Nutrition 1000 Chapter 5.2

trans fatty acids

A form of an unsaturated fatty acid, usually a monounsaturated one when found in food, in which the hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of that bond.

lecithin (type of phospholipid)

A group of compounds that are major components of cell membranes.

glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol used to form triglycerides.

cholesterol

A waxy lipid found in all body cells. It has a structure containing multiple chemical rings that is found only in foods that contain animal products.

omega-3 fatty acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the third carbon from the methyl end (-CH3).

phospholipid

Any of a class of fat-related substances that contain phosphorus, fatty acids, and a nitrogen-containing base. The phospholipids are an essential part of every cell.

solid fats

Fats that are solid at room temperature, such as butter and margarine. Foods containing solid fats tend to be high in saturated fatty acids or fatty acids.

oils

lipids that are liquid at room temp

fats

lipids that are solid at room temp

polyunsaturated fatty acids

A fatty acid containing two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

long chain fatty acid

A fatty acid that contains 12 or more carbons.

cis fatty acid

A form of an unsaturated fatty acid that has the hydrogens lying on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond.

What are lipids primarily composed of?

A substance that associates with an enzyme and plays a key role in its function.

fatty acid structure

a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens. At one end of the molecule (the alpha end) is an acid group. At the other end (the omega end) is a methyl group.

structure of triglycerides

a simple three-carbon alcohol, glycerol, that serves as a backbone for the three attached fatty acids

what types of foods contain high percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids

canola and olive oils and avocados

most common example of sterol?

cholesterol

Which form of unsaturated fatty acids cause the fatty acid backbone to bend?

cis form

trans fatty acid that occurs naturally

conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

what are the benefits we receive from natural trans fats (like CLA)

improve insulin levels in diabetics and decrease the risk of heart disease, cancer, and obesity, the same diseases that industrial trans fats have been shown to increase.

name three types of lipids

phospholipids and sterols (including cholesterol)

how are fats and oils generally classified?

saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on the type of fatty acids present in the greatest concentration

what two forms can unsaturated fatty acids, with their double bonds, exist in?

the cis and trans form

what form and are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids usually in

the cis form

fatty acids

the simplest form of lipids, found in triglycerides,

structure of phospholipids

they are built on a backbone of glycerol and at least one fatty acid is replaced with a compound containing phosphorus (and often other elements, such as nitrogen)

what are the functions of phospholipids in the body?

they participate in fat digestion, absorption, and transport.

What do triglyceride molecules consist of?

three fatty acids bonded to glycerol

hemorrhagic stroke

Damage to part of the brain resulting from rupture of a blood vessel and subsequent bleeding within or over the internal surface of the brain.

alpha linoleic acid

An essential omega-3 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds.

linoleic acid

An essential omega-6 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 2 double bonds.

eicosapentaenoic acid

An omega-3 fatty acid with 20 carbons and 5 carbon-carbon double bonds. It is present in large amounts in fatty fish and is slowly synthesized in the body from alpha-linolenic acid.

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

An omega-3 fatty acid with 22 carbons and 6 carbon-carbon double bonds. It is present in large amounts in fatty fish and is slowly synthesized in the body from alpha-linolenic acid. DHA is especially present in the retina and brain.

arachidonic acid

An omega-6 fatty acid made from linoleic acid with 20 carbon atoms and 4 carbon-carbon double bonds.

oleic acid

An omega-9 fatty acid with 18 carbons and 1 double bond.

omega-6 fatty acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with the first double bond on the sixth carbon from the methyl end (-CH3).

essential fatty acid

Fatty acids that must be supplied by the diet to maintain health. Currently, only linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are classified as essential.

total parenteral nutrition

The intravenous feeding of all necessary nutrients, including the most basic forms of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes.

triglyceride

The major form of lipid in the body and in food (most common). It is composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol, an alcohol.

are saturated fatty acids solid or liquid at room temp and why?

The saturated fatty acids are very straight and linear and therefore can pack very close together. This close packing or stacking of saturated fat molecules makes them solidify at room temperature.

unsaturated fatty acids

a fatty acid containing carbon-carbon double bonds (oils)

How many kcal do lipids provide?

9 kcal

monoglyceride

A breakdown product of a triglyceride consisting of one fatty acid attached to a glycerol backbone.

diglyceride

A breakdown product of a triglyceride consisting of two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol backbone.

eicosanoids

A class of hormone compounds, including the prostaglandins, derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and involved in the cellular activity affecting practically all important functions in the body.

sterols

A compound containing a multi-ring (steroid) structure and a hydroxyl group (-OH). Cholesterol is a typical example.

saturated fatty acids

A fatty acid containing no carbon-carbon double bonds. (animal fats)

monounsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid containing one carbon-carbon double bond.

what do the double bonds in polyunsaturated fatty acids do

their chemical susceptibility to react with active oxygen molecules. Some of the random oxidation can happen rapidly in the body and cause inflammation and tissue damage thought to be a cause of aging, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Fortunately, antioxidants such as vitamin E stop the chain of oxidation. Many features of the dietary recommendations for fat intake are related to decreasing the likelihood of these harmful oxidation reactions.

we should limit our intake of _______ fatty acids?

trans

which form of unsaturated fatty acids cause the acid backbone ti stay straight and act as saturated fatty acids?

trans form

fats and oils and fats found in body structures are found mostly in the form of _____?

triglycerides

what are the functions of cholesterol?

used to form certain hormones and bile acids, and is incorporated into cell structures. The body can make all the cholesterol it needs.

does the body produce all the phospholipids it needs?

yes