Nutrition chapter 13
Sugar
$10.3 million dollar cost annually in an organization 470
Food manufactures
$18.3 million dollar cost annually in an organization 470
Livestock
$2.9 million dollar cost annually in an organization 470
beer, wine, and liquor
$25 million dollar cost annually in an organization 470
Dairy
$7 million dollar cost annually in an organization 470
7
Agriculture ranks as one of hte most dangerous industires, with a fatality rate 7 times higher than the average for all workers in private industry; on average, more than 100 youths die each year from farm labor injuries; deaths are most commonly due to when a tractor overturns or other trautmatic injuries 467
Harmful effects of livestock
Depeltion of topsoil due to erosion from heavy tilling leading to desertification of once-arable land pollution of soils and water from salt build-up due to excessive irrigation, pesticide and fertilizer residues, animal waste, and other un-off, leading to loss of clean water and abandonment of once arable land 469
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Of the following federal programs, which provides food assistance to low income individuals of all ages
Infant mortality
SAM also dramatically increases a population's rate of _________, the death of infants between birth and 1 year
Maternal mortality
SAM also dramatically increases a population's rate of __________ (deaths of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the immediate postpartal period 481
Unequal distribution of food, largely because of poverty
The leading cause of longstanding hunger in a region is
False
True or false? Adults over age 65 years are at greatest risk for food insecurity in the US
True
True or false? Crop rotation and terracing are farming methods used in sustainable agriculture
True
True or false? The blackberries on your morning cereal could have been harvested by a 12 year old.
Green revolution
WWII led to innovations in industrial technology, engineering, and chemistry; after the war ended, these innovations were directed toward agriculture, specifically toward increasing worldwide food production to meet the food needs of a dramatically increasing postwar population; together the new technologies and practices because known as the ____________, a massive program that has led to improved seed quality, fertilizers, pesticides, and farming techniques, which have boosted crop yields throughout the world 458-9
Between 1990-92 and 2014-16, the share of under nourished people worldwide fell by nearly 45%
Which fo the following statements about food insecurity is true
A majority of contingent farm workers in the US live below the poverty line
Which fo the following statements about food system labor is true
A pint of strawberries you pick yourself at an organic farm
Which of the following purchase would optimally support food equity, sustainability, and quality
The US food industry produces about twice as many caloreis per capita per year than Americans require
Which of the following statements about the food industry is true
It has dramatically increased food security throughout South America, Asia, and Africa
Which of the following statements about the green revolution nis true
War
__________ can induce acute food shortages when tehy interfere with planting or harvest times, when they destroy standing crops, or when popualtions are forced to flee 464
disease
___________ and lack of healthcare resources to fight disease reduce the work capacity of individuals, and this in turn reduces their ability to ward off poverty and malnutrition; this economic phenomenon is demonstrated by the AIDS epidemic; the WHO reports that there were nearly 37 million people living with HIV at the end of 2014; that year, about 2.3 million people died from AIDS; HIV is most likely to affect young, sexually active adults who are the primary wage earners in their families 466
vitamin A
___________ deficiency is the leading cause of blindness in children; an estimated 250 million children worldwide are vitamin A deficient; in addition, because vitamin A supports immune function, these children are highly vulnerable to severe, often fatal infections 482
Iron deficiency
___________ is the most common micronutrient deficiency in the world; although it occurs in both males and females of all ages, it is more prevalent in pregnant women and young children because of the demands of fetal ahd childhood growth; ___________ contributes to 20% of maternal deaths 481
Sustainability
____________ is the ability to satisfy humanity's basic needs now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base and environmental quality on which life depends; whereas some people view sustainability as a lofty but impractical ideal, others point out that it's a necessary condition of human survival; that's because sustainable practices can reduce pollution of our air, soil, and water and preserve resources for future generations 468
6.7%
____________ of full time workers in the US receive government assistance; in essence, this means that the average american taxpayer is subsidizing grocery stores, fast-food chains, and other food-service coroporations, making up the difference in the inadequate wages individuals pay their employees 468
Global warming
_____________ is the general term used for hte increase of about 1.5 degrees F in temperature that has occured near the earth's surface over the past century; the great majority of climate scientists agree that it has been caused by human activities that have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping green house gases into the atmosphere; _________ is, in turn, the most significant factor contributing to climate change 466
contingent farm workers
______________ housing is often overcrowded and substandard, with some units lacking electricity, toilets, and running water 467
Famine
