NUTRITION

What sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine? Pyloric Esophageal Anal Ileocecal

Ileocecal

Dietary proteins that are low in or lack one or more essential amino acids:

Incomplete protein

Method of measuring a body's energy use by measuring its oxygen uptake and then using formulas to convert that gas exchange into energy use

Indirect calorimetry

Which of the following hormones corrects a hyperglycemic state? Insulin Epinephrine Cortisol Glucagon

Insulin

Which of the following is true of high-quality protein? It contains all of the essential amino acids. It provides 7 kcal/g of energy. It cannot support body maintenance. It is found only in foods of plant origin.

It contains all of the essential amino acids.

Group of tissues designed to perform a specific function:

Organ

A state in which nutritional intake greatly exceeds the body's needs

Overnutrition

Which statement best describes the healthful diet principle of moderation? Choose a number of different foods within any given food group rather than the "same old thing." Consume a variety of foods from MyPlate's five major food groups every day. Pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's diet so that you don't overconsume nutrient sources. Consume foods that have the most nutrition for their kilocalories.

Pay attention to portion size and plan your entire day's diet so that you don't overconsume nutrient sources.

Which of the following is not true about pepsin? Amino acid chains are the digestive products of its action. Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment. Acid activates pepsin. Pepsin acts on food in the stomach.

Pepsin works best in an alkaline environment.

Substances found in plants that contribute to a reduced risk of cancer or heart disease in people who consume them regularly:

Phytochemicals

A food's kilocalorie content compared to the weight of the food:

Proportionality

A physical state in which protein intake is equal to related protein losses:

Protein equilibrium

You are on a diet and eating less than 50 grams of carbohydrate per day. The claim made in the diet educational materials is that carbohydrate is the main culprit in being overweight, so it must be restricted. Which of the following will happen as a result of this low carbohydrate diet? Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs. Fat will be broken down and used as the exclusive fuel, leading to considerable fat loss and little health risk. Ketones will be produced from partial protein metabolism to be used for energy. Fat will be broken down and converted to glucose that will be used as the primary energy source.

Proteins in muscles, heart, and other vital organs will be broken down into amino acids to make needed glucose, over time weakening the muscles and organs.

Low blood glucose that follows a meal high in simple sugars:

Reactive hypoglycemia

Which meal contains foods from all food groups represented in MyPlate? Chef's salad containing ham, lettuce, an egg, Thousand Island dressing, and croutons; bagel; apple; and soft drink Steak, baked potato with margarine, broccoli, salad with oil and vinegar dressing, milk Refried beans, onions, tomatoes, and cheddar cheese wrapped in a tortilla; orange; and water Pasta, marinara (tomato) sauce with clams, house salad with vegetables, Italian bread with butter, and wine

Refried beans, onions, tomatoes, and cheddar cheese wrapped in a tortilla; orange; and water

An aspect of our lives that may make us more likely to develop a disease:

Risk Factor

State in which there is no longer a desire to eat; a feeling of satisfaction

Satiety

Tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating

Self-monitoring

Altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating, such as removing foods from sight

Stimulus control

Which of the following describes type 2 diabetes mellitus? Most often diagnosed during childhood Associated with a tendency to develop ketosis Sometimes caused by viral infection Strongly associated with obesity

Strongly associated with obesity

Which of the following is a major contributor of empty calories in American diets? Sugar-sweetened beverages Diet soft drinks Canned fruits Whole grain breakfast cereals

Sugar-sweetened beverages

Measurements of height, weight, body circumferences, and body fat are called sonography. electrocardiography. radiography. anthropometry.

anthropometry.

Changing one's frame of mind related to weight control and nutrition is called stimulus control. self-monitoring. chain-breaking. cognitive restructuring.

cognitive restructuring.

Sometimes phospholipids are used in commercial salad dressings to suspend vegetable oil in water. In this case, phospholipids are serving as fat replacers. emulsifiers. thickeners. homogenizers.

emulsifiers.

The _____ system is made up of several glands that act in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, and many other functions. endocrine urinary cardiovascular lymphatic

endocrine

During rest and light activities, ______ are the main fuel for muscles. fatty acids amino acids phospholipids monosaccharides

fatty acids

In order to ensure adequate intake of nutrients, choose vegetables from local farms. that are organic. that have no preservatives. from all five vegetable subgroups.

from all five vegetable subgroups.

Hydrogenation changes a fat :

from liquid to solid.

