nutrition chapter 7

overweight

25-29.9

obese

30-39.9

morbidly obese

>40

healthy weight

BMI 18.5-24.9

underweight

BMI <18.5

amphetamine

a group of medications that induce stimulation of the central nervous system and have other effects in the body. abuse is linked to physical and psychological dependence

ratio of fat to lean tissue (fat)

a high ratio of fat mass to lean body mass is correlated with weight gain

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

a highly accurate method of measuring body composition and bone mass and density using multiple low-energy x rays

leptin

a hormone made by adipose tissue in proportion to total fat stores in the body that influences long-term regulation of fat mass. also influences the hormone insulin

basal metabolism (fat)

a low BMR due to factors such a thyroid problems or energy restriction is linked to weight gain

air displacement

a method for estimating body composition that makes use of the volume of space taken up by a body inside a small chamber

direct calorimetry

a method of determining a body's energy use by measuring heat released from the body. an insulated chamber is usually used

underwater weighing

a method of estimating total body fat by weighing the individual on a standard scale and then weighing him or her again submerged in water. difference between the 2 weights is used to estimate total body volume

indirect calorimetry

a method to measure energy use by the body by measuring oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output. formulas are then used to convert gas exchange value into energy use, estimating the proportion of energy nutrients that are being oxidized for energy in the fuel mix

childbearing (fat)

a pattern of weight gain during the childbearing can occur if mother does not return her approx pregnancy weight after the pregnancy. fat stored during pregnancy to support subsequent lactation may not be lost in women who do not breastfeed

hypothalamus

a region at the base of the brain that contains cells that play a role in regulation of energy intake, respiration, body temp, and other body functions

adjustable gastric banding

a restrictive procedure in which the opening from the esophagus to the stomach is reduced by a hollow gastric band

relapse prevention

a series of strategies used to help prevent and cope with weight-control lapses, such as recognizing high-risk situations and deciding beforehand on appropriate responses

brown adipose tissue

a specialized form of adipose tissue that produces large amounts of heat by metabolizing energy-yielding nutrients without synthesizing much useful energy for the body. the unused energy is released as heat

premature death (fat)

a variety of risk factors for disease

stimulus control

altering the environment to minimize the stimuli for eating; ex: removing foods from sight and storing them in kitchen cabinets

bomb calorimeter

an instrument used to determine the calorie content of food

lean body mass

body weight mins fat storage weight equals this. includes organs such as brain, muscles, and liver, bone and blood and other body fluids

chain-breaking

breaking the link between two or more behaviors that encourage overeating, such as snacking while watching tv

energy input

calories from food intake

vision problems (Fat)

cataracts and other eye disorders and often more present

cognitive restructuring

changing one's frame of mind regarding eating; ex- instead of using difficult day as an excuse to overeat, substituting other pleasures for rewards, relaxing walk with a friend

shorter stature (obesity) (fat)

earlier onset of puberty

fat uptake by adipose tissue (fat)

efficiency of fat storage is high in some obese people and remains high with weight loss

type 2 diabetes (fat)

enlarged adipose cells, which poorly bind insulin and poorly respond to the message insulin send to the cell; less synthesis of factors that aid insulin action and greater synthesis of factors by adipose cells that lessen insulin action

various cancers (kidney, gallbladder, colon/rectum, uterus, and prostate gland) (fat)

estrogen production of adipose cells; animal studies suggest excess calorie intake encourages tumor development

age (fat)

excess body fat is more common in adults and middle aged people

composition of diet (fat)

excess calorie intake from fat, alcohol, and calorie-dense foods contributes to obesity

liver damage and eventual failure (fat)

excess fat accumulation in the liver

bone and joint disorders (gout)

excess pressure put on knee, ankle, and hip joints

pulmonary disease and sleep disorders (fat)

excess weight over lungs and pharynx

reduced physical agility and increased risk of accidents and falls (fat)

excess weight that impairs movement

gender (fat)

females have more fat

contingency management

forming a plan of action to respond to a situation in which over eating is likely, such as when snacks are within arm's reach at a party

gastroplasty

gastric bypass surgery performed on the stomach on the stomach to limit its volume to approx 30 mililiters. also referred to as stomach stapeling

menstrual irregularities and infertility (fat)

hormones produced by adipose cells, such as estrogen

ethnicity

in some groups, higher body weight may be more acceptable, which may promote overeating

menopause (fat)

