Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Ch.14, HN CH 14 Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Connect, nutrition ch 18, Nutri Sci: Nutrition During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

excessive intake of vitamin ___ is particular concern during pregnancy

A

What is a good source of information that pregnant women can consult to learn about recommendations for weight management during pregnancy and lactation?

A registered dietitian; www.ChooseMyPlate.gov; The Dietary Guidelines for Americans

What effect does supplemental feeding of a breastfed infant have on the mother's milk production? A. Supplemental feeding will have no effect on human milk production as long as the mother continues to breastfeed at least twice a day B. Supplemental feeding will cause human milk production to decrease dramatically, even after only a few supplemental feeds C. As supplemental feeding increases, the woman spends less time breastfeeding, resulting in decreased milk production

As supplemental feeding increases, the woman spends less time breastfeeding, resulting in decreased milk production

Polycystic ovary syndrome is characterized by high levels of ____ in the blood A. testosterone B. insulin C. folate D. oxytocin

AB

What are some components of colostrum? A. Growth factors b. Antibodies C. Immune system cells D. Vitamin K and other clotting factors

ABC

During pregnancy, the RDA or AI increases for which of the following vitamins? A. Vit B-12 B. Folate C. Vit K D. Vit B-6

ABD

There is a reduced risk for the following diseases for infants that are breastfed A. Childhood leukemia and lymphoma B. Type I diabetes, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease C. ADDHD and autism D. Obesity and Type II diabetes

ABD

What are some advantages of breastfeeding for the infant? A. Contributes to proper development of jaws and teeth B. Contributes to maturation of the infant's GI tract C. Provides high levels of Vitamin D D. Decreases ear infection

ABD

What are some adverse health events associated with a large fetus as a result of uncontrolled maternal diabetes during pregnancy? A. The infant may experience trauma and malformations at birth B. The infant may be born early C. The infant may be born with protein-energy malnutrition D. The infant may be born with low blood glucose

ABD

What factors contribute to edema during pregnancy? A. Placental hormones B. High levels of physical activity C. Increased blood volume D. Intake of iodized salt

AC

Early symptoms of preeclampsia include: A. Edema B. Sleep apnea C. Rise in blood pressure D. Changes in blood clotting E. Excess protein in urine F. Heartburn and constipation

ACDE

What are the major functions of folate? A. Metabolism of amino acids B. Metabolism of fatty acids C. Glucose synthesis D. DNA synthesis

AD

What are the risks to the fetus of uncontrolled maternal diabetes during pregnancy? A. A large fetus B. Increased risk of low-birth-weight infant C. Nutritional deficiencies D. Low blood glucose levels in the infant at birth

AD

Which 2 minerals are important for normal ovulation? A. iron B. fluoride C. selenium D. zinc

AD

Why is delivery the most reliable treatment for eclampsia or preeclampsia? A. Delivery decreases the likelihood of birth malformations or trauma to the infant B. Pregnancy-induced hypertension resolves once the infant is delivered

B

Increased calorie intake during pregnancy... A. Prevents neural tube defects B. Supports fetal growth and development C. Contributes to maternal fat storage D. Maintains maternal bone mass

BC

What are some measures a woman can take to counteract known environmental contaminants from affecting her milk? A. Avoid caffeine consumption B. Remove fatty edges from meats C. Avoid freshwater fish from polluted areas D. Wash and peel fruits and vegetables

BCD

What are the adverse health effects associated with iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy? A. Increased risk for marasmus B. Preterm delivery C. Low-birth-weight infants D. Increased risk for fetal death E. INfants that are large for gestational age

BCD

Why is zinc important for male fertility? A. Metabolism of homocysteine B. Synthesis of reproductive hormones C. Function of antioxidant enzymes D. Production of sperm

BCD

Iodide needs are increased during pregnancy for prevention of A. spina bifida B. stunted growth C. cleft palate D. learning disabilities

BD

What are some factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex? A. Maternal obesity B. Lack of confidence C. Gestational diabetes D. Nervous tension E. Fatigue

BDE

Gestational Diabetes

An excessive increase in blood glucose that occurs during pregnancy is a condition commonly referred to as what?

____ may prevent birth defects by attenuating the damage induced by free radicals A. Oxidants B. Caffeine C. Alcohol D. Antioxidants

Antioxidants

Which statement is true about birth defects rates in the United States?

Birth defects impact 1 in 33 babies born in the U.S.

Which factors contribute to edema during pregnancy?