a ___________ is a severe food shortage affecting a large percentage of the population in a limited geographic area at a particular time; _________ have occurred throughout human history and typically result from a combination of factors, including weather events adn human miscalculations 464
Stunted growth
a condition of shorter stature than expected for chronological age, often defined as 2 or more standard deviations below the mean reference value 481
Food desert
a geographic area where people lack access to fresh, healthful, and affordable food 484
Wasting
a lower than expected body weight caused by severe acute malnutrition 481
Wasting
a physical condition of very low body weight for height or extreme thinness 481
Infant mortality
a population's rate of death of infants between birth and 1 year of age
Maternal mortality
a population's rate of deaths of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or in the immediate postpartal period 481
Famine
a severe food shortage affecting a large percentage of the population in a limited geographic area at a particular time 464
Monoculture
a singly crop species cultivated over a large area 469
Severe acute malnutrition
a state of severe energy deficit defined as weight for height more than 3 standard deviations below the mean, or the presence of nutrition related edema 481
two factors behind nutrition paradox
a tend toward decreased physical activity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization a global shift toward increased consumption of energy dense foods high in saturated fats and added sugars but low in micronutrients and fiber
Fair trade
a trading partnership promoting equity in international trading relationships and contributing to sustainable development by securing the rights of marginalized producers and workers 474
Salmonella enteriditis
a virus, _____________, and other foodborne microbes can contaminate produce during harvesting, and meat during processing 468
Severe acute malnutrition
about 51 million children worldwide don't weigh enough for their height; this is because they suffer from ____________, a condition in which energy intake is so inadequate that the child experiences wasting 481
20%
about ________ of the agriculture workfore is contingent, up from 14% in hte early 1990s; often referred to as migrant workers 467
64%
about __________ of the world's hungry people live in Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa--the region with the highest prevalence of hungry people--23% accounts for almost 28% 462
Food insecurity
although a variety of factors contribute to disparities in infant mortality, body weight, and life expectancy, one of the most important is a population's level of __________, unreliable access to a sufficient supply of nourishing food; globally, the greatest health disparities are found between populations that are impoverished and those with a dependable supply of nourishing food 462
Overpopulation
an area is said to experience ____________ when its resources are insufficient to support the number of peopole living there; in parts of the world with fertile land and adequate rainfall or irrigation systems to support abundant harvets, food shortages rarely happen; however, in mroe aird climates, especially in areas with high birthrates and low access to imported foods, seasonal and chronic food shortages are common; clean water, clean air, arable land, safe housing, jobs, health care, quality education, and many other resources can be insufficient for the population's needs 465
Climate change
any significant change in the measures of climate such as temperature, precipitation, or wind pattenrs—that occurs over several decades or longer 466
Stunted growth
approxixmately 161 million of the world's children also experience __________; they are shorter than expected for their age; __________ occurs when energy intake or specific nutrietns are inadequate to sustain normal linear growth; in some impoverished communities, the great majority of residents are very short and small; thus community members may not percieve their stunted growth as unusual or recognize it as a sign of undernourishment 481
High yield varieties
as part of the Green Revolution, for example, new ____________ of grain were produced by cross-breeding plants and sleecting for the most desirable traits; the first _____________ were rice and wheat, but now corn, beans, anf many other crops are ____________ 469
185%
at higher risk for food insecurity are households with incomes below 185% of the official US poverty threshold, families consisting of single mothers or fathers and their children, African American households, and Hispanic households 463
foods healthful for you and the environment
buy organic foods to reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers; buy produce from a local farmers market to encourage greater local availability of fresh foods; this reduces the costs and resources devoted to distribution, transport, and storage choose whole or less processed versions of packaged foods; this necourages their increased production and saves energy look to see if your grocery store displays candy and other junk foods at childrne's eye level--for example, beside the check out line; if it does, complain to the store manager avoid empty- calorie foods nad beverages when your're shoping and eating out to discourage their profitability 475
confined animal feeding operations
cattle, pigs, and chickens are now increasingly raised in huge and crowded _____________ there their movement is restricted and they are fattneed with high-energy feed often containing growth hormones and--until recently banned in the US by the FDA--growth promoting antibiotics
impacts on seafood availability
climate change is reducing the abundance and distribution of seafood in tropical and temperatre regions 466
Overpopulation
