NUTR Midterm QUIZES Study
Monounsaturated fatty acids ________. are liquid at room temperature have one double bond in the fatty acid chain lower cholesterol
All of these responses are correct.
Much of the galactose in our diet is found in ________.
dairy products
An environmental assessment includes studying a person's ________.
education and economic background
A "thrifty metabolism" is a genetic predisposition that ________.
enables a person to store fat readily
Click to select the health conditions that are strongly influenced by genetic factors.
cystic fibrosis colon cancer hyperextension rheumatoid arthritis diabetes
The leading cause of nutrition-related death in the United States is ________.
heart disease
The liver is important in carbohydrate digestion as it processes the monosaccharides galactose and fructose into glucose. What happens to glucose once it is done being processed in the liver? Select all that apply.
if blood glosses levels are adequate, some can be stored as glycogen the liver can release the glucose directly into the bloodstream for transport to organs if glucose is present in excess, some can be turned into fat
Which of the following represents the most energy-dense meal?
whole milk, peanut butter and jelly sandwich on white bread, tortilla chips
MyPlate groups foods into _____ major categories.
5
A snack bar contains about 17 grams of carbohydrates, 1 gram of fat, and 1 gram of protein. How many kcals does it contain?
81
These provide the recommended percent of energy intake for carbohydrate, protein, and fat.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Which of the following statements about the metabolizing of alcohol is TRUE?
Alcohol that is not immediately metabolized circulates throughout the body.
Which of the following scenarios indicate that the individual has a problem with alcohol?
Problem with alc: Steve feels that he ought to cut down drinking Stephanie is annoyed by people criticizing her about drinking Shannon feels bad or guilty about drinking to steady nerves or get rid of a hangover, Traci sometimes had a drink first thing in the morning. No problem with alc: Todd has one drink every night after dinner
What would happen to the liver of an individual who was diagnosed with steatosis if he or she abstained from alcohol?
They would reverse his or her condition.
Drag the descriptor to its appropriate lipid classification.
Triglyceride: transports fat-soluble vitamins primary storage form of fat in adipose tissue Phospholipid: important component of all cell membranes due to its hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail forms outer shell of lipoproteins, which facilitate fat transport in the blood Cholesterol: forms part of the active vitamin D hormone your body's cells make about 875 mg of this lipid per day
Which government agency publishes the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
USDA and USDHHS
Which of the following is a trace mineral?
iorn
High-density lipoproteins function in lipid transport by ________.
picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources for delivery to other lipoproteins and the liver for disposal
The AI for fiber for women is ________.
25 g/day
Which of the following nutrients may be absorbed by the colon? water short-chain fatty acids some vitamins synthesized by bacteria minerals, such as sodium and potassium
All of these answers are correct.
Place the alternative sweetener term into each sentence to make it correct.
Chemically adding three chlorines to a sucrose molecule creates sucralose, and you find this artificial sweetener marketed in stores and restaurants as Splenda ®. The oldest alternative sweetener is saccharin, which in North America is marketed as Sweet'N Low ®. The sweetener that should not be used by people with PKU is aspartame and it is marketed as Equal ®. The sweetener that should not be used by people with PKU is aspartame and it is marketed as Equal ®.
Determine whether the label scenario's comparison lends to an increased or decreased basal metabolism by dragging the label to its appropriate classification category.
Decreased basal metabolism: having more fat vs. more lean body mass being female vs. male Increased basal metabolism: being pregnant vs. not pregnant smoking cigarettes vs. not smoking cigarettes
Which of the following is true about dietary supplements for Americans?
Dietary supplements are useful if a person's food choices cause them to be low in a particular nutrient.
Eating can be motivated by hunger or appetite. Classify each of the following scenarios as examples of hunger or appetite
Hunger: After a 6-mile run, you feel weak and shaky, which are signs of low blood sugar. You stop at a vending machine and get a package of crackers to eat. after a long day of school following by work, you notice your stomach is rumbling. You open the refrigerator and grab a container of yogurt. Appetite: After eating lunch, you feel satiated. However, when your friend asks you to join him for an ic cream, you get dessert anyway. You are up late, studying for an exam. Without realizing it, you ate an entire bag of potato chips while reviewing your flashcards
Click to select the strategies that are both useful and healthful to help underweight individuals gain weight.
add peanut butter to a snack of apple slices increase energy intake by 500kcal/d add dried milk powder to a smoothie made of fruit and yogurt
A condition of self-induced semi-starvation is called ________.
anorexia nervosa
Which of the following is NOT an enzyme?
bile
A factor that can decrease BMR is ________.
consuming a very low-energy diet
Which of the following is the primary cause of death in children around the world?
diarrhea
Most North Americans could improve their diets by ________.
eating more foods rich in vitamins A and E
Which of the following nutrients is NOT acted on by pancreatic juices?