increase in abdominal fat deposition is typical

surgical risk (Fat)

increased anesthesia needs, greater risk of wound infections (latter is linked to a decrease immune function)

gallstones (fat)

increased cholesterol content of bile

certain medications (fat)

increased hunger/appetite can be a side effect

hypertension (fat)

increased miles of blood vessels found in the adipose tissue, increased blood volume and increased resistance to blood flow to hormones made by adipose cells

cardiovascular disease (fat)

increases in LDL cholesterol and triglyceride values, low HDL cholesterol, decreased physical activity, and increased synthesis of blood clotting and inflammatory factors by enlarged adipose cells. a greater risk for heart failure is also see, due in part to altered heart rhythm

very-low-calorie- diet (VLCD)

known also as protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) this diet allows a person 400 to 800 kcal per day, often in liquid form. of this, 120 to 480 kcal is carbohydrate, and the rest is mostly high quality protein

physical activity (fat)

low physical activity leads to positive energy balance and body fat storage

erectile dysfunctions in men (Fat)

low-grade inflammation caused by excess fat mass and reduced function of the cells lining the blood vessels associated with being overweigt

energy output

metabolism; digestion, absorption, and transport of nutrients; physical activity

pregnancy risks (Fat)

more difficult to deliver, increased number of birth defects, and increased needs for anesthesia

variety or social and behavioral factors (fat)

obesity is associated with socioeconomic status; familial conditions; network of friends; busy lifestyles; binge eating; availability of inexpensive; supersized high fat food; pattern of leisure activities; screen time smoking cessation; excessive alcohol intake; and meals eaten away from home

set point

often refers to the close regulation of body weight. it is not known what cells control this set point or how it functions in weight regulation. there is evidence, that mechanisms exist that help regulate weight

positive energy body (fat)

over a long period of time, this promotes storage of fat

infections (fat)

reduced immune system activity

national region (fat)

regional differences, such as high fat diets and sedentary lifestyles in the Midwest areas of the South, lead to higher rates of obesity compared to other regions

thermic effect of food (fat)

some obese individuals metabolize nutrients more efficiently

increased hunger sensations (fat)

some people have excessive trouble resisting the abundant availability of food, which is likely linked to the activity of various brain chemicals in food reward pathways

sleeve gastrectomy

surgical reduction of stomach by about 75%. also known as gastric sleeve

adaptive thermogenesis

the ability of humans to regulate body temp within narrow limits (thermoregulation). two examples: fidgeting and shivering when cold

resting metabolism

the amount of calories the body uses when the person has not eaten in 4 hours and is resting (15 to 30 mins) and awake in a warm, quiet environment. it is usually slightly higher that the basal metabolism due to the less strict criteria for the test; often referred to resting metabolic rate (RMR)

thermic effect of food (TEF)

the increase in metabolism that occurs during digestion, absorption, and metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. this represents 5 to 10% of calories consumed

bariatrics

the medical specialty focusing on the treatment of obesity

bioelectrical impedance

the method to estimate total body fat that uses a low-energy electrical current. the more fat storage a person has, the more resistance to electrical flow will be exhibited

basal metabolism

the minimal amount of calories the body uses to support itself in a fasting state when resting and awake in a warm, quiet environment. It amounts to roughly 1 kcal per kilogram per hour in men and 0.9 kcal per kilogram in women; these values are often referred to as the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

positive energy balance

the state in which energy intake is greater that energy expended, generally resulting in weight gain

negative energy balance

the state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss

energy balance

the state in which energy intake, in the form of food and beverages, matches the energy expended, primarily through basal metabolism and physical activity

upper-body obesity

the type of obesity in which fat is stored primarily in the abdominal area; defined as a waist circumference more than 40 inches in men and more than 30 inches in women. also known as android obesity

lower-body obesity

the type of obesity in which fat storage is primarily located in the buttocks and thigh area. also known as gynoid or gynecoid obesity

self-monitoring

tracking foods eaten and conditions affecting eating; actions are usually recorded in a diary, along with location, time, and state, of mind. this is a tool to help people understand more about their eating habits

skin disorders (Fat)

trapping of moisture and microorganisms in tissue folds

identical twins

two offspring that develop from a single ovum and sperm and have the same genetic makeup

body mass index

weight (kg) divided by height (meters) squared; a value of 25 and above indicated overweight, and a value of 30 and above indicates obesity