Nutrition chapter 19
MyPlate is an appropriate food guide for children, with special emphasis on
* good food sources of iron and zinc * moderating fat and sugar intake * good food sources of calcium
Childhood is an important time to establish behaviors such as
* making nutrient-dense food choices * eating in response to hunger cues * engaging in physical activity during leisure time
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting total television and video game time to _____ hour(s) per day for children 2 to 5 years of age.
1
To obtain calcium and vitamin D for bone growth, MyPlate's Daily Food Plans for young preschool children recommend ______ of milk per day.
2 cups
When a formula-fed infant is consuming more than ______ of formula daily, the infant is probably ready to begin consuming solid foods.
32 ounces
Compared to meals prepared at home, the average meal consumed from fast-food restaurants provides
400 more milligrams of sodium. 300 more kilocalories. 14 more grams of fat.
What are the carbohydrate needs for infants at 0-6 months?
60 grams per day
What are the carbohydrate needs for infants at 7-12 months?
95 grams per day
Which statements are correct in reference to type 2 diabetes?
A growing number of children are developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was initially believed to be a disease that could only be developed in adulthood.
What is the prevalence of children who achieve the recommended 60 minutes of physical activity per day?
About 50% of children meet their daily physical activity recommendation.
Heart-healthy dietary habits should begin during childhood. Which of the following habits promote heart health throughout the lifespan?
After age 2, choose low-fat dairy products. Incorporate two servings of fish each week. Remove visible fat and skin from meats.
What is a good strategy to reduce lead content in tap water?
Allow cold water to run 2-3 minutes after period of inactivity
Which statement best describes a food intolerance?
An adverse reaction to food that does not involve an immune response to an allergen.
Why are the caloric and micro/macronutrient needs per kilogram of body weight of children less than the needs of infants?
As an infant transitions through the toddler and preschool years, growth rate decreases.
When should tooth brushing begin?
As soon as teeth appear
What are appropriate ways to encourage a young child to eat new foods?
Be patient and persevere. Serve new foods 8 to 10 times for the child to eventually find it acceptable.
What is the major advantage of breastfeeding over formula feeding with regard to long-term health?
Breastfeeding provides increased immunity or immune protection.
______ imparts greater immune benefits compared to ______.
Breastfeeding; formula feeding
How can a caregiver alleviate an newborn infant's discomfort caused by swallowing air during a feeding?
Burp the infant during and immediately after a feeding
Why may it be more beneficial to offer children six smaller meals per day as opposed to three larger meals?
Children have smaller stomachs, so offering smaller more frequent meals results in a more successful feeding experience.
What is the recommendation for total screen time for children according to the American Academy of Pediatrics?
Children over the age of 2 years should engage in no more than 7 hours per week of TV and video game time.
Which of the following situations may be classified as failure to thrive?
Declining two or more major percentile lines over time Weight-for-age below the 5th percentile
What are the adverse health effects associated with iron-deficiency anemia in children?
Decrease in stamina Lowered resistance to disease Decrease in learning ability
What are the risk factors associated with early development of cardiovascular disease among children?
Diabetes, High blood pressure, Smoker, Family history or unknown family history of cardiovascular disease, Overweight/obese.
What are the main dietary recommendations for infants set by the American Academy of Pediatrics?
Do not restrict fat intake Pay attention to infant satiety cues Build to a variety of foods Moderate sugar and sodium intake Avoid excessive fiber Choose foods containing iron, zinc, and calcium
Which statement is true about the development of healthful eating habits, regular physical activity, and the life span?
Establishing healthful eating habits and regular physical activity at a young age will most likely carry over into adulthood.
Which statements are true in reference to the function and importance of fat in the infant's diet?
Fat helps infants meet their calorie needs given their small stomach capacities. Fat helps with the development of the infant's nervous system.
Which statement is true about when females reach their peak growth rate?
Girls experience peak growth rate just before the onset of menses
Excess consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among children can lead to
High blood lipids Weight gain Increased inflammation
Which of the following dietary components is necessary during the first six months of life?
Human milk or infant formula
Which of these statements is true?
Infants are born with some iron stored; however by 4-6 months these iron stores will be depleted unless consumed in the diet.
Why are infants unable to tolerate cow's milk?
Infants are unable to tolerate the high mineral and protein content of cow's milk
Why is it important to burp an infant after about 10 minutes of feeding formula or human milk?
Infants swallow a lot of air during feeding.
Which statements are true in terms of the nutritional needs of an infant during development?
Iron stores exhausted at 6 months, so infants need to begin consuming iron-fortified solid foods Before 6 months of age, breast-feeding or formula feeding can meet the nutritional needs of an infant Vitamin D supplementation is necessary for both breastfed and formula-fed infants if Vitamin D intake is less than 400 IU per day
Which statement is true about teenagers and consumption of fast food?
It is okay for teens to occasionally eat fast food as long as they consume food in moderation and make daily healthful food choices.
High intakes of 100% fruit juices in children have been linked to
Metabolic syndrome, fatty liver, obesity
What is one reason why preschool children are less likely to try new foods compared to adults?