A recurrent and serious form of heartburn is called pernicious anemia. atrophic gastritis. gastroesophageal reflux disease. eosinophilic esophagitis.

gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Two tablespoons (tbsp) of salad dressing, peanut butter, or margarine is about the size of a yoyo. baseball. tennis ball. golf ball.

golf ball.

Of the macronutrients, fats are the most significant dietary factor(s) associated with diabetes. stomach ulcers. heart disease. lung cancer.

heart disease.

A ______ is usually a more accurate tool for estimating the number of calories you burn during a workout than internal calorie estimators on cardio machines. bathroom scale body fat monitor step counter heart rate monitor

heart rate monitor

Physical activity contributes about 70% of total energy expenditure. is only counted as a significant contributor if it is a formal, regular exercise program. includes daily activities as seemingly insignificant as fidgeting. contributes very little to overall energy expenditure.

includes daily activities as seemingly insignificant as fidgeting.

Diets high in trans fatty acids tend to ______ levels of LDL in the blood. decrease increase

increase

When eating a high-fiber diet, one should ______ fluid intake. decrease increase not change

increase

As one finds his or her weight loss slowing down during a weight control program, the best practice is to restrict more food choices. reduce food intake to less than 1,000 kilocalories per day. stop the weight control program and take a break. increase the type or intensity of physical activity.

increase the type or intensity of physical activity.

The method for determining energy expenditure in which the amount of oxygen a person uses is measured is called direct calorimetry. indirect calorimetry. thermocalorimetry. bomb calorimetry.

indirect calorimetry.

The hormone _______ is released from the pancreas when blood glucose is elevated above a normal range. glucagon insulin thyroxin glycogen

insulin

When too little dietary carbohydrate is available to meet energy needs, ______ arise as byproducts of partial fat metabolism. fatty acids monosaccharides ketones polysaccharides

ketones

The scientific name for milk sugar is maltose. glucose. mannose. lactose.

lactose.

When chyme is in the small intestine, the pancreas secretes ______ to digest triglycerides. chylomicrons lipase bicarbonate insulin

lipase

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) emulsifier. lipoprotein. glycerol. cholesterol.

lipoprotein.

Many legumes are deficient in the essential amino-acid ______, while grains are limited in lysine. methionine alanine lysine arginine

methionine

Those with lactose intolerance usually can consume all the following except small servings of milk products. hard cheeses. yogurt containing active cultures. milk shakes made with skim milk.

milk shakes made with skim milk.

Martha is maintaining her current weight by eating 2,500 kilocalories per day. To lose 1 pound of fat per week, she would have to decrease her intake to how many kilocalories per day? 2,200 to 2,300 1,900 to 2,000 1,500 to 1,600 1,000 to 1,200

1,900 to 2,000

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of kilocalories should come from protein. 20% to 35% 45% to 65% 10% to 35%

10% to 35%

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of kilocalories should come from fat. 20% to 35% 45% to 65% 10% to 35%

20% to 35%

For a woman who is 1.63 meters tall and weighs 72 kilograms, the body mass index would equal 18. 23. 27. 32.

27.

An adult who follows a 2000-kcal Healthy U.S.-Style Eating Pattern should consume ______ cups of milk or milk equivalents per day. 1 2 3 4

3

Bob is a 34-year-old male who weighs 150 pounds and is a long distance cycler. He is engaged in vigorous activity. Based on the MyPlate Calorie Guidelines, Bob needs approximately _______ kilocalories per day. 2000 2600 3000 3200

3000

A meal consisting of a cheeseburger, large fries, and a chocolate shake provides a total of 1,120 kilocalories. Forty-eight percent of the energy in the meal is from carbohydrate and 13 percent is from protein. How many kilocalories of fat does the meal contain? 137 313 287 437

437

According to the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences, ______ of kilocalories should come from carbohydrates. 20% to 35% 45% to 65% 10% to 35%

45% to 65%

Which of the following does not increase basal metabolism? An increase in body temperature A low calorie intake An increase in lean body mass Caffeine use

A low calorie intake

Forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which overeating is likely, such as when snacks are within arm's reach at a party

Contingency management

Which of the following nutrient standards is referenced on the Nutrition Facts panel of a box of Cheerios™? Recommended Dietary Allowance Daily Value Adequate Intake Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake

Daily Value

Which of the following hormones is released to correct a hypoglycemic state? Insulin Testosterone Estrogen Glucagon

