Nutrisci IV

What are some measure a woman can take to counteract known environmental contaminants from affecting her milk?

- avoid freshwater fish from polluted areas - remove fatty edges from meats - wash and peel fruits and vegetables

Negative effects of caffeine consumption associated with pregnancy?

- caffeine reduces blood flow through the placenta - fetus is unable to detoxify caffeine - caffeine consumption decreases mother's ability to absorb iron

Which factors differentiate cow's milk from human milk?

- certain proteins in cow's milk may spur allergies in the infant - cow's milk is too high in minerals and protein in comparison to human milk - cow's milk does not contain enough carbohydrate to meet the infant's need

Which statements are true about colostrum?

- colostrum is a thick, yellowish fluid - colostrum is the first fluid released from the breast at the end of pregnancy

Choose steps a mother can take to reduce contaminants in human milk.

- consume a variety of foods within each food group - carefully wash and peel fruits and vegetables - try not to lose weight rapidly - remove fatty edges of meat as pesticides concentrate in fat

What are some physiological changes that occur during pregnancy?

- hormones relax muscles of uterus and GI tract - fluid retention due to placental hormones

Which factors contribute to edema during pregnancy?

- increased blood volume - placental hormones

What are the major functions of folate?

- metabolism of amino acids - DNA synthesis

Adequate folate intake at least 8 weeks prior to conception helps prevent

- neural tube defects - premature births

What are some nutritional problems experienced by infants that are born before 37 weeks' gestation?

- poor ability to suck and swallow - insufficient iron and calcium stores - insufficient fat

Early symptoms of preeclampsia include:

- rise in blood pressure - changes in blood clotting - excess protein in urine - edema

Which of the following are considered to be important indicators of a successful pregnancy?

- the mother's physical and emotional health are protected - infant birth weight is greater than 5.5 pounds

A gradual weight loss of __ to __ pounds per month is the recommended rate of weight loss for nursing mothers.

1 - 4

A gradual weight loss of __ to __ pounds per month is the recommended rate of weight loss for nursing mothers

1 ; 4

Steps in process of let-down reflex in order from start to finish

1. suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola 2. pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin 3. oxytocin stimulates release of milk

Recommendations for omega-6 fatty acid intake during pregnancy are increased to ___ grams per day

13

When is gestational diabetes most likely to begin during a pregnancy?

20-28 weeks

on average, how much do vitamin requirements increase during pregnancy?

30%

The normal duration period of pregnancy is _ to _ weeks.

38 - 42

A longer commitment to breastfeeding is optimal to reduce the potential of an infant developing food allergies, but breastfeeding for _ to _ months can still help reduce the changes.

4 - 6

Human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of most infants for the first ___ months of life. After that time, complementary foods are necessary to provide adequate nutrition.

4 to 6

Which statement is true about breastfeeding and women?

Almost all women are physically capable of breastfeeding

What is the purpose of increased breast weight during the second trimester of pregnancy?

Breast weight increases in preparation for milk production and lactation

The ___ ___ for ___ provides key recommendations for weight management during pregnancy and lactation.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Vitamin plays a role in the metabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of DNA?

Folate

Appearance of human milk at the start of a feeding session?

Human milk is thin, watery, and bluish in tint.

What is the American Heart Association's recommendation for saturated fat and trans fat intake?

NO more than 7% total kcal from saturated fat; no more than 1% of total kcal from trans fat

What are risks to the fetus of uncontrolled maternal diabetes during pregnancy?

a large fetus low blood glucose levels in the infant at birth

To decrease the risk for birth defects, what type of beverage should the mother avoid in preparation for and during pregnancy?

alcohol

Breastfeeding for 4 - 6 months will reduce the infant's risk of developing

allergies

What is one of the best predictors of pregnancy outcome?

appropriate weight gain during pregnancy

The best time for a woman to address any ongoing health concerns is

before becoming pregnant

Siblings born in close succession are more likely to be born with a lower ___ ___ than those farther apart in age.

birth weight

Lactation is typically referred to as

breastfeeding

Research links ___ with reduced risk for obesity, type 2 and type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, childhood leukemia and lymphoma.

breastfeeding

___ reduces the chances of some allergies, especially in allergy-prone infants

breastfeeding

What is true about breastfeeding in public?

breastfeeding can be done in public discreetly

thick yellowish fluid that contains antibodies and lactobacillus bifidus factor

colostrum

The changes in nutrient needs from pregnancy to breastfeeding include a ___ in folate and iron needs and a ___ in needs of calories, vitamins (A, C, and E) riboflavin, copper, chromium, iodide, manganese, selenium, and zinc.

decrease; increase

What are the factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex?

fatigue, lack of confidence, nervous tension

The most critical time period for potential problems to occur during pregnancy is during the ___ trimester.

first

The most critical time period for the development of the fetus is during the ___ trimester

first

A caffeine intake equivalent to more than ___ cups of coffee per day may increase the risk of miscarriage or delivering a low birthweight infant.

five

Normal reaction to pregnancy..

fluid retention due to placental hormones

Supplement considered for infants whose water supply may lack this mineral?

fluoride

The Healthy People 2020 objective for prevention of neural tube defects includes increasing the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal intake of which vitamin?

folate

During pregnancy, the RDA or AI increases for which of the following vitamins?

folate, vitmain b-12, vitamin b-6

The ___ are the skull bones associated with the soft spot on top of the baby's head.

fontanels

thin in texture, similar to skim milk

fore milk

___ is the period of intrauterine development of offspring

gestation

High blood pressure that first appears during pregnancy is called

gestational hypertension

thick in consistency, similar to cream with a high fat and calorie content

hind milk

Edema becomes a concern if it is accompanied by

hypertension; protein in the urine

Components of colostrum?

immune system cells growth factors antibodies

Breast size generally ___ during pregnancy and breastfeeding, which are normal physiological changes.

increases

Which two supplements should not be taken together to avoid competition for absorption?

iron, calcium

Milk producing cells found in the breast are commonly referred to as ___

lobules

A preterm infant is likely to have

low iron and calcium levels

Infants born to mothers with a prepregnancy BMI of 25 or higher are ___ to experience health problems compared to infants born to mothers of BMI in the range of 18.5-24.9

more likely

Which food should be increased in a vegan diet to meet the nutritional needs during pregnancy?

nuts, seeds, grains, beans

The fetus will be affected by the mother's use of aspartame only if the mother is suffering from the metabolic disorder known as ___

phenylketonuria

organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy, transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and removes fetal wastes

placenta

In comparison to the first trimester of pregnancy, which MyPlate food groups are increased during the second and third trimesters?

protein, grains, vegetables

"morning sickness" may be attributed to the woman's increased sense of ___ induced by certain ___

smell; hormones

During the first trimester, the calorie needs for a pregnant woman are ___ when not pregnant.

the same as

A teratogen's effect on the fetus depends on the dose, ___ and ___ of exposure.

timing; duration

The concept of "eating for two" refers more to the increase in ___ and ___ needs as opposed to calorie needs.

vitamin and mineral

The mother should consume ___ each time the infant nurses.

water

Which of these are good sources of information that pregnant women can consult to learn about recommendations for weight management during pregnancy and lactation?

www.ChooseMyPlate.gov The Dietary Guidelines for Americans A registered dietician

What are some barriers to breastfeeding?

• Misinformation & lack of support • Need to return to work force • Embarrassment and modesty • Medical conditions