Nutrition Chapter 19: Diet and Health

What percentage of cells of the body are white blood cells?

1 percent

Approximately how many people in North America have HIV or AIDs?

1.3 million

Which of the following blood pressure readings first signifies a diagnosis of hypertension?

140 over 90

By what age do most people first have well-developed arterial plaque?

30 years

Of the 10 leading causes of illness and death, how many are associated directly with nutrition?

4

Which of the following characteristics of HIV or AIDs is true?

AIDs develops from HIV infection

Which of the following characteristics of the metabolic syndrome is true?

At least 3 of 5 specific diet-related factors must be present for diagnosis

Four-mouth old Kimmy was playing near some large dust particles under the couch, which caused her to sneeze and develop a runny nose and a cough. Two weeks later she came across more dust from the same place. Which of the following aspects of immunity allows Kimmy's body to remember how to respond to this dust again?

B cells

Immunoglobulins are produced primarily by which of the following cells?

B cells

For which of the following reasons should the measurement of a person's blood cholesterol be performed at least twice, with measurement taken at least 1 week apart?

Blood cholesterol concentrations are known to vary significantly day to day

Beverly is a 48-year-old woman with a strong family history of atherosclerosis. She eats a diet high in fat, smokes, and doesn't exercise much because she typically works 12-hour days. Beverly visits her doctor because she has recently been having chest pains. Her doctor suspects she is at risk for a heart attack. Which of the following indicators would be the most definitive predictor of their suspicion?

C-reactive protein concentrations

Markers for inflammation as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease include high levels of:

CRP

Which of the following features of low-density lipoproteins and coronary heart disease is true?

Excess LDL cholesterol is vulnerable to oxidation

Which of the following characteristics of arterial plaque is true?

Size of the plaque is not as important as composition

Which of the following describes a known association with coronary heart disease (CHD)?

In men, CHD begins 10-15 years earlier than in women

Which of the following features of blood triglycerides and risk for coronary heart disease is true?

Non-fasting triglyceride levels more strongly predict risk than fasting levels

The process by which immune cells engulf and then destroy bacteria is known as which of these terms?

Phagocytosis

Which of the following terms describes an event, such as a GI infection, that results in decreased nutrient absorption, which in turn results in inability to synthesize sufficient immune cells and immune factors, thereby leading to increased susceptibility to another GI infection?

Synergistic

For which of the following chronic diseases are dietary risk factors least involved in its development?

diabetes

Which of the following disorders is influences strongly by genetics?

diabetes

The ballooning out of an artery wall at a point where it has been weakened by deterioration is called which of the following terms?

an aneurysm

The obstruction of the blood vessel by a clot that broke away from arterial plaque is termed which of the following?

an embolism

The immune system treats foreign substances such as bacteria and toxins as which of the following objects?

antigens

Risk factors for coronary heart disease that can be minimized by behavioural change include all of the following EXCEPT:

heredity

Which of the following test results may be classified as a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

high C-reactive protein levels

What is the appropriate method of assessing blood lipids to ensure reliable results?

Take at least 2 measurements at least 1 week apart

HIV is known to be transmitted through direct contact with:

blood

Stefan was recently diagnosed with metabolic syndrome. His primary care physician refers him to your office for some counselling on his modifiable risk factors. Which of the following topics will you most likely discuss with Stefan?

how to improve his atherogenic diet

A person's level of C-reactive appears to be a strong predictor for which of these disorder?

a heart attack

Among the following, which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterol?

achieve and maintain appropriate body weight

Anyone who is medically advised to lower blood cholesterol should do which of the following?

achieve desirable body weight

Which of the following forms of cardiovascular disease is most common?

coronary heart disease

Which of the following factors would lead a person with high blood pressure to develop metabolic syndrome?

insulin resistance

A person who produces a normal amount of insulin but whose cells show suboptimal response is said to be in which of the following states?

insulin resistant

Being obese is known to increase the probabilities of contracting all of the following diseases EXCEPT

kwashiorkor

Which of the following are modifiable his factors for disease?

low HDL level

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

moderate sugar level

Which of the following cell type make up the immune system?

phagocytes

What is the term given to mound of lipid material mixed with smooth muscle cells and calcium that develop in the artery walls?

plaques

Tiny, disc-shaped bodies in the blood that are important in clot formation are called which of the following terms?

platelets

Which of the following leading causes of death in the Canada does NOT bear a relationship to diet?

pneumonia and influenza

What should be the next course of action for a person who was unsuccessful in lowering LDL or blood pressure by lifestyle changes?

prescribe medications

What of the following functions of the T cells is true?

recognize antigens

Which of these properties applies to pre-hypertension?

slightly high blood pressure

Cytokines are which of the following?

specialized protein that activate responses to infection

Direct contributors to the metabolic syndrome include which of the following?

waist circumference >102 cm (for men) or >89 cm (for women)

Lymphocytes are which of the following?

white blood cells that participate in immunity

Which of these blood cholesterol carriers is of greatest concern in atherosclerosis?

LDL

Which of the following associations between smoking and coronary heart disease is true?

Smoking damages platelets

A significant reduction in blood flow to the brain is called which of the following terms?

a stroke