Preschool-age children have more taste buds and their taste buds are more sensitive than those of adults.
What are some examples of inappropriate feeding practices for infants?
Providing 2 to 3 cups per day of 100% fruit juice. Providing vitamin and mineral supplements exceeding 100% of the recommendations Encouraging the infant to wake up and finish a feeding if there is still formula left in the bottle.
What are some signs that indicate the infant's readiness to consume solid foods?
Reaching a weight of at least 13 pounds Consuming more than 32 ounces of infant formula per 24 hours Breastfeeding more than 8 to 10 times per 24 hours
What are some strategies that caregivers may use to reduce the development of dental caries and other related dental problems during childhood?
Seek early dental care. Limit intake of sticky, sugary foods. Drink fluoridated water.
Which nutritional intervention for treatment of autism spectrum disorder is supported by the American Academy of Pediatrics?
The AAP does not endorse any of these.
Why do infants have such high caloric needs?
The calorie needs of infants are high due to their rapid growth and high metabolic rates.
If a child was in the 90th percentile for height-for-age according to the growth charts, how may one interpret these results?
The child is shorter than 10% of children his age, and taller than 89%.
Which of the following accurately describes a food allergy?
The immune system reacts to a harmless food protein
Which of the following accurately describes a food allergy?
The immune system reacts to a harmless food protein.
Which foods should be emphasized to improve the diets of children (older than age 2)?
Vegetables Whole-grain breads and cereals Low-fat milk and milk products Fruits
What are the nutritional risks for vegetarian children?
Vitamin B-12 deficiency Iron-deficiency anemia Inadequate calorie intake Vitamin D deficiency
Infants are born with a low level of _____ because limited amounts of the vitamin are transferred from mother to the fetus and because breastmilk is not particularly high in the vitamin, so infants are given an injection of the vitamin at birth.
Vitamin K
Common causes of constipation among young children include
Withholding bowel movements Low physical activity Low fiber intake
A food ______ occurs when the body's immune response targets a food protein.
allergy
The gluten-free, casein-free diet excludes foods made with
barley. milk. wheat
Among adolescents, alcohol abuse affects
cardiovascular health. body composition. liver function. brain development.
What is a common benefit found among children who eat breakfast in comparison to children who do not eat breakfast?
children who eat breakfast are more likely to meet their daily needs for vitamins and minerals
Per kilogram of body weight, calorie intake ______ from infancy into childhood.
decreases
Prolonged episodes of vomiting or diarrhea coupled with insufficient intake of breast milk or formula can rapidly lead to ______ among infants.
dehydration
An infant's birth weight ______ within the first 4 to 6 months and ______ by the first birthday.
doubles, triples
There have been thousands of reports of caffeine poisoning in children as a result of excessive intake of
energy drinks
The average trip to a fast-food establishment yields about 300 extra kilocalories, 14 additional grams of fat, and 400 milligrams of sodium _____ of typical home prepared meals.
excess
______ are a dense source of energy (9 kcal/g) and serve as important regulators of the growth and development of the infant's nervous system.
fats
Among children, consuming too much caffeine can lead to
gastrointestinal distress. anxiety. insomnia.
As a percentage of total calories, the recommended fat intake for an infant is ______ that for any other stage of the life cycle.
higher than
An infant who has iron-deficiency anemia is at risk for several health problems later in life. These may include
impaired motor development. behavioral problems. impaired cognition.
Failure to thrive can result from
inadequate nutritional intake, parental neglect, and nutrient malabsorption
As a child grows, the number of servings from the MyPlate Daily Food Plan
increases
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has been ______ among school-aged children.
increasing
An adverse reaction to food that does not involve an immune response is a food
intolerance
Adequate dietary intakes of ______ and ______ may help to lower lead absorption, and thereby reduce the risk for lead poisoning among children. (Select two micronutrients from the following list.)
iron calcium
The diets of vegetarian adolescents should be closely monitored to ensure adequate ______ intake.
iron calcium vitamin B-12
What type of milk should children (after age 2) drink to help establish heart-healthy eating habits?
low-fat milk
Compared to females, males tend to gain ______ lean tissue during the adolescent growth spurt.
more
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends ______ fat intake in infants.
not restricting
What is the main cause of poor nutrition among teenagers?
poor food choices
The two factors associated with the high calorie needs of the infant include
rapid growth and high metabolic rate
Infants who are beginning to eat solid food ______ be allowed to self-feed.
should
The early signs of cardiovascular disease in children are ______ to the early signs seen in adults.
similar
After _____ months of age, developmentally appropriate nutrient-dense foods will help meet the infant's kilocalorie and iron needs.
six
Initially, the introduction of "table food" should ______ formula or human milk in the infant's diet.
supplement
The Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 modified the National School Lunch Program to increase intake of
whole grains. fruits and vegetables.
Children up to age 2 should drink ______ milk; after age 2, they should drink ______ milk.
whole; reduced-fat
Which of these is the leading cause of constipation among young children?
withholding bowel movements