Glucagon

Lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and transfers it to other lipoproteins, as well as directly to the liver:

HDL

Which of the following is the leading nutrition-related cause of death in the United States? Heart disease Cancer Diabetes Pneumonia

Heart disease

Which large blood vessel is the first to receive most recently eaten nutrients, transporting them to the liver? Hepatic portal vein Mesenteric vein Subclavian vein Renal vein

Hepatic portal vein

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion? Chylomicron Low-density lipoprotein Very-low-density lipoprotein High-density lipoprotein

High-density lipoprotein

Compound secreted into the bloodstream that acts to control the function of distant cells:

Hormone

Physiological (internal) drive to find and eat food, mostly regulated by innate cues to eating:

Hunger

A condition in which blood pressure remains persistently elevated:

Hypertension

The principles of _______ include being aware of the entire eating experience from food preparation to consumption, including recognizing and respecting the physical hunger and satiety cues, and being wise in eating decisions. awareness eating mindless eating mindful eating stimulus control

mindful eating

Chemical elements used in the body to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures:

minerals

Olive and canola oils contain a high percentage of _____ fatty acids. omega-3 saturated monounsaturated polyunsaturated

monounsaturated

When insulin is released, it causes the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose into the blood. muscle and fat cells to take up glucose from the blood. fat breakdown and release from fat tissue. the liver to make glycogen from protein.

muscle and fat cells to take up glucose from the blood.

Peristalsis refers to chewing and swallowing. the opening and closing of sphincters. the action of bile on dietary fat. muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.

muscular movement of materials through the GI tract.

The study of the ways nutrients and food influence gene expression is called epidemiology. molecular biology. nutrigenomics. nutrigenetics.

nutrigenomics.

The processes by which certain white blood cells identify and destroy pathogens are part of the ______ immune response. specific (adaptive) nonspecific (innate)

specific (adaptive)

The food components that yield the highest percentage of calories from carbohydrates are corn flakes, rice, bread, and noodles. peas, broccoli, oatmeal, dry beans and other legumes. cream pies, French fries, and fat-free milk. table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fruit, and plain baked potatoes.

table sugar, honey, jam, jelly, fruit, and plain baked potatoes.

Which of the following is not correct about android obesity? It refers to upper body obesity. High testosterone levels encourage it. A low waist-to-hip ratio is indicative of it. It is related to heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus.

A low waist-to-hip ratio is indicative of it.

Which pH best describes the environment of the stomach when stimulated? Neutral Acidic Basic

Acidic

Psychological (external) influences that encourage us to find and eat food:

Appetite

A substance released into the small intestine to aid fat absorption:

Bile

Measurement of the amount of heat produced by a subject enclosed within a small chamber

Direct calorimetry

A buildup of fluids in extracellular spaces:

Edema

Type of tissue composed of highly branched, elongated cells that transport nerve impulses from one part of the body to another:

Nervous tissue

The main function of glucose is to supply _______ for the body. energy vitamins structure hormones

energy

The term "simple carbohydrates" refers to starch. monosaccharides and disaccharides. fiber. polysaccharides.

monosaccharides and disaccharides.

When the cells of the ______ are stimulated, the desire to eat subsides. satiety center of the brain feeding center of the brain pancreas tastebuds of the tongue

satiety center of the brain

The Dietary Guidelines recommend limiting intake of ______ to less than 10% of calories. trans fatty acids total fat essential fatty acids saturated fatty acids

saturated fatty acids

Type of tissue adapted to contract, to cause movement:

Muscle tissue

The best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is ______ g/kg/day. 0.5 0.8 1.6 2.0

0.8

Type of tissue that holds different structures in the body together:

Connective tissue

Hereditary material that provides the blueprints for the production of cell proteins:

Genes

High blood sugar that is first diagnosed during pregnancy:

Gestational diabetes

Currently, the best estimate for the amount of protein required for nearly all adults is ______ grams per kilogram of body weight per day. 2 0.6 0.8 1.5

0.8

Which of the following is a description of chyme? A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines The semisolid mass of undigested food that is swallowed The mixture of pancreatic juices containing enzymes for digestion A thick, viscous material synthesized by mucosal cells for protection against digestive juices

A watery mixture of partially digested food released by the stomach into the intestines

______ increases energy expenditure above basal energy needs by about 25% to 40%. Adaptive thermogenesis Thermic effect of food Metabolism Physical activity