fiber
By definition, energy-dense foods are ALL ________.
high in calories
Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of ________.
hydrogenation
All of the following are uncontrollable risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT ________
hypertension
An example of a prebiotic is ________.
inulin, a poorly digested carbohydrate found in foods such as onions, garlic, and asparagus
Which of the following are good sources for phytochemicals?
red wine dark chocolate onions whole grains collards tea
Fiber and starches not digested in the small intestine may be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine to form ________.
short-chain fatty acids and flatus
Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________.
small intestine
Secretions from the pancreas include ________.
sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
In what order does food pass through the organs of the GI tract?
stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
Food components that MUST be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel include ________.
sugars, dietary fiber, and calcium
A main cause of intestinal gas formation is ________.
the breakdown of undigested carbohydrates by bacteria in the large intestine
In what form is most body fat stored?
triglycerides
What counts as one serving in the dairy group?
1 cup of yogurt
Regina knows that moderate alcohol consumption can be cardio-protective, meaning that it somewhat reduces cardiovascular disease risk. Moderate alcohol consumption translates to one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. Match the type of alcohol with its serving size that constitutes one drink:
Beer: 12 oz is one serving Wine:5 oz is one serving Liquor:1.5 oz is one serving
A package of bread bears the following "100% Whole Grain" stamp. Based on this stamp, what information do you know about this grain product? Select all that apply.
all the grain ingredients in the product are whole grains one serving of this product supplies at least 18g of whole grains
All the following are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids EXCEPT ________.
avocados
An example of a probiotic is ________.
bacteria in yogurt
Low blood glucose is called ____________, whereas high blood glucose is called ____________.
hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia
A possible explanation for a natural phenomenon is a ________.
hypothesis
The scientific method can be applied to many areas, even in your own personal life. Put the components of the scientific method in order as they pertain to Luisa's experiment to determine what is making her stomach hurt.
1. Luisa notes that her stomach sometimes hurts after eating or drinking, and she wonders why. 2. Luisa hypothesizes that the milk products in her diet may be causing her upset stomach. 3. Luisa does a one-week trial in which she eliminates all dairy foods from her diet. 4. Luisa observes that after a one-week elimination of dairy foods from her diet, her upset stomach is resolved. 5. Luisa talks to her family and friends about her experiment and they all agree she is probably lactose intolerant. 6. Luisa conducts additional experiments trying to re-introduce dairy into her diet, but she experiences stomach pains anytime she tries to eat dairy foods.
Which of the following represents a BMI range considered to be healthy for most adult men and women?
19-24
The reference calorie intake for calculating percent Daily Values on Nutrition Facts labels is ________.
2000 kcal
Approximately how many calories are calculated to be in one pound of fat?
3500
Lee Brown is a 23-year-old college student. Which of these would indicate that he is at greater risk for chronic diseases associated with obesity?
41-inch waist
Choosing healthy portion sizes is easier if you equate the portion to an easily recognizable, everyday item. Drag the label of the item to its correct portion size sentence.
A small or medium piece of fresh fruit, one-half cup of baked potato, or one-half of a bagel is about the size of a tennis ball. Three ounces of meat is equivalent to the size of a deck of playing cards. One large apple or one cup of a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal is roughly the size of a baseball. Two tablespoons of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is the same size as a golf ball.
Complete the statement about digestion with the appropriate term.
A term that refers to the stomach is gastric. In the stomach, food becomes a very acidic, watery mixture containing enzymes that leaves the stomach a teaspoon at a time into the small intestine and is called chyme. At the base of the stomach is the pyloric sphincter that controls the rate at which food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine The stomach also produces an important substance called intrinsic factor that is important for the absorption of vitamin B-12.
A weight-loss program is likely a fad diet if it ________. guarantees weight-loss success for everyone promotes quick weight loss recommends expensive, unproven nutrient supplements
All of these choices are accurate.
Usual symptoms of diabetes mellitus include ________. weight change excessive thirst and urination blurred vision
All of these choices are correct.
Identify effects of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
Anorexia: hair loss fainting/fatigue lanugo loss of menstrual periods Bulimia: stomach ulcers irritation of the esophagus swollen salivary glands Both: constipation iorn deficiency anemia dental decay blood potassium imbalance
Regina's pregnant sister is interested in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two fatty acids that can be made from alpha-linolenic (omega-3) acid. She has heard that EPA and DHA are important for cancer prevention, brain health, cardiovascular disease prevention, and immune function. Which food is the best source of EPA + DHA?
Fatty fish
Which of the following genetic disorders would cause a person to have limited fat stores?
Marfan syndrome
Define the internal-and external-regulation-related terms hunger, appetite, and satiety.
