Nutrition & Wellness Chapter 2

An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a .com site. .edu site. .gov site.

.com site

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because there are physiological differences between humans and other animals. components removed from a living thing may not function the same way they do when they are in the entire life form.

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

Cohort studies can be retrospective or______

prospective

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure. NHANES Center for Disease Control FDA

NHANES

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method? A complicated design difficult to comprehend A procedure designed to decrease error Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion Conventional wisdom Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome

A procedure designed to decrease error Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome

Which of the following is true about a case-control study? Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals who have similar characteristics who also has the health condition. Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ___________research findings (use abbreviation to answer this question).

NHANES

What is the term used to describe a study that looks forward in time? Multiple choice question. Longitudinal Retrospective Epidemiological Prospective

Prospective

Select all that apply Major nutrition organizations put together a list of red flags that signal poor nutrition advice. These include which of the following? Recommendations that promise a quick fix Claims that sound too good to be true Recommendations based on studies published with peer review Recommendations based on a single study

Recommendations that promise a quick fix Claims that sound too good to be true Recommendations based on a single study

Which statement is true about testimonials? They accurately represent a product's effectiveness. They are often biased in favor of a product. They are reviewed by experts and convey truthful information.

They are often biased in favor of a product.

A(n) _______ is a report of personal experiences. hypothesis peer review anecdote variable

anecdote

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an ________ , or a report of a personal experience

anecdote

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests. objectivity non-bias bias

bias

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information. biased unbiased

biased

Epidemiological studies _____ establish cause and effect. Multiple choice question. can cannot

cannot

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time. experimental bias cohort case-controlled

cohort

A ______ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

A ______ is a relationship between two variables. causation distinction correlation trend

correlation

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in_______with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals. multiple select critical review by other subject-matter experts the lay-public ensures objective research findings are announced subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published

critical review by other subject-matter experts subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient _______ diseases.

deficiency

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting _____ research. Multiple choice question. experimental qualitative epidemiology

epidemiology

A(n) ______ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis.

experiment

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices. en vivo independent experimental

experimental

The second step in the scientific method is developing a

hypothesis

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease. prescribing niacin to lower blood lipids high-fat diet contributing to heart disease high blood pressure resulting from sodium sensitivity lack of niacin leading to pellagra

lack of niacin leading to pellagra

What is the first step in the scientific method? designing a research procedure observation of a natural phenomenon collection of information reviewing literature from previous studies

observation of a natural phenomenon

If an experiment fails to control for variables that are not being tested by using a control group, the findings of the experiment will be ______. Multiple select question. questionable inaccurate publishable

questionable inaccurate

A member of a treatment group multiple choice is given a placebo treatment by researchers. receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated.

receives a medication or exercise that is being evaluated.

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called ______ method

scientific

What type of study has very few confounding variables? test tube studies observational study random controlled study scientific method

test tube studies

The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n)_________ .These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.

testimonial

Which terms best describes marketing a product with a personal endorsement? anecdote testimonial disclaimer

testimonial

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize a testimonial group. a placebo group a treatment group. a control group.

a treatment group. a control group.

in vivo

describes experiments that use living animals

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to hygiene. diet. carcinogens. bacteria.

diet

Select all that apply Which of the following will assist consumers in identifying sources of credible nutrition information? consulting magazines with colorful artwork and pictures looking for references to research articles reading peer-reviewed journals costs significantly more than non credible nutrition information

looking for references to research articles reading peer-reviewed journals

An infomercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement? Multiple choice question. Yes No

no

A retrospective study examines the ____ whereas a prospective study examines the _____. future, past present, future past, present past, future

past, future

Select all that apply Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______. taking non nutrient dietary supplements poor diets not receiving proper medication lack of proper nutrition

poor diets lack of proper nutrition

True or false: A cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study. True False

true

A _______ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

Select all that apply Who are the subjects in a case-control study? Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation Healthy people assigned to a specific treatment Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation Healthy people assigned to receive a placebo

Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation

Why do nutrition recommendations change? Scientists cannot make up their minds. Scientists are influenced by manufacturers who wish to sell their products. Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings. Scientists form biased opinions.

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment? Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists seek to publish the results in daily newspapers. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. Scientists summarize the findings. Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published? A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study An expert on soy isoflavones who works for the company that sponsored the research study An editor of ScienceDaily.com who regularly reviews scientific journal articles to report the findings to the public A researcher from the University of Texas who specializes in breast cancer and who analyzed tumor biopsies for the study

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

A variable is a ______. type of research study design way to analyze data from a research study factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study

factor that can change and influence an outcome of a study