Adaptive thermogenesis

The building block for proteins containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen:

Amino Acid

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose? Urea Fatty acids Amino acids Ketones

Amino acids

______ obesity is a pattern of body fat distribution that is associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. Android Gynoid Morbid Cardiometabolic

Android

Which of the following therapies is appropriate for treatment of occasional heartburn? Aspirin Antacids Orange juice Milk and cream

Antacids

Minimal energy the body requires to support itself when resting, awake, and in fasted state

Basal metabolism

What substance helps suspend fat in a watery digestive mixture, making fat more available to digestive enzymes? Bicarbonate Mucus Bile Pancreatic juices

Bile

Which of the following is an essential nutrient? Multiple Choice Alcohol Carbohydrates Phytochemicals Zoochemicals

Carbohydrates

Which of the following describes type 1 diabetes mellitus? Arises most commonly in adulthood Caused by insensitivity of fat and muscle cells to insulin Often associated with obesity Caused by lack of insulin production

Caused by lack of insulin production

Breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking while watching television

Chain-breaking

Lipoprotein made in the intestine after fat absorption:

Chylomicron

A mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food:

Chyme

Which of the following is a rich source of saturated fatty acids? Corn oil Soybean oil Coconut oil Safflower oil

Coconut oil

Changing one's frame of mind regarding eating, such as instead of overeating after a difficult day, try substituting other pleasures for rewards, such as a walk with a friend

Cognitive restructuring

Two food protein sources that make up for each other's inadequate supply of specific essential amino acids:

Complementary proteins

Dietary proteins that contain ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids:

Complete protein

Which of the following is true about use of diet pills for weight reduction? Diet pills do not lead to long-term changes in weight and tend to have side effects. Amphetamines are not addictive. Oral cholecystokinin is absorbed and suppresses hunger. Diuretics lead to significant fat loss.

Diet pills do not lead to long-term changes in weight and tend to have side effects.

Jeff, a world-class triathlete, visits a dietitian to obtain sports nutrition advice. During his visit, Jeff is asked to recall what he ate for the past 24 hours. Which part of a nutritional assessment is this? Biochemical evaluation Dietary assessment Clinical examination Menu planning

Dietary assessment

Which of the following does not describe kwashiorkor and marasmus? Forms of protein-energy malnutrition Common in developing nations Created by political, economic, geographic, social, and dietary factors Diseases that are troublesome but not life threatening

Diseases that are troublesome but not life threatening

Which of the following is true about the way we should eat to achieve good nutritional status? Eat fruits and vegetables because we can get all the nutrients we need from these. Do the best we can but take supplements to fill in the deficient areas. Eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs Eat only plant products because animal products are bad and generally filled with hormones for animal growth.

Eat a wide variety of foods because no single natural food meets all human nutrient needs

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this? Eating enriched grains such as Rice Krispies and Saltines Buying bran and fiber supplements to add to his current diet Reading the labels of grain products and buying those labeled "wheat flour" Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

Eating more fruits and vegetables and not removing the edible peels

Fatty fish, such as salmon, are rich sources of which omega-3 fatty acid? Arachidonic acid (AA) Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

Which of the following is not a wise application of MyPlate? Using low-fat and nonfat choices for milk and cheese Including several servings of plant sources of protein per week Using whole grain breads and cereals Eliminating foods from the Fruits group to lose weight

Eliminating foods from the Fruits group to lose weight

A food's kilocalorie content compared to the weight of the food:

Energy Density

A compound that speeds the rate of chemical processes but is not altered by the process:

Enzyme

Compound that speeds the rate of a chemical process but is not altered by the process:

Enzyme

Which of the following hormones is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use? Insulin Epinephrine Glycogen Progesterone

Epinephrine

Surface cells that line the outside of the body and all external passages within it:

Epithelial tissue

A muscular valve that controls the flow of food matter into the stomach:

Esophageal sphincter

Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and therefore must be included in the diet:

Essential amino acids

True or False All of the essential nutrients function as regulators of body processes.

False

Low blood glucose that follows a day or so of fasting:

Fasting hypoglycemia

Which of the following is true about protein? It is unique in that it is the only dietary component that contains selenium. It is important primarily for increasing bone density. It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids. It is made up of combinations of amino acids and fatty acids.

It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

Which of the following is not characteristic of a fad diet? It promotes quick solutions and rapid weight loss. It uses scientific evidence, presenting the pros and cons. It limits food selections. It often recommends supplements and expensive meals.

