Nutrition Ch 6 - Proteins
A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because A. foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat B. foods of animal origin are often high in cholesterol C. complete (high-quality) proteins often supply more calories than incomplete (lower-quality) proteins
A, B
What are some vegetarian foods that supply the body with vitamin B-12? A. fortified soy milk B. breakfast cereal C. fruits and vegetables
A, B
high protein intakes increase urinary excretion of A. nitrogen B. glucose C. calcium D. water
A, C, D
What are some good sources of omega 3 fatty acids in a plant based diet? A. walnuts B. cheddar cheese C. flax seeds D. canola oil E. soybean oil
A, C, D, E
Valine, leucine and isoleucine are _____ amino acids A. aromatic B. conditionally essential C. branched chain D. nonessential
C
Vitamin C helps with the absorption of A. potassium B. fluoride C. sodium D. iron
D
How many nonessential amino acids exist?
11
Protein equilibrium occurs when protein intake A. is equal to protein losses B. is less than protein losses C. exceeds protein losses
A
Vitamin B-12 is only found naturally and in abundance in _____ foods
animal
worldwide consumption of meat and dairy products is
increasing
the purpose of _____ is to transfer the DNA code from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm so that protein synthesis can occur
mRNA
During protein synthesis, mRNA leaves the cell nucleus and travels through the cytoplasm to which organelle?
ribosome
anemia, nerve damage and mental dysfunction are all associated with a vitamin _____ deficiency
B-12
A(n) _____ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein
peptide
phytic acid limits the absorption of _____, a mineral that is commonly found in whole grains, legumes and nuts
zinc
_____ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins
pepsin
How many different amino acids does the body use (including essential and nonessential)?
20
proteins supply the body with about _____ calories per gram
4
The typical diet provides about _____% of the protein as essential amino acids, when only 11% is required
50
Because blood proteins attract fluid from extracellular spaces into the capillaries, low protein intake can lead to _____
edema
T/F: a fruitarian diet is a healthy way for people to include more nutrients in their diet
false
T/F: adults need to consume abundant amounts of protein in order to meet the body's protein needs
false
T/F: amino acid absorption is unrelated to protein denaturation
false
T/F: essential amino acid needs must be met at each meal
false
T/F: fats and carbohydrates are rarely used to meet energy needs
false
T/F: nuts are not considered to ever be a healthy food choice
false
T/F: protein synthesis is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein
false
T/F: proteins don't supply the body with energy
false
T/F: proteins that come from plants have few nutritional benefits in comparison to proteins that come from animals
false
T/F: tRNA is responsible for transferring DNA from the cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm
false
T/F: the body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids
false
T/F: the risk of death from chronic diseases is higher in vegetarians
false
T/F: trypsin is responsible for releasing pepsin and stimulating the stomach to produce acid
false
_____ protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease
high
A(n) _____ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize
limiting
Which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed?
negative protein balance
A(n) _____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts
nonessential
A(n) _____ is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution
buffer
Slightly exceeding your needs for _____ may be beneficial when cutting calories to lose weight
protein
the liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from _____ which makes it a costly source of calories
protein
T/F: a child who is a vegan or vegetarian has trouble consuming adequate calories because they consume many high fiber, low calorie foods that are very filling
true
T/F: amino acids are unique among the energy yielding nutrients because they contain nitrogen
true
T/F: amino acids play a role in the synthesis of hormones
true
T/F: every cell contains protein
true
T/F: final digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine
true
T/F: many diseases stem from errors in the DNA code
true
The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes the "New American Plate", which suggests that plant based foods cover _____ of the plate
two-thirds
enriched tofu, fortified soy milk and fortified orange juice are all good sources of the mineral _____ in a vegan diet
calcium
A _____ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids
complementary
protein synthesis takes place in the _____
cytoplasm
What is the RDA of protein for a typical (154 lb) man?