condition in which a region's available resources are insufficient to support the number of people living there 465
poverty obesity paradox
could poverty be an independent risk factor for obesity? even among established populations in developed natioons, some research has suggested a _______________ in which obesity is more prevalent in low income populations; in the US, for example, studies following children over time have found that a reduction in family income during early childhood increases the child's risk for becoming overweight or obese, whereas a shift to a higher family income increases the likelihood of weight loss 484
Cash crops
crops grown to be sold rather than eaten, such as cotton or tobacco 465
Harmful effects of livestock
depletion of ground water supplies from irrigation techniques requiring heavy water consumption development of insecticide-resistant species of insects and herbicide-resistant varieties of weeds resulting from intensitifed use of agrochemical products increased release of greenhouse gases from increasing mechanized production adn from methane released from animals in CAFOs 469
Slow Food
experts in sustainable agriculture and public health are increasingly challenging our loss of food quality and diversity by advocating slow food; that is, nutritious, fresh food produced in ways that preserve biodiversity, sustain the environment, ensure animal welfare, and are affordable by all while respecting the consumer 473
Fair Labor Standards Act
farm workers are not entitled to breaks for rest or meals as mandated for other US workers by the Fair Labor Standards Act 467
3-40%
for corn-fed animals, the efficiency of converting grai nCalories to meat and dairy Calroides ranges from roughly 3% to 40% meaning that on average, a crop capable of sustaining four to five people per acre will sustain oly one person 469
Family farms
for three decades, the number of farms in the US has been decreasing, form 2.48 million in 1982 to 2.11 million in 2012; hwoever, since 2007, the number of small farms has not decrease, and in some states, mainly in New England and the Southwest, they have increased; some small farmers are takign advantage of programs offering land at reduced prices, community support, and mentoring; many of these small farms are dedicated to community support, and mentoring; many of these small farms are dedicated to organic farming, crop diveristy, and other practices of sustainable agriculture 472
Climate change
global warming is hte most significant factor contributing to ____________, which the US EPA defines as any sigificant cahnge in the measures of climate--such as temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns--that occurs over several decades or longer 466
crop destruction
heat waves, droughts, tornados, hurricanes, and lfood have all destroyed standing crops outright. Crops have also been destroyed by emerging varities of pests such as fungal species that thrive in higher heat and humidity 466
Reduced crop yields
higher average temperatures and elevations in greenhouse gases have reduced crop yields in many regions of the world 466
very low food security
in 5.6% of US households, one or more members had to reduce not only the quality, variety, or desirability of their food choices, but also the amount they were able to eat; in other words, people in these homes, at times, were hungry; in 2014, 12.4 million adults and 914,000 children experienced ______________ 463
Community supported agriculture
in ______________ programs, a farmer sells a certain number of hsares to the public. shares typically ocnsist of a box of produce from the farm on a regular basis, such as once weely throughout the growign season; farmers get cash early on, as well as guaranteed buyers; consumers get fresh, locally grown food; together farmers and consumers develop ongoing relationships as they share the bounty in a good year, adn the losses when weather extremes or blight reduces yield 473
Sustainable agriculture
in response to the new environmental problems and loss of food diveristy associated with industrial agriculture, a new global movement toward ____________ has evolved; the goal of ________ is to develop, local, site-specific farming methods that improve soil conservation, crop yields, and food security 472
United States
in the _________, infant mortality is only 6 per 1000, and instead of being underweight, over 8% of children age 2-5 are obese; average life expectancy is now over 78 years; however, the average life expectancy of the poorest Americans is 10 years shorter for women and 15 years shorter for men than the average of the wealthiest Americans 462
Food diversity
industrial agricultre has reduced __________, that is, the variety of different species of food crops available; beginnin in the 1960s, revisions of the federal agricultural adjustment act, commonly called the farm bill provided financial incentives for america's farmers to grow monocultures 469
pesticides
long term exposure to _________, crop dusts, and excessive UV radiation causes lung disease and cancer, and constant bending and stooping causes musculoskeletal injuries 467
Food deserts
low income people's high rates of obesity may reflect their environment; many obese people live in so-called ___________, defined by the USDA as geographic areas where people lack access to fresh, healthful, and affordable food; rural food deserts may have no access to any foods, whereas inner city food deserts may be served only by fast food restaurants and convince stores that offer few healthful options
17%
only _________ have any form of healthcare insurance and few have paid sick leave 467
iodine
prenatal ___________ intake is particularly improtant for fetal prain development, and severe iodine deficency is the single largest cause of mental impairment worldwide; nearly a third of the world's population is idine deficient; iodine deficency disorders have largely been eliminated in areas of the world with access to iodized salt or oil, and areas where iodine is added to irrigation water 482