It uses scientific evidence, presenting the pros and cons.

Heat needed to raise 1 liter of water 1 degree Celsius:

Kilocalorie

A disease that results from consuming marginal energy and considerably insufficient protein despite high needs:

Kwashiorkor

Product of the VLDL metabolism that contains primarily cholesterol:

LDL

Which of the following is a food source of cholesterol? Safflower oil Stick margarine Shortening Lard

Lard

A component of body composition, calculated by subtracting body fat weight from total body weight

Lean body mass

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food relative to body needs:

Limiting amino acid

Which of the following organs serves as a storage depot for many vitamins and minerals? Kidney Brain Stomach Liver

Liver

Also called gynoid obesity; estrogen and progesterone encourage body fat storage in the buttocks and thighs

Lower-body obesity

Failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that do not coincide with nutritional needs

Malnutrition

Which of the following is not true of carbohydrate absorption? Monosaccharides can enter the villi. End products of carbohydrate digestion are transported through the portal vein to the liver. Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver. Disaccharides are digested to monosaccharides by enzymes that are attached to intestinal cells.

Maltose is transported through the portal vein to the liver.

A disease that results from consuming an insufficient amount of protein and energy

Marasmus

Planning food choices so that nutrient sources are not overconsumed:

Moderation

Where does digestion begin? Mouth Stomach Esophagus Small intestine

Mouth

Amino acids that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts:

Nonessential amino acids

Chemical substances in food that contribute to health:

Nutrients

A food's nutrient content in relation to its energy contribution:

Nutrition Density

Nutritional health as determined by ABCDE assessments:

Nutritional State

A condition characterized by a body mass index of 30 or more

Obesity

A condition characterized by excess body fat:

Obesity

Which of the following is not true of dietary fibers? They are mostly polysaccharides. The bonds between sugar units cannot be broken by human digestive enzymes. They cannot be absorbed by the small intestine. They are absorbed in the large intestine.

They are absorbed in the large intestine.

Sterols are similar to triglycerides in which of the following ways? They contain fatty acids. They contain glycerol. They usually contain three fatty acids. They do not dissolve in water.

They do not dissolve in water.

Which of the following is true about the use of medications that lower blood cholesterol levels? They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes. They should be used by anyone with a high blood cholesterol level. They have few side effects. When one takes these, dietary changes are not necessary.

They often are helpful for persons who have had a heart attack or have cardiovascular disease or diabetes.

Metabolism that characteristically conserves more energy than normal, and eventually increases the risk of weight gain and obesity

Thrifty metabolism

Collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function:

Tissue

Which of the following is a function of water? Provides energy Transports nutrients and wastes Structural component of bone Prevention of oxidative damage to cell membranes

Transports nutrients and wastes

True or False The health status of "baby boomers" appears lower than that of the previous generation.

True

Chronically high blood sugar that is due to lack of insulin production:

Type 1 diabetes

Chronically high blood sugar that is due to insulin resistance:

Type 2 diabetes

Failing health that results from long-standing dietary practices that are inadequate to meet nutritional needs:

Undernutrition

A condition characterized by a body mass index below 18.5

Underweight

Also called android obesity; associated with a higher risk of heart disease, hypertension, and diabetes

Upper-body obesity

Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and lipids newly synthesized by the liver:

VLDL

Choosing foods from all the food groups and subgroups:

Variety

Also known as protein-sparing modified fast; calories generally are consumed in liquid form

Very-low-calorie diet

Fingerlike projections in the small intestine that participate in digestion and absorption of nutrients:

Villi

Organic compounds needed in very small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions in the body

Vitamins

Peg's parents are both obese. She has dieted at least six times, each time losing a considerable amount of weight and subsequently regaining it. Peg does not exercise. Which of the following is true about Peg's situation? Her frequent yo-yo dieting have likely led to greater amounts of lean body mass. Her problem is genetic and there is no reason for her to attempt to lose weight. When she ends a diet, she likely regains additional body fat. Her problem results from poor habits, but genetics will prevent her from ever losing weight.

When she ends a diet, she likely regains additional body fat.

Insulin is one example of a protein that acts as an antioxidant. an enzyme. a hormone. an antibody.

a hormone.

A food label states that a serving of a particular product provides 20 percent of the Daily Value for fat. This means that when you eat a serving of this product, you will be getting one-fifth of the RDA for fat. a serving of this product provides about 13 grams of fat. this product is not a good choice to achieve your nutritional needs. fat makes up 20% of the weight of the food product.

a serving of this product provides about 13 grams of fat.

