nutrition chapter 8

vitamin A defiency

certain epithelial cells produce too much keratin, protein found in hair, nails, out-layers of skin,

B-6 medicine

claims help with PMS, nerve damage, walking difficulties, numbness hands and feet

Riboflavin (B2)

coenzyme for metabolism of carbohydrate, lipids, and amino acids Dairy foods, liver, and enriched grains are major food sources

food-cobalamin malabsorption

common in older adults due to declining gastric production. Also can occur:• In people with • After gastric bypass surgeries• When taking certain medications (e.g., stomach acid reducers)

vitamin

complex organic compund that the body can't make enough of, naturally occurs in common foods, defieicnecy condition occurs when viatmin is missing in diet, good health is restored id defiecny disorder is trated early by supplying missing nutrient

fat soluble are absorbed with

dietary fat, some fat is needed in the body,

vitamin C medicine

does not prevent common cold, may reduce sevrity, reduces oxidation of LDL, eating more fruits and vegetables reduced risk of cancer

taking vitamins ____ replace the need to eat a healthy diet

does not, wide variety from

vitamins ------- energy

don't supply, but may participated in chemical reactions

xeropthalmia

dry eyes, untreated leads to blind

neural tube defect

during the first few weeks after conception, the neural tube forms.- Neural tube develops into the brain and spinal cord. • Folate-deficient pregnant women are at risk of giving birth to infants with neural tube defects.

carcinogens

environmental agents that are cancer

folate (b-8)

folic acid (synthetic) and folate (natural) functions: -part of coenzyme tertrahydrofolic acid DNA and amino acid metabolism Good Food Sources of Folate - Leafy green vegetables , liver, legumes asparagus, broccoli, and oranges

in the united states, severe defiencies are uncommon because

food preservation practices, food enrichments and fortification, availably of fruits and vegetables

vitamin k examples

kale, spinach, broccoli, green vegetables

Early deficiency

lack of folate affects cells such as red blood cells that rapidly divide, can't divide,

two main factors that influence vitamin retention in products are

length of time since harvest, storage conditions since harvest

reducing the risk

limit alcohol, healthy weight, active, healthy food,

Vitamin A toxicity

liver damage, excess beta-carotene, yellowing of the skin, generally harmless, may occur in infants

b-6 and b-12

lowers homocysteine levels when taken together CVD- suggest does not reduce change of heart attack alhezimers diseases no evidence

synthetic

made in laboratories by chemist, nautral and equal activity have equal activity except: naturalv vitamin

cancerous

malignant cells are "out of control" and can spread a mass of cancerous s=cells results in tumor

Vitamin K deficiencies

may occur in newborns or people with impaired liver function or absorption on long term antibiotic therapy

vitamin D

metabolize calcium and phophourus, production and maintencacne of healthy bones

water soluble vitamins are

most functions as compomenents of specific coenzymes many enzymes require coenzymes to function

Vitamin E deficiency

nerve dmage, imparied immune sytsem, blindness

vitamin as medicine

niacin as medicine Uses: - High doses can lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol 2• Side effects:- flushing on face and chest, itchy skin, GI tract upset, and liver damage- megadoses are very toxic, so a qualified medical practitioner (e.g., physician) should be consulted before using

vitamin k toxicity

none natural, synthetic forms are toxic

function (vitamin C)

not part of a coenzyme but needed for: collagen synthesis, protein that gives stregth to connective tissues antioxidant activity major roles: immune system functioning Synthesis of bile, certain neurotransmitters and hormones

thiamin (B-1)

part of coenzyme involved in release of energy from carbs metabolism of certain amino acids synthesis of neurotransmitters

beta-carotene

plant sources vitamin a, yellow, red, orange, green fruits, vegetables, one of a few catonetiods (plant pigments)

natural sources

plants, animals, fungi, bacteria

defiencies result from

poor diets or certian health conditions

vitamin enrichment and fortification

raw foods can lose nutrients during processing whcih includes refinement

parathyroid hormone

released when blood ca levels drop stimulates kidney

Vitamin D defiency

rickets, uncommon in US, alot of people don't get enough viatimin D, too much toxic

most absorption occurs

small intestine, absorption is not 100% efficient, absorption increases when more of the vitamin is needed ex: growth, pregnancy, lactation

coenzymes

small molecules that regulate chemical reactions by interacting with enzymes

many medical researchers ______________ excess oxidation is responsible for promoting chemical changes in cells that lead to

suspect; cancer, stroke, heart attack, alzheimers disease, premature aging

night blindness

the inability to see in dim light, early sign fo vitamin A deficiency, rods and cones need vitamin A to function properly

beriberi

thiamin deficiency; people have weak, poor muscular coornidations my develop cardiovascular problems and edema

