Nutrition 1010 UMD
When is solid food introduced to an infant? Why is solid food offered at this time? What is the first food offered to an infant? In what order are other foods offered?
5-12 months: solid food offered as iron/VC (needs exceed what can only be provided by milk) 4-6 months: begin to introduce iron-fortified cereal mixed with breast milk formula/water; begin to introduce pureed meats/legumes/vegetables/fruit (vegetables before fruit) 6-8 months: begin to introduce textured vegetables/fruits; begin to introduce plain, unsweetened fruit juices from cup 8-10 months: begin to introduce breads/cereals from table; begin to introduce yogurt, soft cooked vegetables/fruit from table; gradually begin finely cut meats/fish/casseroles/cheese/eggs/legumes
What is a risk factor? What is the difference between a modifiable and a non‐modifiable risk factor?
A factor that increases the probability of developing a disease or health problem. Modifiable risk factors: can be reduced if changes are made to your lifestyle Non-modifiable risk factors: things you cannot change such as age, race, ethnic background, family history
What are the three most common types of eating disorders and what are the characteristics of each? What are the causes of each? What are the dangers of each?
Anorexia Nervosa - a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight, self starvation to the extreme and a disturbed perception of body weight and shape. Distorted body image, Patient is unaware, Mood changes, Physically exhausted Dangers: Classic PEM, Slow growth, Bones weaken, Weakened heart muscle, Anemia, Electrolyte imbalance, Death. Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge eating combined with a morbid fear of becoming fat, self vomiting - More prevalent than anorexia, more men, Tend to be close to ideal body weight but with large weight fluctuations, Low self esteem, often associated with depression, Awareness of disorder, Periods of calorie restriction alternate with periods of bingeing and purging, Laxative abuse,Feelings of being out of control, embarrassed, depressed, guilty Dangers: Impairs fluid and electrolyte balance, irritation and infection of the esophagus, Erosion of teeth, rupture of esophagus or stomach. Binge Eating Disorder - an eating disorder similar to bulimia nervosa without the vomiting. Tend to be close to ideal body weight but with large weight fluctuations, low self esteem, awareness of disorder, periods of calorie restriction mixed with periods of binging, feelings of being out of control, depressed, embarrassed, guilty. Eating disorder Causes: Pressure to be thin, Media, Dieting, Perfectionism, Depression, Anxiety, Psychological.
What are eating disorders in athletes?
Athletes may restrict calorie intake To enhance performance, appearance or to meet weight guidelines for sport.
What is biofuel and what kinds of natural resources can be used for biofuel production?
Biofuel: A fuel produced from living organisms and by carbon fixation Algae. Wild grasses
What is biotechnology/genetic engineering and their application in agriculture and food production? What is a transgenic or GM crop? What types of GM crop are growing in the US?
Biotechnology/genetic engineering: Recombinant DNA technology Direct, intentional manipulation of gene in living organisms Isolate desirable gene and insert it into the DNA of another organism Turn off unwanted genes Application: Improve productivity and yield of food (insect, pathogen, herbicide, climate-resistant) Improve nutritional contents of food (Golden rice with B-carotene, pigs with o-3 fatty acids) Make pharmaceutical products (bacteria producing human insulin Enhance taste Transgenic (GM) crop: contains a gene that has been artificially inserted instead of pollination Transgene may be from another plant or bacteria Types of GM crops: Soybeans, cotton, feed corn
What are some issues related to the nutrition environment in our schools?
Competitive foods Unregulated meals Fast foods Private vendors in schools Good food is expensive for schools
What are some concerns about biotechnology? What is FDA's position on GE Food and Biotechnology?
Concerns: Disruption of natural ecosystems Environmental effects (outcrossing) Accidental ingestion of drugs from foods Unintended health effects Ethical arguments FDA's position: Safe as conventional foods Foods from GE animals cannot be marketed without FDA approval No labeling required (labeling only required if nutritional value is changed or new allergen is introduced)
2. What other recommendations are given to lactating women?
Consume plenty of fluids recommend 4+ additional cups per day Decrease use or consumption of- Cigarettes Alcohol Marijuana Coffee Rest DO NOT restrict food intake to lose weight rapidly
Describe some reasons that people choose organic foods.
