NUTR400 Chapter 7: Proteins

lbs to kg

# lbs / 2.2 = # kg

What nutrients are major sources of fuel for cells?

Fats, Carbohydrates

Pepsin

a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins

Biological Value (BV)

a measure of how efficiently the absorbed food protein is converted into body tissue protein

Protein

a nutrient that plays a vital role in keeping the body healthy by forming important structures in the body, making up a key part of the blood, helping regulate many body functions, and fueling body cells

Where does protein synthesis takes place?

in the ribosomes which are located in the cytosol of the cell

A _______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet

indispensable / essential

Transamination

involves the transfer of an amino group from 1 amino acid to a carbon skeleton to form a new amino acid

Protein deficiency is a rarely and isolated condition and usually accompanies.....

calorie deficiency and lack of nutrients

Transferrin

carries iron

Hemoglobin

carries oxygen

Retinol Binding protein

carries vitamin A

Food Intolerance

caused by an individuals inability to digest certain food components

Deamination

losing an amino group from an amino acid without transferring it to a carbon skeleton

vegetarian- Vegan

consumes animal products

vegetarian- Lacto

consumes milk

vegetarian- lacto ovo

consumes milk and eggs

foods with low PER

corn, bread

Calculating RDI

find weight in kg, then multiply weight in kg by 0.8 to find the person's RDI for protein

Which hormones stimulate positive protein balance?

growth hormone, insulin, and testosterone

Blood Proteins

help maintain body fluid balance; the presence of blood proteins in capillary beds attracts fluid from the extra-cellular space back into the blood

Almost all enzymes are _________

proteins

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form which nutrient?

proteins

Proteins

serve multiple functions in the body and is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance, and cell repair

foods with high PER

tuna, chicken

What type of protein is an example of a plant-based protein that meets the essential amino acid needs?

Soy Protein

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because.... (2)

-foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol -foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat

If your carbohydrate intake is inadequate the liver is forced to make glucose from what macronutrient?

Amino Acids

A carbon skeleton is an amino acid without the....

Amino Group

The amino group is in what form in the urine?

Ammonia

Steps that can be taken to prevent the development of food- allergies...

Breast feed babies until they are at least 6 months old, delay feeding infants cow's milk until they are at least 1 year old, keep diets free of peanuts untli children are at least 3 years old

Food allergy

Causes an immune response

_____ protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease

HIGH

What proteins function as transporters for other nutrients?

Hemoglobin, transferrin, lipoproteins

9 essential amino acids

Histidine Isoleucine Leucine Lysine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine

How is the amino group from an amino acid excreted?

In the urine

North americans consume _______ protein from animal sources than those in other countries consume

More

Amino acids are unique among the energy-yielding nutrients because they contain....

Nitrogen

A ________ bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein

Peptide Bond

Functions of protein

Protein is necessary for fluid balance, supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use, and is necessary for the visual process. Regulate and maintain essential body functions, play a role in enzyme and hormone production, and aid in blood clotting

which nutrients are vegans most likely to be low in?

Zinc, riboflavin, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B-12

Lipoprotein

transports lipids

(3) components of an amino acid?

amino group, side group, acid group

Nonessential amino acids can also be referred to as...

dispensable amino acids

When would the RDA for protein be higher?

during recovery from an illness and in highly trained athletes

Animal proteins are a good source of all nine _____ amino acids

essential

Urea

nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism and the major source of nitrogen in the urine

essential amino acids

ones the body cannot produce in sufficient amounts and needs must be met through the diet (9)

the liver and kidneys must work hard to use ______ to meet energy needs

protein

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in what?

the DNA code

Limiting Amino Acid

the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs

Denaturation

the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein, useful during digestion

How does changing a protein's shape affect the protein?

the protein loses its biological activity and it destroys the protein's ability to function normally

Marasmus

the result of chronic PEM, caused by a nutrient deficiency. over time it results in a "skin and bones" appearane, with little or no subcutaneous fat

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

they serve as buffers that resist changes in pH, and pump ions into and out of the cells

What individuals are at risk for PEM?

those suffering from anorexia nervosa, living in poverty, hospitalized patients