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

typically seen in alcoholics because alcohol decreases absorption and increases excretion

major functions

vision and reproductions, cellular, immune, eptitheial cell production and maintenance

most susceptible to loss

vitamin C, thiamin, folate are easily destroyed by improper storage

retinol

Vitamin A

rickets

Vitamin D deficiency in children soft bones

oxidations reactions

can form radicals or free radicals, substances with an unpaired electron loss of electrons

Vitamin E as medicine

cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer's, not true

anencephaly

brain does not form properly

Vitamins differ from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats because they __________.

both organic, no calories, micronutrients, small amounts

major risk factors

-age -family history -environmental -tabacco -radiation -bacterial/ viral -hormones -alcohol -foods

comparing amounts of nutrients in a food

1 oz of bread --- 0.0005% vitamins

people who live south of the

33rd parellel and are outdoors when sunlight is most intense are mostly likely synthesizing adequate prohormones D

cancer

A group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have mutated (have damaged genes).

intrinsic factor

A substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.

antioxidant

A substance that gives up electrons to stabilize free radicals

Fat souble vitamins include.

A, D, E, K, don't dissolve in water or urine, stored in the body may be toxic, associated with lipids in foods and the body

dietary supplements

AMD (adult macular degneration) is one of the leading causes of blindness among older adults in U.S.• Risk factors for AMD are ____________, __________, and advanced age, but diet also plays a role.• AMD is associated with changes in the macula.• The macula contains the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin. • In the AREDS Study, patients with AMD took high amounts of vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and the minerals copper and zinc.• This combination slowed the progression• of AMD.• There was no clear scientific evidencethat taking antioxidant supplements prevents healthy people from developing AMD.

water soluble vitamins

B and C (the rest of vitamins), dissolve in watery componets of foods and the body, excreted in urine, non toxic,. choline is generally referred to as vitamin like

carotenoids as medicine

Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are associated with lower risk of certain cancers, CVD, and age- related macular degeneration ( AMD ). • Dietary supplements containing beta-carotene fail to show benefits for cancer and AMD risks. • Lutein and zeaxanthin (carotenoids) may help slow progression of AMD. Dietary supplements with beta-carotene may be harmful, especially among smokers. Reasonable advice:

vitamin B-6

Functions- Part of coenzyme needed for amino acid metabolism deficiency- rarely occurs but signs and symptoms • Dermatitis, anemia, convulsions, depression, and confusion •Toxic -(megadoes)

Niacin (B-3)

Functions- Part of two coenzymes that participate in at least 200 reactions deficiency- 4 D's -dermatitis -diarrhea -dementia -death toxic amounts- can cause GI ulcers, vision loss, and liver damage

diseases that affect the ____________ can reduce vitamin absorption

GI traact

choline

Humans require choline, especially during prenatal (before birth) development.Choline is considered to be a vitamin- like nutrient.The body can make choline, but under certain conditions, the body does not synthesize enough to meet its needs.

spina bifida

Spine does not form properly before birth and fails to enclose the spinal cord.

absorption of dietary B-12

bound to proteins, after released from protein, B-12 must bind to intrinsic factor for absorption

fortification

addition of an nutrient to a wide array of commonly eaten processed foods during their manufacturing

grain enrichement

addition of specific amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, flocic, acid and the mineral iron, does not restore all nutrients grain loses during refining

osteomalcia

adult rickets

at risk for vitamin defiency

alcoholics, older adults, hospitalized, anorexia nervosa, GI disorders, rare metabolic conditions

vitamin E

antioxidant found in cells, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids, mains immune system function sunflower seeds

vitamin B-12 functions

art of coenzymes needed for: • folate metabolism • Maintenance of myelin shealth

vitamin k

assists in blood clotting

maximize vitamins

avoid buying wilted, bruised, or shriveled produce, store near freezing temps, air tight conditions, high humidity, cook in small amounts of water, avoid cutting foods in tiny pieces, quick cooking methods, freeze produce

b vitamins order

b-1 b-2- riboflavin b-3- Niacin

unlikely vitamins need to still be discovered

babies grow and thrive on formula and feeding tubes owuldn't be able to survive

free radical generating substances

fried foods, smoking, alcohol, pesticides

beta- carotine and vitamins E and C

function as antioxidants

reduction

gain of electrons

pernicious anemia

genetic defect reduces production of intrinsic factor • Megaloblastic anemia• Nerve damage• Confusion• Difficulty walking and maintaining balance• Death

antioxidants work

giving up an electron to free a radical, protects other molecules, action stabilizes the free radical

vitamins may

have hormonal like action participate in certain chemical reactions -regulate certain body processes -cell division and development -growth and maintain tissues

free radical

highly reactive substances because they have an unpaired electron can remove an electron from amore stable molecule such as dna protein polyunsaturated fatty acid

vitamin c toxicity

increase risk of kidney stone, defiencity scurvy- loss teeth, gums, poor wound healing, bruises, depression

toxicity of E

interfere w vitamin K, role in blood clotting

cystic fibrosis

interferes with fat digestion and fat soluble vitamin absorption, may need to take supplemental sources of vitamins