Contamination of soil, water, and air from conventional farming Health consequences of pesticides (cancer, parkinson's disease, infertility) Downside of genetically modified foods
How can we make our diets more environmentally sustainable?
Eat less processed, more locally grown foods Eat less meat and if eating meat, eat more grass fed meat
What can we do to treat and prevent eating disorders?
Encourage positive eating and physical behaviors Promote positive body imaging Encourage healthy family meals
What is the difference between an entitlement and a non‐entitlement federal program? Which of the programs that we discussed fall under each category?
Entitlement programs: Person qualifies because meets eligibility requirements (mandatory Funds) ex. SNAP, National School Lunch Program Non-Entitlement: Limited by spending caps (Discretionary funds) ex. WIC, emergency food assistance programs
What is food security? What types of factors determine whether someone is food secure or not?
Food Security: Access by all members at ALL times to enough food for an active and healthy life Factors: 1. Ready availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods 2. Acquire food in socially acceptable ways (not stealing)
What is metabolic syndrome?
Group of risk factors that raises for heart disease and other health problems · At least 3 risk factors
Why are parents told to avoid given infants honey during the first year? Eggs? Cow's milk?
Honey- contains spore bacteria called Clostridium botulinum, which can germinate in a baby's immature digestive system Eggs- could get Salmonella, or child may have allergy (symptoms dangerous) Cow's Milk- not easily/ completely digested by baby's digestive system. Cow's milk contains high amounts of protein and minerals.
What is food poverty?
Hunger occurring when enough food exists but some people can not get to it because they lack money, live in a country at war or lack transportation. Poverty is the leading cause of malnutrition
What are deficiency diseases for iodine and vitamin A?
Iodine Disease: Goiter : Swelling on the neck Hypothyroidism: low metabolic rate Hyperthyroidism: high metabolic rate Cretinism: severe mental and physical retardation Vitamin A Deficiency effects: Night blindness Corneal drying Bitot's spots Keratomalacia xerophthalmia Keratomalacia - disorganization of the eye contents, lack of inflammatory reaction. Xerophthalmia- Dissolution of the cornea
What are two types of protein energy malnutrition? How are they different from each other?
Kwashiorkor Failure to grow and develop Body loses protein in the blood Patient loses hair and scaly skin develops Marasmus Poor growth, dramatic weight loss, loss of fat and muscle.
For which nutrients are recommendations higher during lactations that in the non‐lactating state? Why are the needs for these nutrients increased?
Lactation Nutrient needs- Protein Vitamins A, E, C, most Bs (not folate), Minerals Zn, Mg, Se (not iron), and Water (2 quarts per day to keep up milk production) Needed to supplement milk with extra nutrients Takes 650-800 kcal to produce milk; energy comes from diet and fat stores
What benefits are provided by the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program? What can a person purchase with these benefits? What can't they purchase with these benefits?
Largest food assistance program Electronic Benefits Transfer Nutrition Education Component Can purchase: Breads and cereals, fruits and vegetables, meats/poultry and fish, dairy products, seeds and plants which produce food for household to eat Can't purchase: Beer and wine/liquor, cigarettes or tobacco, any nonfood items such as pet foods, soap, paper products, vitamin and medicines, food that will be eaten in store, and hot/prepared foods
What is the relationship between malnutrition and infection?
Malnutrition leads to Impaired immunity due to inadequate levels of protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc and others plus and unsanitary living environment and a lack of immunizations and medical help leads to infection.
Eating Disorder
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Nutrition and Health Promotion
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Sustainability
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Who is served by the WIC program? What benefits are provided? What are some of the beneficial outcomes of WIC participation?
