nutrition chapter 4: The carbohydrates, sugars, starches and fibers part 3

rise

*After a meal,* blood glucose ____, and liver cells link excess *glucose molecules* by condensation reactions into long, branching chains of GLYCOGEN

muscle cells

?? ?? also store glucose as glycogen (the other three-fourths), but muscles hoard most of their supply, using it just for themselves during exercise.

Liver cells

After a meal, *blood glucose rises*, and ?? ??? link excess glucose molecules by condensation reactions into long, branching chains of glycogen

glucogen

After a meal, *blood glucose rises*, and *liver cells link* excess glucose molecules by condensation reactions into long, branching chains of ????

condensation

After a meal, blood glucose rises, and liver cells link excess glucose molecules by ???? reactions into long, branching chains of glycogen

fat

For its long-term energy reserves, for use over days or weeks of food deprivation, the body uses its abundant, water-free fuel ____

3/4

Muscle cells store *glucose* as *glycogen* (the other ___ __), but muscles hoard most of their supply, using it just for themselves during exercise

liver

The ??? can store only enough glycogen to provide energy for about a day

proteins, glucose

The amino acids of ??? can be used to make ??? to some extent, but amino acids and ??? have jobs of their own that no other nutrient can perform

50 to 100 grams

To spare body protein and prevent ketosis, the body needs ___ to ___ grams of carbohydrate a day. Dietary recommendations urge people to select abundantly from carbohydrate-rich foods to provide for considerably more

FAT

Unlike the liver cells, which can store only enough glycogen to meet about a day's energy needs, ?? cells can store seemingly unlimited quantities of ???

sugars

When ??? molecules adhere to the body's protein and fat molecules, the consequences can be dramatic. ?? attached to a protein change the protein's shape and function; when they bind to lipids in a cell's membranes, ??? alter the way cells recognize one another

falls

When blood glucose ???, the *liver cells* break down *glycogen* by *hydrolysis* reactions into *single molecules* of GLUCOSE and release them into the BLOOD STREAM Thus, glucose becomes available to supply energy to the brain and other tissues regardless of whether the person has eaten recently.

glucose

When blood glucose FALLS , the *liver cells* break down *glycogen* by *hydrolysis* reactions into *single molecules* of ??? and release them into the BLOOD STREAM Thus, glucose becomes available to supply energy to the brain and other tissues regardless of whether the person has eaten recently.

blood stream

When blood glucose FALLS , the *liver cells* break down *glycogen* by *hydrolysis* reactions into *single molecules* of GLUCOSE and release them into the ?? ??? Thus, glucose becomes available to supply energy to the brain and other tissues regardless of whether the person has eaten recently.

Glycogen hydrolysis

When blood glucose FALLS , the *liver cells* break down ??? by ? reactions into *single molecules* of GLUCOSE and release them into the BLOOD STREAM Thus, glucose becomes available to supply energy to the brain and other tissues regardless of whether the person has eaten recently.

Liver cells

When blood glucose FALLS , the ?? ??? break down *glycogen* by *hydrolysis* reactions into *single molecules* of GLUCOSE and release them into the BLOOD STREAM Thus, glucose becomes available to supply energy to the brain and other tissues regardless of whether the person has eaten recently.

FAT

When glucose is abundant, energy metabolism shifts to use more glucose instead of fat. If that isn't enough to restore glucose balance, the liver breaks glucose into smaller molecules and puts them together into the more *permanent energy-storage compound*____

fat

With less carbohydrate providing glucose to meet the brain's energy needs, ????takes an alternative metabolic pathway; instead of entering the main energy pathway, ??? fragments combine with one another, forming *ketone bodies*

ketone bodies

With less carbohydrate providing glucose to meet the brain's energy needs, fat takes an alternative metabolic pathway; instead of entering the main energy pathway, fat fragments combine with one another, forming ?? ???

fat

___ cannot make glucose to any significant extent

ketone bodies

acidic compounds produced by the liver during the breakdown of fat when carbohydrate is not available.

ketosis

an undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood and urine.

glucose

fuels the work of most of the body's cells and is the preferred energy source for brain cells, other nerve cells, and developing red blood cells. Inside a cell, a series of reactions can break ??? into smaller compounds that yield energy when broken down completely to carbon dioxide and water

water

glycogen holds ___, and therefore, is rather bulky

brain

maintains a small amount of glycogen, which is thought to provide an emergency energy reserve during times of severe glucose deprivation.

acidic

most ketone bodies are ??? which disturb the body's normal *acid-base balance*

protein sparing action

only adequate dietary carbohydrate can prevent the use of protein for energy, and this role of carbohydrate is known as its __ ___ ____.

ketone bodies

provide an alternative fuel source during starvation, but when their production exceeds their use, they accumulate in the blood, causing ketosis

liver

stores about *one-fourth* of the body's total *glycogen* and releases *glucose* into the bloodstream as needed.

protein sparing action

the action of carbohydrate (and fat) in providing energy that allows protein to be used for other purposes.

gluconeogenesis

the conversion of protein or fat into glucose

acid base concentration

the equilibrium in the body between acid and base concentrations.

acid-base balance

the equilibrium in the body between acid and base concentrations.

1/4, glycogen

the liver stores about ??? of the body's total ???? and releases glucose into the bloodstream as needed

gluconeogenesis

the making of glucose from a noncarbohydrate source such as amino acids or glycerol

glucose

the primary role of carbohydrates in the body is to supply the cells with glucose for energy

proteins

when a person does not replenish glucose by eating carbohydrate, body ??? are broken down to make glucose to fuel the brain and other nerve cells. These body ??? derive primarily from the liver and skeletal muscles.

liver and skeletal muscles

when a person does not replenish glucose by eating carbohydrate, body proteins are broken down to make glucose to fuel the brain and other nerve cells. These body proteins derive primarily from the ??? and ?? ???

abundant

when glucose is _____, energy metabolism shifts to use MORE glucose INSTEAD of fat