High yield varieties
semidwarf varities of plants that are unlikely to fall over in wind and havy rains and thus carry larger amounts of seeds, greatly increasing the yield per acre 469
Monoculture
single crops cultivated on a massive scale 469
Crop rotation
soil erosion can be controlled by ____________, by terracing sloped land for the cultivation of crops, and by tillage that minimizes disturbance to the topsoil 472
School gardens
teh School garden association of America was founded in 1910, and during WWI and II, school gardening became part of the war effort; however, in the postwar decades, school gardens dwindled; recently, school garden programs have been increasing across the US; in addition to introducing stuends to a variety of fruits and vegetables and promtoing their acceptance, school garden programs teach valuable lessons in nutrition, agriculture, and even cooking 473
Sustainable agriculture
term referring to techniques of food production that preserve the environment indenftify 472
14%
the Research Service of hte USDA estimates that 14% of US households experienced food insecurity in 2014 462
obesity
the WHO estimates that the worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1980 and 2014; currently, 1.9 billion people worldwide are overweight, and 600 million of these are obese; moreover, overweight and obesity are now linked to more deaths worldwide than underweight 483
Fair trade
the __________ movement was born in response to the exploitation of farm laborers around the world; it began decades ago in North America and Europe, and has becoem a global effort that depends on support from consumers worldwide to purchase fruits, vegetables, coffee, tea, cocoa, wine, and many other products that display hfe Fair Trade Certified logo; fair trade empowers farm laborers to demand living wages nad humane treatment; it also reduces child labor and increases children's access to education, because parents earning higher wages are able to allow their children to leave the fields and attend school 475
Nutrition paradox
the ___________ is characterized by the coexistence of stunting and overweight/obesity within the same region, the same household, and even the same person; people born in developing nations who were undernourished when young are likely to be short but experience rapid weight gain when their country transitions out of poverty 483
Food and Agricultural Organization
the _____________ of the United Nations estimates that about 795 million people (one in nine people) worldwide are chronically undernourished, and 98% of these people live in developing nations 462
Sustainability
the ability to meet or satisfy basic economic, social, and secruty needs now and in the future without undermining the natural resource base and environmental quality on which life depends 468
$10,000-12500
the average annual income for a contingent US farm worker is ____________; large farms are required to pay minimum wage, but small farms are not, and a majority of contingent farm workers live below the poverty line 467
Nutrition paradox
the coexistence of aspects of both stunting and overweight/obesity within the same region, household, family, or person 483
Poverty obesity paradox
the high prevalence of obesity in low income populations 484
Global warming
the increase of about 1.5 degrees F in temperarature that has occurred near the Earth's surface over the past century 466
$9.14
the median hourly wage for retail cashiers is __________, an amount that puts a single person with no departments at increased risk for food insecurity 468
Crop rotation
the practive of alternating crops in a particular field to prevent nutrient depletion and erosion of the soil and to help with control of crop specific pests 472
45%
the share of undernourhished people in the global population fell from 18.6 in 1990-92 to 10.9 % in 2014-2016, a reduction of nearly ___________ 462
Green revolution
the tremendous increase in global productivity between 1944 and 2000 due to selective cross breeding or hybridization to produce high yield grains and industrial farming techniques 468-9
Food diversity
the variety of different species of food crops available 469
2600 kcal
the world produces enough food to meet everyone's needs; even developing nations currently produce about 2600 kcal per person per day; worldwide, the leading cause of longstanding hunger in a region is unequal distribution of this adequate food supply, largely because of poverty 464
Farmers markets
there are now more than 8400 ________ in hte US, more than four times the number when the USDA began compiling these data in 1994; with the help of hte USDA, many farmers markets are now able to accept SNAP benefits for payment; thus, farmers markets are helping to increase everyone's access to nourishing food 473
16+
under federal law, young people aged ____________ are allowed to work on farms during shcool hours, adn children aged 12+ may work on farms after school and weekends with parental permission 467
cultural biases
unequal distribution also occurs because of _____________; in many countries, limited food is distributed first to men and boys and only secondarily to women and girls 465
Food insecurity
unreliable access to a suffienct supply of nourishing food 462
Cash crops
use of land for _____________, such as cotton, coffee, and tobacco, may replace ladn use for local food crops, or food crops such as corn and soybeans may be diverted to industrial uses; also harmful is the practice of growing food for livestock, which compared to food crops feed far fewer people for the resources used 465
43/ 1000
worldwide, ____________ children die before reaching age 5; about 45% of these deaths of young children are due to malnutrition