Satiety is the state in which we feel satisfaction and no longer have the drive to eat. Appetite, the psychological drive to eat, is affected mostly by external factors that encourage us to eat, such as social custom, time of day, mood (e.g., feeling sad or happy), memories of pleasant tastes, and the sight of a tempting dessert. Hunger, the physiological drive to find and eat food, is controlled primarily by internal body mechanisms, such as organs, hormones, hormone-like factors, and the nervous system.
Which of the following is classified as a non-nutritive sweetener?
aspartame
To be defined as a "good" source of calcium, a food must contain ________.
at least 10% of the Daily Value for calcium in 1 serving of the food
Which of the following are possible health outcomes of excessive alcohol intake?
brain damage stroke heart failure
Which of the following lipids is a precursor for estrogen and bile?
cholesterol
The population group with the highest rate of alcohol consumption is ________.
college students
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for nutrients are ________.
designed to meet the nutrient needs of 97 to 98% of individuals in a specific life stage
Which substances can be absorbed in the small intestine?
glucose, minerals, amino acids, vitamins, alcohol
From the following options, select all that are limitations to using just the MyPlate icon for meal planning.
it doesn't make recommendations about calories or activity for individuals it doesn't address specific foods that should be chosen from within each food group it doesn't recommend serving sizes for individuals
Which of the following organs is the first to respond to a rise in blood glucose levels?
pancreas
An Adequate Intake (AI) is set for a nutrient when ________.
too little research is available to establish an RDA
The most common type of diabetes mellitus is ________.
type 2 diabetes
Food processors and manufacturers use amylopectins primarily to produce sauces and gravies for frozen foods because they ________.
form a stable starch gel
The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as protein, by a process referred to as ________.
gluconeogenesis
Which of the following blood levels of LDL cholesterol would increase risk for cardiovascular disease for an otherwise healthy adult?
over 160 mg/dl
If a can of soup provides 4 servings and has 100 kcal per serving, how many kcal are in the entire can?
400
On her twenty-first birthday, Cassie's friends poured her many shots of liquor and encouraged her to drink throughout the evening. Cassie weighs 120 pounds. If she consumed 8 shots of liquor within 2 hours, what would her approximate blood alcohol concentration be? (Refer to Figure 8-3, shown above.)
0.30
Label each part of anatomy involved in dietary carbohydrate digestion and absorption.
1. If you place a cracker on your tongue, enzymes released from this gland begin starch digestion 2. If you eat a bowl of spaghetti, when it reaches this organ, the acidic environment stops the activity of salivary amylase 3. As your tortilla enters into your small intestine, this organ secretes enzymes to break it starch down into disaccharides 4. The absorption of most of the nutrients and carbohydrate from a snack of granola and yogurt occurs in this organ 5. After sugars from a breakfast of cereal and milk are absorbed into the intestinal bloodstream, they are transported to this organ 6. The soluble fiber from an apple is broken down or fermented in this digestive organ 7. Very little carbohydrate from a bowl of rice remains by the time food reaches this part of the digestive tract
An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may ________. decrease risk of certain cancers lower blood lipid levels decrease risk of diabetes
All of these choices are correct.
Sphincters are muscles that control the transit of food and waste throughout the digestive system. Drag the sphincter name and the related function to its appropriate location in the digestive tract.
1. Lower esophageal sphincter: Prevent back flow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus 2. Pyloric sphincter: Control the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine 3. Sphincter of Oddi: Control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine 4. Ileocecal sphincter: Prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine 5. Anal sphincter: Prevent defecation until person desires to do so
By keeping a detailed food diary, the individual who is trying to lose weight can discover ________. external cues that lead to overeating social influences affecting eating and food choices emotions that lead to poor eating habits
All of these choices are accurate.
Match the behavior and feelings expected to the appropriate blood alcohol concentration.
Relaxed, slight euphoria, sense of well-being, loss of inhibition, less alert. You probably believe you are functioning better than you really are! Still relaxed, less inhibited, and more extroverted. May appear intoxicated. Obviously intoxicated. Not thinking straight. Mood swings. Vomiting (a sign of alcohol poisoning) is common. Very incapacitated. May pass out and have memory blackout. Nausea and vomiting common. Extremely drunk; in a stupor. May not feel pain. Nausea, vomiting; may choke on vomit. May pass out. You don't know where you are. Loss of consciousness may occur. Seizures. Danger of life-threatening alcohol poisoning Life-threatening alcohol poisoning. Death likely.
As blood alcohol concentration increases, individuals become increasingly impaired. Starting with the impairment at the lowest level of blood alcohol concentration, put the following in order from lowest to highest.
