Nutrition Chapter 5

What/ which phospholipid prevents food separation?

Lecithin is one of the best known phospholipid. The food industry uses this in eggs to keep together cake batter and oils.

Lipids which are essential

Linoleic acid and alpha linoleic acid are essential in the body. Since Omega 3 and Omega 6 are not able to be synthesized in the human body. These essential fatty acids must be consumed in the diet because they cannot be made in the body.

Types of Lipids

Lipids do not dissolve in water, and are usually tagged by the word fats. There are three types of Lipids, which are triglycerides, pholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides include lipid molecules called fatty acids.

Digestion of Lipids-

Since lipids can not be absorbed easily since oil and water do not mix and it is the key component to helping them stick together. The body has special mechanisms to help this process. Most of the fat digestion and absorption happen in the small intestine. The bile acts as an emulsifier, breaking down these large lipids into small globules. Than the triglycerides can now be absorbed in the pancreas. This mixture of fatty acids and all surrounding items are known as Micelles which facilitate the absorption. The bile in the micelles are absorbed and go back to the liver for reuse. Then the rest is processed further so it can go in the blood stream. Vitamin A, D,E, and K are absorbed through the same process as other lipids.

Triglycerides cannot be used for

going through cell membranes easily, or cannot be absorbed by itself.

Fats that are low in saturated fats come from which foods

plant oils are generally low in in saturated fats except tropical oils such as palm, kernel, coconut oils which are saturated palm oils.

What/which sterol blood cholesterol?

plant sterols help reduce the risk of cholesterol levels in the body. They have similar role to that of cholesterol in animals: they help to form plant cell membranes.

Which foods contain high amounts of alpha linolenic acid?

Any food that is high in Omega 3 since it is the synthesizer, products of this are found in high amounts in walnuts, canola oil, and flaxseed.

The human body converts into Vitamin D, bile acids and cortisol.

Cholesterol is used to synthesize these products and is also part of Myelin ( the insulating coating on many nerve cells)

What causes essential fatty acid deficiency in infants?

Consuming low fat diets and in individuals who are unable to absorb lipids. If this were to occur it would produce risks of growth failure, impaired vision and hearing, poor healing of wounds, liver abnormalities, dry skin.

Which oils are healthy and which oils are unhealthy.

Corn oil, safflower oil, and sunflower oils which are unsaturated fats which are healthy. The unhealthier oils are saturated which are beef butter and lard, oils that are solid at room temperature. Saturated fats also can come from tropical oils such as palm, kernel, coconut oils which are saturated palm oils.

Foods which contain cholesterol are.

Egg yolks, organ meats such as kidney or liver, it is only found in animal products.

What is the major cause of the escalating rate of obesity in the US.

Excess dietary fat consumption contributes to weight gain and obesity. In the US and worldwide it is likely due to the general increase in calorie intake with a mixture of decrease in energy expenditure.

Compare amounts of Omega 3 and Omega 6 consumed in the average diet-

In the US, the diets contain higher ratio of omega 6 to omega 3 than is optimal for health. Omega 3 fatty acid Eicosapentaenoic ad docosahexonoic acids are synthesized by alpha linoleic acid while Omega 6 Arachidonic acid is synthesized by linoleic acid. If these amounts are not proportionally acceptable than it causes essential fatty acid deficiency and problems with eicosanoids.

Which foods reduce the risk of heart disease.

Increasing the consumption of foods that are rich in Omega 3 fatty acids which in turn increases the proportion of omega 3 eicosanoids. This can be found in foods such as walnuts, canola oil, and flaxseed.

Lecithin

Is a phospholipid which the body uses to synthesize the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Describe adipose tissue

It is where most lipids in the body as triglycerides are stored. It is the fat in the body that lies under skin and around internal organs, provide a light weight storage molecule. Help cushion our internal organs and insulate from variations also found in oils on the body surface.

Regarding Omega 3 and Omega 6, which one is more healthy and which one is less healthy

Omega 3 is more healthy than Omega 6. But they are both important and needed to keep the body stable.

Are the following fats "saturated" or "unsaturated"?: Palm Oil, Butyric acid, Omega 3, Omega 6, alpha linolenic acid, coconut oil, trans fat, cis oil.

Saturated Oils

What is the human body's most important lipid?

Triglycerides are the human body's most important lipid.

What are long chain fatty acids reassembled into?

Triglycerides.

Healthy levels of fats which circulate in blood are

VLDS' are very low density proteins which are lipoproteins that circulate in the blood, delivering triglycerides into the body cells. The parts that are not delivered are reused into low density proteins or LDL's primary cholesterol delivery system for cells.

Micelle

a particle that is formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile. It facilitates the absorption of lipids. Formed by monoglycerides.

Definition of essential

absolutely necessary; extremely important: required for normal growth but not synthesized in the body therefore necessary in the diet

Dry, scaly skin and poor growth are associated with

an inadequate amount of linoleic and alpha linoleic acid, which are synthesizers found from foods which contain Omega 3 and Omega 6.

Uses of triglycerides

determines its function in the body and the property it gives to food. Triglycerides are a type of fat (lipid) found in your blood. When you eat, your body converts any calories it doesn't need to use right away into triglycerides. The triglycerides are stored in your fat cells. Later, hormones release triglycerides for energy between meals. It is the major type of lipid in food and your body.

Kcals from fat

each gram of fat is 9 kcals compared with the 4 kcals per gram in carbs, proteins.

Omega 3 functions as

essential for growth, fertility, development, maintaining the structure of red blood cells, needed for the formation of phospholipids that give cell membranes there structure and functional properties. These are particularly important in the retina of the eye. If the ratio of omega 3 to omega 6 is not up to par than it causes problems in blood clotting, blood pressure, immune functions and other body processes.

In which foods do we find visible fats

in bacon and steak and fat that is visible at room temperature like butter margarine, cheese, whole milk, icecream.

In which foods do we find invisible fats

in things like French fries and potato chips and muffins, crackers, donuts, cookies. Anything made with fat that we cannot see.