Nutrition Ch 4

enzymes are

(proteins) that help certain chemical changes occur, such as the breakdown of large substances.

A cell

* has a cell membrane * is specialized to perform a particular function.

which of the following can contribute to constipation? *low water intake * High fats diets *Anxiety or depression * Changes in routine

* low water intake * Anxiety or depression * changes in routine

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by

* rectal bleeding *abdominal cramping *diarrhea

diarrhea is most often caused by

* viral infections * bacterial infection

In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine:

*Has no villi *little additional absorption * has increased bacterial action

What are causes of diarrhea?

*The GI tract absorbs less water than normal *More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract

Probiotics

*are live, beneficial microbes *can be found in many yogurts

The treatment for vomiting includes:

*avoiding solid food *sipping small amounts of water or clear liquids

A cultured milk product that contains probiotics is called

*kefir *yogurt

Functions of the liver include

*monitoring the bloods nutrient contents *detoxifying many harmful substances *making glucose storing various nutrients

chylomicrons are large particles containing

*protein *lipid

A role of the digestive tract includes

*receive food from all of these sources * process it into nutrients, transport the nutrients into the bloodstream *eliminate the waste products

Roles of the gall bladder include:

*secretion of bile *storage of bile

Much of the energy released by catabolic reactions are captured in the form of _____________.

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Reactions involved in building larger substances from smaller ones are called ____.

Anabolic

Examples of organ systems:

Digestive cardiovascular respiratory lymphatic and imune urinary muscular skeletal nervous endocrine integumentary reproductive

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract. Duodenum ileum jejunum

Duodenum jejunum ileum

What can cause an increase risk of peptic ulcers?

H.pylori infection( bacterial infection) excessive stomach acid smoking cigarettes heavy consumption of alcohol frequent use of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)( aspirin/ naproxen) family history of peptic ulcers.

Give the function to each digestive organ Mouth Stomach small intestine large intestine

Mouth- Major site of mechanical digestion Stomach- Muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food Small intestine- major site of chemical digestion and absorption Large intestine- Elimination of waste products

______ is a slippery substances that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes.

Mucus

An omnivore digests and absorbs nutrients from:

Plants animals fungi(include mushrooms and bacteria)

List the organs in the order in the GI Tract: Stomach Anus Small intestine Rectum large intestine

Stomach small intestine large intestine rectum anus

Metabolic reactions include:

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells, including: reactions that energy from macronutrients make proteins, and eliminate waste products.

Give the correct taste for the parts of the tongue: Tip Sides Rear

Tip- sweet sides- salty/ sour rear- bitter

cells that have similar characteristics join together into larger masses are called __________.

Tissues

The process by which substances are taken up by the intestinal tract and enter the blood or lymph is called __________.

absorption

The liver, gallbladder and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be ____ organs.

accessory

Less ATP is made via

anaerobic metabolism

Intestinal gas is produced by ______ which are found in the large intestine.

bacteria

One substance that acids in the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is

bile

The main function of _____ is to assist in fat digestion and absorption.

bile

Amino acids, minerals and glucose are water soluble and thus enter the ________ of the villus and are eventually transported to the liver by the portal vein.

capillary network

A peptic ulcer can be caused by

caused by break down of the mucus layer that protects the stomach and small intestine, hCL and protein-digesting enzymes can reach the stomach and intestinal walls, destroying the tissue.

List the levels of organization in the body from the simplest to the most complex. Tissue organ cell organ system

cell tissue organ organ system

Which cells in the body depend primarily on glucose for energy rather than fats or proteins?

central nervous system

The primary section of the large intestine is called the

colon

Cancer that starts in either the colon or the rectum is called _______ cancer.

colorectal cancer

Feeling that your bowel doesnt empty completely, that your stools are narrower than usual as well as finding in your stools are signs of ______ _______.

colorectal cancer

Hemorrhoids and diverticula can occur due to chronic ________.

constipation

Energy is defined as the capacity to

do work

people who suffer from GERD have a higher risk of _.

esophageal cancer

The long muscular tube that connects the back of your mouth with the stomach is called the ______________.

esophagus

A person can be diagnosed with the condition of constipation when he or she has a bowel movement less frequently than

every 3 days

the nutrient fuel that most cells burn for energy after glucose is ____________.

fat

Bile is stored in the _________.

gallbladder

The symptoms of heartburn are often caused by a failure of the _______ ________ to close properly.

gastroesophageal sphincter

Functions such as making glucose and bile acids, storing various nutrients and detoxifying harmful substances are performed by the ______.

liver

You can store large amounts of energy in your:

liver, muscles, and body fat

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of:

mechanical

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of:

mechanical digestion

Types of digestion include

mechanical digestion (Physical breakdown of foods) Chemical digestion (chemical breakdown of foods)

By the time the chyme reaches the large intestine

most of the nutrients are digested and absorbed

Various tissues that function in a related fashion combine together to form a/an __________.

organ

A group of organs that work together for a similar purpose is

organ system

Most of the digestive enzymes are produced by the _______.

pancreas

Most of the digestive enzymes are produced by the_____________.

pancreas

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the GI tract are called

peristalsis

Water soluble nutrients are transported from the GI tract to the liver by the __________ ___________.

portal vein

Live, active cultures that can help maintain the normal balance of bacteria in your colon are called _____.

probiotics

The ring of muscular tissue at the base of the stomach is called the _______ ________.

pyloric sphincter

The two major sections of the large intestine are the

rectum, colon

Functions of the stomach

releases chyme into small intestine. some digestion and absorption occurs. Mixes food with gastric juice.

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

small intestine

A cell is the

smallest functional unit in the body.

Chyme is formed in the

stomach

Some kinds of intestinal bacteria may be harmful when

they enter other parts of the body or contaminated food.

The unpleasant experience that prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is called _______?

vomiting

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and are transported to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

water-insoluble vitamins