes or as a structural component of coenzyme A (pantothenic acid

The process that allows interconversion of non-essential amino acids is called

Transamination The process allows the amino group of one acid to be removed and attached to a keto acid, creating another amino acid

If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of

fat Without adequate carbohydrate, fats do not break down completely but rather form ketone bodies. Production of ketone bodies causes ketosis, a dangerous condition that upsets the body's normal acid-base balance.

Symptoms that occur due to the body's inability to digest components of a food are due to a

food intolerance

Gluconeogenesis

glutamine -> oxaloacetate -> phosphoenolpyruvate -> glucose

There are a number of lipids that are found in foods and contribute to various functions in the body. Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a _____ backbone attached to three fatty acids.

glycerol

Antigens are almost always caused by the ______-containing part of foods.

protein

Further digestion occurs in the small intestine by _______ released by the pancreas.

protein splitting enzymes

Dietary carbohydrate digestion: 5. large intestine

soluble fiber from an apple is broken down or fermented in this digestive organ

Dietary carbohydrate digestion: 4. small intestine

the absorption of most of the nutrients and carbohydrates from a snack of granola and yogurt occurs in this organ