NUTR 132 Ch. 14 Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding - Learn Smart

A gradual weight loss of __ to ___ pounds per month is the recommended rate of weight loss for nursing mothers.

1 to 4

The steps in the process of the let-down reflex

1. suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola 2. the pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin 3. oxytocin stimulates release of milk

Recommendations for omega-6 fatty acid intake during pregnancy are increased to ___ grams per day.

13

The ideal age for pregancy

20 to 35 years old

A longer commitment to breastfeeding is optimal to reduce the potential of an infant developing food allergies, but breastfeeding for ____ to ___ months can still help reduce the chances.

4 to 6

Colostrum

a thick, yellow fluid that is the first fluid released from the breast at the end of pregnancy

What are some measures a woman can take to counteract known environmental contaminants from affecting her milk?

avoid freshwater fish from polluted areas wash and peel fruits and vegetables remove fatty edges from meats

What risk facts are associated with complications in teen pregnancy?

body lacks the maturity necessary to carry the fetus more likely to be underweight at the start of pregnancy more likely to fain less than optimal weight during pregnancy

Most women are physically capable of ___ their infants.

breastfeeding

___ reduces the chance of some allergies, especially in allergy-prone infants.

breastfeeding

What are the negative effects of caffeine consumption associated with pregnancy?

caffeine consumption decreases the mother's ability to absorb iron caffeine reduces blood flow through the placenta the fetus is unable to detoxify caffeine

negative energy balance

calorie intake falls short of needs, leads to a loss of lean and adipose tissue

What dietary components must be increased to support pregnancy?

calories protein carbohydrates

What are some resources a woman who is having difficulty breastfeeding can use to get advice and help with breastfeeding?

consult the community's La Leche League schedule an appointment with a lactation consultant consult the USDA's WIC Works website

True or false: although vitamin needs increase during pregnancy, mineral needs remain the same.

false

True or false: pregnant women should not engage in physical activity because it may induce preterm labor or cause miscarriage.

false

The Healthy People 2020 objective for prevention of neural tube defects includes increasing the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal intake of which vitamin?

folate

What is offered as part of the WIC program?

health assessments vouchers for foods

Which two supplements should not be taken together to avoid competition for absorption?

iron and calcium

What are the major functions of folate?

metabolism of amino acids DNA synthesis

Compared to cow's milk, human milk contain ___ essential fatty acids.

more

What are the three main barriers to breastfeeding?

mother's need to return to work embarrassment about nursing an infant in public misinformation

What are the facts associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex?

nervous tension lack of confidence fatigue

There is a reduced risk of what diseases for infants that are breastfed?

obesity, type 1/2 diabetes, childhood leukemia and lymphoma, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease

"Morning sickness" may be attributed to the woman's increased sense of ____ induced by certain _____.

smell; hormones

The nutritional quality of a father's diet can affect the number or quality of ___, which is why diet and health are not only important for the mother-to-be but also the father-to-be.

sperm

Positive energy balance

the amount of calories consumed exceeds the amount of calories required to support basic body processes and physical activity

During the first trimester, the calorie needs for a pregnant woman are ___ when not pregnant.

the same as

High intakes of which types of fats may promote insulin resistance therefore impair ovulation?

trans fatty acids saturated fatty acids

True or false: A woman should address any ongoing health concerns prior to conception.

true

True or false: Birth defects are presumed cause of many spontaneous abortions and are linked to 20% of infant deaths before one year.

true

True or false: Even if a pregnancy is planned, a woman may not know that she pregnant during the first few weeks of pregnancy.

true

True or false: breast size during pregnancy is not an indication of successful breastfeeding.

true

True or false: breastfeeding can be done discreetly.

true

True or false: pregnant women are at greater risk of experiencing heartburn than nonpregnant women.

true

In comparison to the first trimester of pregnancy, which MyPlate food groups are increased during the second and third trimesters?

vegetables, protein, grains

The mother should consume ___ each time the infant nurses.

water

Healthy pregnancy weight and adequate ___ ___ during pregnancy are two excellent predictors of pregnancy outcome.

weight gain

Which two minerals are important for normal ovulation?

zinc and iron