Slight impairment of judgment, reason, memory, concentration. Depth perception, reaction times, balance, speech, vision, hearing reduced. Judgment, reason, memory decline. Motor coordination significantly impaired. Very slow reaction time. Slurred speech. Vision and hearing impairment. Judgment, reason, memory suffer. Worsening motor coordination, reaction time, memory, attention, balance, reason, judgment. All mental, physical, and sensory functions are severely impaired. Many physiological functions are severely impaired: slowed heart rate and breathing, hypothermia, hypoglycemia. Loss of bladder control.
The major function(s) of the stomach is/are ________.
to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme
Which of the following dietary or nutritional factors may worsen gastroesophageal reflux disease? being overweight consuming a high-fat diet alcohol and caffeine consumption consumption of large meals
All of these responses are correct.
Considering what you have learned about the enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism, place the following with the enzyme that they describe.
ADH: metabolizes mostly in stomach low to moderate intake activates metabolizes about 90% of alc MEOS: metabolizes only in the liver metabolism increases as alcohol intake increases to moderate to excessive Catalase Pathway: metabolizes in cells other than liver minor participation in alcohol metabolism
The semi-starvation of anorexia nervosa results in many physiological changes, such as ________. dry, scaly, cold skin iron-deficiency anemia lanugo decreased basal metabolism
All of these choices are accurate.
An evaluation of nutritional health includes ________. medical history biochemical assessment anthropometric measurements dietary assessment
All of these choices are correct
A fad diet for weight loss ________. may be nutritionally inadequate usually fails because habits are not changed can result in quick weight loss
All of these choices are correct.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans ________. are designed to reduce the risk of "killer" diseases provide a scientific basis for the Food Stamp Program provide a scientific basis for USDA's school lunch program
All of these choices are correct.
The villi found in the gastrointestinal tract ________. produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes are covered with the brush border (microvilli) are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine
All of these choices are correct.
There are a number of intervention strategies that can be employed to promote behavior modification geared toward weight loss. Determine which behavior modification strategy is explained by the scenario in the label and drag the label to its appropriate strategy category.
Chain-breaking: Bill used to go to the snack bar for a large bag of peanuts at his son's T-Ball game, just because he always eats peanuts with baseball; now he bypasses the snack bar. Stimulus control: Brenda has asked her receptionist to put the baked goods that are usually open on the break room counter into a package to be stored in the cabinet Cognitive restructuring: Tina has stopped organizing a happy hour with margaritas and tortilla chips after a stressful day at work; instead, she now conducts an after-work walking group with co-workers to relieve stress. Contingency management: Louis knows that if he goes home after work he will never leave again to go to the gym; now, he packs his gym clothes and takes his bag to work, changing after work and going directly to the gym instead of going home. Self-monitoring: Wendy was concerned because she was gaining weight when she ate what she thought was a 1,500-calorie per day diet, which should have promoted weight loss; she started writing down everything she ate and drank each day and how she felt and realized she was eating more than 2,200 calories per day on days when she was stressed and did not exercise, which was promoting weight gain.
Considering the recommendations of moderation, place each example in the correct category based on whether it exemplifies low-risk or at-risk drinking.
Low-Risk: Trey drinks one beer every week night and two on Saturdays and Sundays. Frank doesn't drink during the week but usually drinks 2 drinks a day on the weekends At-rick: Sara drinks one beer every week night and two on Saturdays and Sundays Kevin doesn't drink during the week but has 3 beers and 2 shots at a party every Saturday Jenna doesn't drink during the week but had 2 beers and 2 shots at a party Saturday
High sugar intake may affect us in different ways. Use the terms below to complete each sentence.
When considering the added sugar intake of the average American, a woman consumes about 239 kcals per day, a man consumes about 335 kcals per day, and a teen consumes about 360 of added sugars per day. Major sources of added sugar are soft drinks, cake, and ice cream. Recent studies indicate that a high intake of added sugar, particularly from sweetened beverages, increases the risk for type 2 diabetes in adults. High intake of sugar increases the blood levels of LDL-cholesterol. Hyperactivity in children is likely due to non-nutritional factors.
When consumed in low to moderate amounts, alcohol is primarily metabolized by the ________________ pathway.
alcohol dehydrogenase
There is a great deal of information on a typical food's Nutrition Facts Panel--some is required and some is voluntarily placed there. Select all of the nutrients that are required to be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel.
calcium iorn trans fat sodium
From the following statements, select all that are consistent with primary lactose intolerance.
diarrhea is caused by the osmotic effect of lactose in the large intestine symptoms of primary lactose intolerance include gas, bloating, and diarrhea. primary lactose intolerance is more common in some ethnic groups
Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means ________.
dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy
Classify each of the following as either a role of digestible carbohydrates or indigestible carbohydrates.
indigestible carbohydrates: promote bowel health enhance glucose control reduce cholesterol absorption reduce risk of obesity digestible carbohydrates: prevent ketosis provide energy spare protein
Diarrhea in young children is most typically caused by ____.
pathogenic microorganisms