Nutrition 6

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

What functions of the body are most obviously affected by alcohol?

Those controlled by the brain

What are the structural components of a triglyceride?

Three attached fatty acids Glycerol backbone

Alcohol will enter any tissues in the body that _______ enters.

water

Alcohol

-Suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland -Causes the kidneys to excrete more urine

One in three adult Americans suffer from some form of _______________ disease, which includes heart disease

Cardiovascular

___________________ is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzyme

Cholecystokinin

Reduces LDL cholesterol

Eat rich sources of fiber

Triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL

borderline high risk

Carter wants to lower his blood cholesterol level. Based on this information, he should limit his intake of ________.

butter and beef

If age, weight, and sex are the same, a sporadic drinker and a chronic drinker with blood alcohol levels of 0.10 will _______.

display different physical effects

Phospholipids are only found in fat cells

False

Non modifiable risk factors for CVD include

Family history of CVD Increasing age

___________acids can be saturated or unsaturated

Fatty

Which of the following fats is used for cooking, primarily in India?

Ghee

The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from tissues and the liver is _______________

HDL

Which of the following substances carries cholesterol away from tissues?

HDL

Cholesterol >/=240

High risk

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Ice cream Eggs Chicken

Which of the following statements is true?

In the United States, a BAC of 0.08% is the legal limit for intoxication for adult drivers.

Which of the following characteristics is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Increasing age

Jeanne's total blood cholesterol level is 240 mg/dl. According to this information, ________.

Jeanne needs to reduce her total blood cholesterol level to under 200 mg/dl and increase her HDL level to lower her risk of heart disease

An individual with an acceptable total cholesterol level may still be at risk for atherosclerosis. What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?

LDL Cholesterol HDL Cholesterol

An enzyme called _______________ plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids.

Lipase

HDL Cholesterol ./=60mg/dl

Low risk

A chylomicron is a type of _______

lipoprotein

Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of ________.

liver cancer

Monounsaturated fatty acid

One carbon-carbon double bond

The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called

Pancreatic lipase

Safflower,corn,soybean and cottonseed oils are all rich in _______________________ fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol

Polyunsaturated

Chylomicron remnant

Removed from circulation by the liver and recycled to make other lipoproteins and bile acids.

Alcohol

Stimulates triglyceride synthesis which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue

The body uses cholesterol to make ________.

steroid hormones

The primary function of an adipose cell is ________.

storing fat

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Which of the following statements is true?

Fat contributes to the flavor of foods.

Abstainer

Less than 12 drinks/year

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Lipids

Which of the following nutrients contribute to a feeling a satiety?

Lipids

Margerine is

Made from vegetable oil

Which of the following characteristics or conditions is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Male sex

Heavy

3 or more drinks/day

Moderate

4 to 14 drinks/week

You just ate a food item containing 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides __ kilocalories from fat.

45

How many Kilocalories are in one gram of fat

9

Embolus

A blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

Thrombus

A fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow

Which of the following statements is true?

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has two or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

Which of the following structures stores triglycerides in the form of fat droplets?

Adipose cell

Most cases of heart disease and stroke result from

Atherosclerosis

What helps enhance the digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing

Bile salts

What is an economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, hidden in many commonly eaten foods, and does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease?

Egg

_______ acid is an omega-3 fatty acid.

Eicosapentaenoic

Protein

The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Soybean oil

_____________ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels

Statins

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

To provide energy To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include

Tobacco Use Hypertension Type 2 Diabetes Excess body fat

Short and medium -chain fatty acids

Travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

A ____________________ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

Triglyceride

A sterol is more chemically complex than a triglyceride or a phospholipid

True

Dietary fats often consist of fatty acids

True

_______ acid is an omega-6 fatty acid.

Linoleic

According to the Dietary Guidelines to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease, saturated fats should contribute.

No more than 10% of total kilocalories

A __________________ is a fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupts blood flow.

Thrombus

Paulina would like to increase her intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Which of the following foods is the best source of EPA and DHA?

Tuna

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fatty acids?

Tuna fish

Which of the following characteristics increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Type 2 diabetes

LDL Cholesterol <100 mg/dL

Very low risk

A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a (an) ________ fatty acid.

saturated

What blood alcohol level is the legal standard for drunkenness in the United States?

0.08

Light

1 to 13 drinks/months

_______________ cells, which remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells.

Adipose

A scientist has discovered a new molecular compound that is a long chain of 26 carbons bonded together, with a methyl group on one end and an acid group on the other end of the molecule. The compound does not contain any nitrogen or sulfur atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a(an) ________.

fatty acid

Albert is a healthy, 23-year-old college student. He would like to know more about his risk of cardiovascular disease, so he can take preventive measures, if they are necessary. Albert should ________.

have a lipoprotein profile performed on a sample of his blood

Ghee is made from _______.

heated butter

In the body, certain lipids ________.

help maintain cell membranes

Having high blood levels of ________ may increase a person's risk of CVD.

homocysteine

scientist has isolated a chemical compound that is partially soluble in water. The chemical helps keep water-soluble substances mixed with fats. When analyzing the composition of the chemical, the scientist determined that in addition to carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the compound contains nitrogen and phosphorus atoms. Based on this information, the compound is a (an) ________.

phospholipid

April wants to add ________ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

walnuts

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is__________________

Cholesterol

Lipids or fats include

Cholesterol

Which of the following substances are types of lipids?