Participants: Pregnant and lactating women, Infants (0-12months), and Children (1-5 yrs) Provides: Supplemental food, nutrition education, and referrals to health care service Beneficial Outcomes: Improved diets and health, fewer and lower birth weight babies, and less Fe-deficiency anemia
What is peak oil and how can we adapt to the peak oil era?
Peak oil is the hypothetical point in time when the global production of oil reaches its maximum rate, after which production will gradually decline and food prices will increase Adaptations: Energy efficiency and renewable energy Food Consumption pattern (ex. Less processed or organic food) Reduce food transportation distance (ex. Locally grown food) Biofuels
What is the difference between primary and secondary causes of malnutrition?
Primary: Lack of access to food (things you can't really control) Can lead to Severe Acute Malnutrition caused by a drought or war where food suddenly becomes unavailable Secondary: Physiological, Health Status, Infections, Lack of knowledge, Education level, Poor food choices (things you can control)
What are the levels of disease prevention?
Primary: Prevention of disease symptoms Secondary: Early detection, diagnosis, intervention and screening Tertiary: Treating and rehabilitating diagnosed patients to delay further disease progression
What are the pros and cons for bovine growth hormone?
Pros: increase of milk/meat production, enhances feeding efficiency · Cons: health concerns that it may lead to cancer, early menstruation, and affect farm animals
What benefits are provided by the School Lunch Program? What are the nutritional requirements for meals provided by the School Lunch Program? Do the meals provided generally meet these guidelines?
Provides free lunches to children in households with incomes at or below 130% of poverty Provides reduced-price lunches to children in households with incomes between 130-185% of poverty Must provide ⅓ of RDA for protein, calcium, iron, Vitamin A and C No more than 30% of the meal's calories can come from fat and no more than 10% can come from saturated fat
What are the requirements of the USDA Certified Organic food designation? Are organic foods 100% free of pesticides? Are organic foods more nutritious than conventional foods?
Requirements: Farmed without pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers No antibiotics or growth hormones Animals raised on organic feed Organic food may not be 100% free of pesticides No significant differences in nutrient composition but: More phytochemicals Healthier More environment friendly
What are the leading causes of childhood death? Are they preventable?
Severe Acute Malnutrition 10% of world suffer from SAM Children burn off lead and fat tissues in order to gain energy Chronic Malnutrition 25% of children in the world suffer from chronic malnutrition. Growth ceases because they lack proper nutrients to grow normally Increased risk of infection, diarrhea and vitamin deficiency diseases Specifically- diarrhea, pneumonia, and other infections and diseases, which are exacerbated by malnutrition and thus preventable by increasing nutrition and food intake. Malnourished children need formulate fluids and foods.SAM requires hospitalization including intensive nursing care, medical nutrition therapy and medication. Oral Rehydration therapy and Ready-to-use Therapeutic foods.
What are oxytocin and prolactin and how they act to regulate milk production and breast feeding?
Suckling stimulus -> triggers Anterior Pituitary (of hypothalmus) release Prolactin -> causes Milk Production Suckling stimulus -> triggers Posterior Pituitary (of hypothalmus) release Oxytocin -> causes Let Down Reflex
What are the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant? To the mother?
To Infant Colostrum- first milk, first few days after birth (thin, yellowish) Immune protection- antibodies produced by mother Factor that stimulates growth of healthy gut bacteria Mature Milk Nutritionally complete (still need daily Vit D supplement) Easily digested (lactalbumin) High bioavailability of nutrients Protective against infections Decreases risk of food allergies - Provides appropriate composition and balance of nutrients - Improves cognitive development - Protect against SIDS and Chronic Diseases To Mother Bonding to child Lose weight gained by pregnancy (burning many calories) Save money (how? Babies r expensive...) -Conserves Iron stores -Protects against breast cancer
Which groups of people are most likely to be hungry? Why?
Women and children. ki,Many societies undervalue women, providing girls with poorer diets. Malnourished girls become malnourished mothers who birth low-birthweight infants.