56 grams
What is the name for a protein digesting enzyme secreted by the pancreas to act in the small intestine? A. trypsin B. pepsin C. gastrin D. cholecystokinin
A
Which of the following conditions may increase the risk for protein-calorie malnutrition? A. cancer B. obesity C. diarrheal infection D. alcoholism
A, C, D
_____ involves a buildup of excess fluid in tissues
edema
A _____ primarily eats fruits, nuts, honey, and vegetable oils. People who consume this diet are at risk for nutrient deficiencies, which is why this type of diet is not advised.
fruitarian
A _____ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes dairy products and eggs
lactoovovegetarian
A(n) _____ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include peanuts, garden peas and lentils.
legume
T/F: if adequate amounts of essential amino acids are not consumes, a person's health will deteriorate
true
T/F: in order to meet essential amino acid needs, a vegetarian would need to consume a variety of plant proteins
true
T/F: people may choose to eat a vegetarian diet due to ethics, religion, health and economics
true
T/F: plant sources of fat are good for the heart because they are usually high in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat acids
true
protein _____ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time
turnover
The defining characteristic of a _____ is that it grows on a tree A. seed B. nut
B
Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish. A. CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes B. partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK C. Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine D. trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller amino acid segments
C, B, A, D
Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of A. kwashiorkor B. marasmus C. cancer D. cardiovascular disease
C, D
A _____ protein balance occurs when protein intake exceeds daily protein losses
positive
Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension and many forms of cancer? A. vegetarians B. non-vegetarians
A
amino acid needs should be met A. over the course of the day B. at each meal C. over the course of the week
A
intact proteins are _____ absorbed from the digestive tract A. rarely B. always C. never D. frequently
A
Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells? A. fats B. carbohydrates C. water D. proteins
A, B
Which of the following are true about complete protein sources? A. supplies all nine essential amino acids B. most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein C. most foods of plant origin are sources of complete protein D. complete proteins are sometimes called "lower-quality" proteins
A, B
chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the A. small intestine B. stomach C. pancreas D. mouth
A, B
To help meet their high calorie needs, a vegetarian or vegan child can consume which of the following nutrient dense foods? A. nuts B. dried fruit C. avocado D. yogurt
A, B, C
Which of the following nutrients are provided by plant foods? A. fiber B. magnesium C. protein D. cholesterol
A, B, C
Proteins serve which of the following functions? A. proteins play a role in enzyme and hormone production B. proteins regulate and maintain essential body functions C. proteins regulate blood cholesterol D. proteins aid in blood clotting
A, B, D
Which of the following are examples of weight loss programs that emphasize high protein intake? A. Zone Diet B. Atkins Diet C. Rice Diet D. South Beach Diet
A, B, D
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true? A. fatty liver is a possible consequence B. edema is a possible consequence C. develops gradually as a result of unmet calorie and protein needs D. a young child may develop it when they are abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels
A, B, D
Which of the following foods are among the most common food allergens? A. milk B. eggs C. red dye D. strawberries E. wheat F. chocolate G. shellfish H. peanuts I. soy
A, B, E, G, H, I
PKU is caused by A .enzyme inefficiency B. decreased phenylalanine levels in the blood C. lack of tyrosine production
A, C
What are some health risks of plant based diets for infants and children? A. growth retardation B. obesity C. nutrient deficiency D. high blood pressure
A, C
Which of the following circumstances may increase the risk for protein-calorie malnutrition? A. deficiency of calories and protein B. regular physical activity C. alcoholism D. obesity
A, C
What is the best way to consume amino acids? A. supplement form B. whole food
B
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood? A. increase excretion of CO2 by the lungs B. serve as buffers that resist changes in pH C. pump ions into and out of cells D. enhance formation of bicarbonate
B, C
How does changing a protein's shape affect the protein? A. it makes the protein more efficient B. it destroys the proteins ability to function normally C. the protein loses its biological activity D. it keeps the protein from turning into fat
B, C
Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to A. atherosclerosis B. muscle wasting C. slow production of body proteins D. impaired growth
B, C, D
Which foods could a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast? A. spinach and feta cheese omelet B. yogurt with granola and blueberries C. oatmeal with butter and brown sugar D. calcium fortified orange juice
B, C, D
Which of the following are examples of branched chain amino acids? A. histidine B. valine C. isoleucine D. leucine
B, C, D
Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein? A. sickle cell anemia can result B. immune function is impaired C. edema can develop D. protein concentration in the blood drops