Short chain proteins and ______ are the end products of protein digestion that can be taken up by the absorptive cells of the small intestine. amino acids nitrogen polypeptides amino groups

amino acids

Amylase is an indigestible fiber. a branched chain of glucose units. an enzyme that digests starch. a straight chain of glucose units.

an enzyme that digests starch.

According to MyPlate, food choices from the Grains group should include an equal amount of whole grain and refined grain products. at least half of the grain servings as whole grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta every day. only whole grain products. a serving of grain products at each meal.

at least half of the grain servings as whole grain cereals, breads, crackers, rice, or pasta every day.

The glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose. liver glycogen. insulin released from the pancreas. glycogen stored in muscle.

blood glucose.

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because sodium is retained in the body. blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues. blood protein levels increase and force fluid into the tissues. increased protein synthesis occurs in tissues causing fluid to flow into them from the blood.

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts to the tissues.

The essential nutrients must be consumed at every meal. are required for infants but not adults. can be made in the body when they are needed.

can be made in the body when they are needed.

An essential amino acid can be synthesized in the body if there is a nitrogen source. can be synthesized in the body if caloric intake is adequate. cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs. can be formed in the body from semiessential amino acids.

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

Fiber belongs to the class of nutrients known as carbohydrates protein. lipids. minerals.

carbohydrates

In the case of sickle cell anemia, the slight alterations in the DNA of red blood cells lead to defects in the membranes of these cells. changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin. poor use of glucose for energy. inability of the cells to make protein.

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.

The constant turnover of body tissues requires the ______ supplied by carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. vitamins structural components hormones chemical energy

chemical energy

Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries because oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars. sugar leaches calcium and phosphorus out of teeth. salivary amylase dissolves tooth enamel during carbohydrate digestion. sugars make the saliva more alkaline, causing damage to tooth enamel.

oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.

Kate consumes 1,900 kilocalories each day. She requires 1,750 kilocalories to meet daily energy needs. Over time, Kate's kilocalorie consumption could lead to undernutrition. balanced nutrition. overnutrition.

overnutrition.

All of the following must be supplied by the diet to support the chemical processes of human physiology except lipids. carbohydrates. phytochemicals. vitamins and minerals.

phytochemicals.

Donovan has been consuming large quantities of food and in violation of safe rules of athletic training is injecting testosterone. He has been seeing large temporary gains in muscle mass. He is in a state of negative protein balance. positive protein balance. energy equilibrium. excess protein balance.

positive protein balance.

According to MyPlate, eggs belong in the ______ group. protein chicken grains dairy

protein

Most chemical digestion takes place in the stomach. small intestine. pancreas. large intestine.

small intestine.

Jackie is an alcoholic. Her liver has been damaged to such a degree that it cannot produce the appropriate blood proteins for fluid balance. She develops a condition called edema, which is extreme thirst. the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces. loss of muscle mass. cardiovascular disease.

the build up of fluids in extracellular spaces.

Nutrition is: the study of diet and disease patterns among various populations. the science that links food to health and disease. the use of dietary supplements to cure diseases. the practice of eating only healthy foods.

the science that links food to health and disease

Looking at the ingredients list on a jar of spaghetti sauce, you see that olive oil is the second ingredient. This means that olive oil is the second ingredient by alphabetical listing. just one of the ingredients present in the sauce. the second most abundant ingredient by weight. the second most abundant ingredient by volume.

the second most abundant ingredient by weight.

The energy expended to digest, absorb, and further process nutrients in food is called the ______ of food. This equals approximately 5% to 10% of energy intake. transformation thermic effect metabolism breakdown

thermic effect

High protein diets may be harmful for those with kidney disease. athletes. the elderly. body builders.

those with kidney disease.

The RDAs for nutrients are set to cover the needs of 97% - 98% of the population based on the dietary intakes of people who appear to be maintaining nutritional health. by the FDA for food labeling purposes. based on a person's height and weight.

to cover the needs of 97% - 98% of the population

A person that does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products is called a(n) fruitarian. omnivore. lactoovovegetarian. vegan.

vegan.

Basal metabolism is the energy expended when sleeping. when doing moderate activity. when resting, but awake, and in a fasting state. to make food available to the body.

when resting, but awake, and in a fasting state.