Cholesterol Triglycerides

Saturated fatty acid

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

When he prepares food, Edgar wants to use ingredients that are not high in trans fat. Based on this information, which of the following fats should he include in his recipes?

Corn oil

Which statement is true about essential fatty acids?

Only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are considered essential.

The digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule is called

Pancreatic Lipase

A _______________________ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms

Saturated

_______________ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

Saturated

Structurally, a trans fat resembles a _________________

Saturated fatty acid

Following a victory, Regina's soccer coach takes the team out for a celebratory meal. A teammate orders French fries, noting that they must be healthy because the restaurant menu says they are fried in "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil. Which statement about "cholesterol-free" vegetable oil is correct?

All vegetable oil is cholesterol-free because cholesterol is only found in animal foods.

_____________________ which is often called "hardening of the arteries" is a condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries.

Arteriosclerosis

Carbohydrates

The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids

Which of the following statements is true?

The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.

What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD

-Eat whole-grain foods -Reduce alcohol intake -Quit smoking

Rank the following to describe the fate of triglycerides stored in adipose tissue if your body needs energy

-Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules -Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream -Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood -Cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy

Using the diagram from figure 6.15 outline the progression from a normal artery to an atherosclerotic one by ranking the steps 1 through 4

-Artery has smooth lining -Cells within the wall deposit cholesterol and other substances to repair damage and inflammation -Plaque roughens the surface of the artery and slows flow, making clots more likely to form -Clots and plaque block the artery completely

Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine

-Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine -Bile salt travels through the blood to the liver -The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile

Adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between _____ to ______ % of their total calories

20 to 30%

Chase is a 22-year-old college student. According to recommendations of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), fat should comprise ________% of his total energy intake each day.

20 to 35

Place the steps of triglyceride digestion and absorption in the correct order.

-Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal. -Bile salts emulsify fats into smaller particles. -Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides. -Bile salts surround the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form a micelle. -Micelles help transport monoglycerides and fatty acids into the absorptive cells of the small intestine. -The monoglycerides and fatty acids are reformed into triglycerides.

Amanda consumes approximately 2500 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

250

Reggie consumes approximately 3000 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (2015-2020 version), he should limit his saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

300

Marcus has decided to reduce his fat intake to gradually lose some excess body fat. If he follows an 1,800 kcal/day diet and maintains his percentage of fat intake within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range, how many grams of fat per day should he consume?

40-70 grams of fat per day

Which foods are rich in monounsaturated fats?

Peanuts olives

About a year ago, Monica decided to save money by feeding her 2-month-old baby a homemade formula prepared with fat-free milk, corn syrup, and a vitamin/mineral supplement. Within a few months, her baby lost its hair and developed scaly skin. According to the baby's physician, the child was not growing properly. Based on this information, Monica's baby probably has _______.

an essential fatty acid deficiency

Bill would like to follow recommendations that would reduce his risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Based on this information, Bill should ________.

become more physically active

Combining __________________ with pain-relievers like acetaminophen can cause severe liver damage

Alcohol

Free fatty acids

Absorbed by cells within the vicinity and reform into triglyceride for storage or use

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the smsll intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system.

-Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells. -Triglycerides are reassembled -Triglycerides are packed into chylomicrons -Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack

-Damage occurs in blood vessel lining -Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage -As plaque accumulates,arteries harden,narrow, and lose elasticity -Pressure in artery is increased -Clot or spasm in a plaque -clogged artery leads to a heart attack

List in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine

-Fatty chyme stimulates the release of cholecystokinin -Cholescystokinin signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum -Pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

Choose the statements that describe how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids.

-Increasing the surface area of the lipid -Forming a micelle -Keep lipids dispersed in small particles

When consuming a meal with alcohol, the alcohol can

-Interfere with the storage of nutrients -Increase the excretion of magnesium -Interfere with the absorption of nutrients

Which statements are true about how an emulsifier works?

-Isolates individual fat droplets -Prevents fat from coalescing by using a shell of water molecules

Choose the body parts that are most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis

-Kidney -Eyes -Legs

Sarah consumes approximately 2000 kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2015-2020 edition of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than ________ kcal/day.

200

Regina is a 22-year-old college student who plays on her school's soccer team. Her coach invited a registered dietitian to talk to the team about sports nutrition. The RD recommended minimizing intake of trans fatty acids from processed and packaged foods, but she explained that some trans fats occur naturally. What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?

Beef, whole milk, and butter

The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.

Bile

Which of the following foods is a naturally rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Corn oil

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include

Coronary artery disease Stroke

The body uses cholesterol to make vitamin ________.

D

____________________ is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

Hydrogenation

Trans fatty acid

Hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond.

Cis fatty acid

Hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon - carbon double bond

__________________ is a chronic condition that is

Hypertension

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein lipase

Even though it is a small amount, lipid digestion begins in the ______________

Stomach

_______________ fat is a layer of fat under the skin that stores energy, insulates the body against cold temperatures, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to the body's contours.

Subcutaneous

Long-chain fatty acids

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

Adipose cells ________.

store triglycerides