B, C, D
Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer fighting antioxidants? A. fruits B. dairy C. grains D. vegetables
A, C, D
Which of the following is the best example of a situation where the denaturation of protein is useful? A. circulation B. breathing C. digestion D. thinking
C
edema refers to A. low blood pH B. lack of healthy red blood cells C. a buildup of fluid in extracellular spaces D. formation of glucose from amino acids
C
treatment for PKU involved a A. tyrosine free diet B. low tyrosine diet C. low phenylalanine diet D. phenylalanine free diet
C
Of the following, _____ are most likely to choose a vegetarian lifestyle A. catholics B. jews C. jehovah's witnesses D. seventh-day adventists
D
Which of the following are benefits of including plant proteins in the diet? A. economical source of protein B. complete source of essential amino acids C. abundance of phytochemicals D. cholesterol-free
A, C, D
Which of the following are characteristics of kwashiorkor? A. diarrhea B. poor vision C. lack of growth D. apathy
A, C, D
The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the A. nonessential amino acid B. essential amino acid C. branched chain amino acid D. limiting amino acid
D
Which of the following statements is true? A. high protein diets supply plenty of fiber B. high protein diets are not recommended for weight loss C. high protein diets are never recommended D. high protein diets can be healthy when fat intake is monitored
D
_____ protein is an example of a plant based protein that does meet essential amino acid needs A. peanut B. corn C. wheat D. soy
D
individual amino acids can undergo several modification in the _____ depending on the needs of the body A. pancreas B. small intestine C. stomach D. liver
D
Which of the following individuals requires positive protein balance? A. adolescent boy during growth spurt B. older adult recovering from an illness C. young adult with sedentary lifestyle D. middle aged adult recovering from an injury
A, B, D
Victims of the type of protein-calorie malnutrition known as _____ have a "skin and bones" appearance with little or no subcutaneous fat A. marasmus B. sickle cell anemia C. kwashiorkor
A
What disease occurs due to an incorrect arrangement of proteins on the hemoglobin molecule? A. sickle cell anemia B. iron deficiency anemia C. pernicious anemia
A
When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids are A. converted into glucose or fat B. metabolized as fuel C. converted into ketone bodies D. stored in cells for future protein synthesis
A, B
Which of the following are potential causes of denaturation? A. stomach acid B. heat C. water
A, B
The RDA for protein is higher than 0.8 g/kg of body weight during A. infancy B. adulthood C. pregnancy
A, C
All of the following are components that make up an amino acid except A. oxygen B. sodium C. hydrogen D. carbon
B
If a person's diet is low in protein for a long time, the process of rebuilding and repairing the body's proteins with A. speed up B. slow down C. stop
B
Indispensable amino acid is another term for A. nonessential amino acid B. essential amino acids
B
Which of the following meal components contributes most to satiety? A. 1 tbsp of butter B. 3 oz sirloin steak C. medium baked potato D. 5 fl oz of red wine
B
How are illnesses and infections related to undernutrition? A. illnesses and infections are not related to undernutrition B. being undernourished increases risk for illnesses and infections C. having an illness or infection increases risk for undernutrition
B, C
Which of the following are true statements about the functions of proteins? A. protein is the primary fuel source for the body B. protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair C. there is only one main function of protein which is to build muscle D. protein serves multiple functions in the body
B, D
A _____ diet is best for getting high quality protein because of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids A. high fat B. low sodium C. mixed D. monotonous
C
Almost all enzymes are A. carbohydrates B. lipids C. proteins D. minerals
C
Sickle cell anemia is an example of what happens when there is variation in A. protein digestion B. fatty acid metabolism C. the DNA code D. amino acid metabolism
C
What is the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in protein digestion? A. signals the gallbladder to release bile B. enables the conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver C. signals the pancreas to release digestive enzymes D. enzymatically breaks peptide chains into amino acids
C
When carbohydrates are in short supply the _____ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues A. gallbladder B. pancreas C. liver D. stomach
C
Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids but not in carbohydrates? A. sodium B. carbon C. nitrogen D. oxygen
C
Plant proteins are a heart healthy alternative to animal proteins because they typically contain less or no _____ than animal sources of proteins A. fiber B. potassium C. cholesterol D. saturated fat
C, D
Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies A. reduction in exercise B. weight gain C. lack of nutrients D. calorie deficiency
C, D
leucine, isoleucine and valine are examples of A. essential fatty acids B. dispensable amino acids C. branched chain amino acids D. essential amino acids
C, D
Which of the following are examples of legumes? A. pistachios B. almonds C. lentils D. peanuts E. garden peas
C, D, E
_____ are proteins produced by one type of white blood cell that bind to foreign proteins to facilitate their removal from the body
antibodies
It is the role of _____, located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis
DNA