Blood volume and placental hormones.

oxytocin causes contractions of the muscle-like cells surrounding the ducts of the ___ and the smooth muscles of the ____

Breast and uterus

____ reduces the chances of some allergies, especially in allergy-prone infants

Breastfeeding

____ is a milk that is thick yellowish fluid that contains antibodies and lactobacillus bifidus factor

Colostrum

Which statements are true about colostrum?

Colostrum is the first fluid released from the breast at the end of pregnancy; Colostrum is a thick, yellowish fluid.

True or false: For most women, nausea or "morning sickness" continues throughout the pregnancy.

False

True or false: Pregnant women should not engage in physical activity because it may induce preterm labor or cause miscarriage.

False

The ____ is the developing life form from the beginning of the ninth week after conception until birth

Fetus

Please pair the components of weight gain during pregnancy with they corresponding weight contribution.

Fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta: 11 lbs. Maternal fat stores: 4-8 lbs. Uterus and breasts: 6 lbs. Blood: 4 lbs.

Please pair the trimester with its recommendation for calorie needs during this time.

First trimester: Calorie needs are the same as in non pregnant women. Second: 350-450 additional calories should be consumed. Third: Around 450 additional calories.

Which of the following is a normal reaction to pregnancy?

Fluid retention due to placental hormones.

What are some common physiological changes that occur during pregnancy?

Fluid retention due to placental hormones; Hormones relax muscles of uterus and GI tract.

Which nutrients are of particular concern for pregnant lactoovovegetarians?

Folate, Iron, B-6, Zinc

___ milk is thin in texture, similar to skim milk

Fore milk

The period of intrauterine development of offspring

Gestation

_____ is the period of intrauterine development of offspring.

Gestation

Which body parts of the fetus are fully formed at the beginning of the second trimester?

Hands, Toes, Feet, Arms, Legs, Fingers

Saturated fatty acids Trans fatty acids

High intakes of what fats promote insulin resistance and therefore impair ovulation?

Nonheme Iron

Higher intakes of what are linked to improved fertility?

______ milk is thick in consistency, similar to cream with a high fat and calorie content

Hind milk

-Contributes to maternal fat storage -Supports fetal growth and development

How does an increased calorie intake effect a pregnancy?

360 Calories

How many calories from solid fats and added sugars are allowed during the second and third trimesters?

Six months

How many months of life is human milk able to sufficiently meet nutrient needs for infants?

Which statement is true about human milk?

Human milk is sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of the infant for about 6 months.

A vitamin and mineral supplement (is/is not) advocated to fill micronutrient needs of the pregnant vegan

Is

folate is important for fertility because of its role in

DNA synthesis

What are the major functions of folate?

DNA synthesis and metabolism of amino acids.

What are some advantages of breastfeeding for the mother? (2)

Decreases risk of ovarian and breast cancer Contributes to earlier recovery from pregnancy

The _____ ____ for _____ provides key recommendation for weight management during pregnancy and lactation

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

The _____ _____ for _____ provides key recommendations for weight management during pregnancy and lactation.

Dietary Guidelines, Americans

No indication

Does Breast size during pregnancy have any indication of success?

Which statement is true about milk-producing cells in the breast?

During pregnancy, hormones from the placenta stimulate the development of lobules.

When are spontaneous abortions most likely to occur?

During the first trimester.

What are the best ways that a pregnant woman can reduce her chances of acquiring vitamin A toxicity?

Eating a balanced diet and prudent use of dietary supplements.

What are the symptoms of pregnancy-induced hypertension?

Edema, rise in blood pressure, changes in blood clotting, excess protein in urine.

The ____ is the developing life form from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception

Embryo

_____ is the period of milk secretion following pregnancy.

Lactation

At what point during pregnancy is constipation most likely to occur?

Late in pregnancy.

Please pair the correct term with its classification.

Low-Birth-Weight Infant: An infant weighing less than 5.5 lbs. Preterm Infant: An infant born before 37 weeks. Small for Gestational Age (SGA): Full-term and preterm infants who weigh less than their expected weight for their gestational duration. Full-term Infant: An infant born between 38-42 weeks.

The concept of "eating for two" refers more to the increase in ___ and ____ needs as opposed to calorie needs

Minerals Vitamins

What are the factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex?

Nervous tension, fatigue, and lack of confidence.

The ____ is the egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops

Ovum

The brain releases the hormone ______ to allow the breast tissue to let down or eject milk from the lobules

Oxytocin

Please list the steps in the process of the let-down reflex in order from start to finish.

Suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola, the pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin, and oxytocin stimulates release of milk.

Zinc Iodide Iron

The RDA for what is increased during pregnancy compare to non-pregnant women?

Which statements are true about cretinism?

The best way to prevent cretinism is to consume iodized slat. Cretinism is a form of hypothyroidism that leads to diminished physical and mental development if left untreated.

DNA Synthesis

Why is Folate important for fertility?

Please pair the organization with its recommendation for breastfeeding.

World Health Organization: Breastfeeding should continue for 2 years with the appropriate introduction of solid foods after the first 6 months. American Dietetic Association: Infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months, with the combination of breastfeeding and infant solid foods up until one year.

what is the recommendation for fat intake during pregnancy

fat intake should increase proportionally with increased caloric intake to maintain 20-30% of calories from fat

which body parts of the fetus are fully formed at the beginning of the second trimester

feet, legs, toes, arms, fingers, and hands

A theory that links nutirtional and other environmental insults that occur during gestation to the future health of the offspring is called the ____ ____ hypothesis

fetal origins hypothesis

The length of pregnancy is measured from the _____ day of the women's last menstrual period.

first

The most critical time period for the development of the fetus is during the _____ trimester.

first

during breastfeeding, a woman may meet her daily needs for omega-3 fatty acids by consuming

fish twice per week/ supplementing diet with fish oil daily

the mother should consume ___ each time the infant nurses

fluid

what are some common physiological changes that occur during pregnancies

fluid retention due to placental hormones and hormones relax muscles of the uterus and GI tract

In order to prevent neural tube defects, the mother-to-be should consume an optimal amount of ___

folate

In order to prevent neural tube defects, the mother-to-be should consume an optimal amount of...

folate

The Healthy People 2020 objective for prevention of neural tube defects includes increasing the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal _____ status.

folate

what vitamin plays a role in the metabolism of amino acids and the synthesis of DNA

folate

vitamin needs generally increase from prepregnancy RDAs/AIs by up to 30% for most of the B vitamins and even greater for vitamin

folate and B6

the healthy people 2020 objective for prevention of neural tube defects includes increasing the number of pregnancies that begin with optimal

folate status

The _____ are the skull bones associated with the soft spot on top of the baby's head.

fontanels

small for gestational age (SGA)

full-term and preterm infants who weigh less than their expected weight for their gestation duration

An excessive increase in blood glucose that occurs during pregnancy is a condition commonly referred to as ____ ____

gestational diabetes

according to recent research, higher intakes of ____ iron are linked to improved fertility

nonheme

metabolic disorder

phenylketonuria (use of aspartame)

the organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy, transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother of the fetus, and removes fetal wastes

placenta

what are some advantages of breastfeeding for the mother

potential for quicker return to prepregnancy weight, contributes to an earlier recovery from pregnancy, and decreases the risk of ovarian and premenopausal cancer

pregnancy induced hypertension

preeclampsia in its mild form toxemia in its sever form

spontaneous abortion

premature termination of pregnancy that occurs naturally

Smoking during pregnancy is linked to _____ births.

preterm

iron-deficiency anemia

preterm delivery, low-birth weights, and increased risk of fetal death

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

provides key recommendations for weight management during pregnancy and lactation

what are the best ways that a pregnant woman can reduce her chances of acquiring vitamin A toxicity

prudent use of dietary supplements and eating a balanced diet

why is folate so important during pregnancy

red blood cell formation and DNA synthesis

human milk

refrigerator- 3 to 5 days freezer- 3 to 6 months

women with PCOS

should consume fewer sugar-sweetened beverages and choose whole grains instead of refined grains

good source of heme iron

sirloin steak

which of the following are true about cravings during pregnancy

some cravings during pregnancy, especially those for nonfood substances, can be very dangerous to the fetus and they are often associated with family traditions and not the needs of the fetus

please list the steps in the process of the let-down reflex in order from start to finish

suckling stimulates nerves, pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin, oxytocin stimulates the release of milk

increased calorie intake during pregnancy

supports fetal growth and development and contributes to maternal fat storage

select all of the reasons zinc is important for male fertility

synthesis of reproductive hormones, production of sperm, and function of antioxidant enzymes

which is more easily absorbed

synthetic folic acid

what is the RDA for carbohydrates during pregnancy

the RDA for carbohydrates increases to 175 grams per day during pregnancy

fetus

the developing life form from the beginning of the ninth week after conception until birth

embryo

the developing life form from the beginning of the third week to the end of the eighth week after conception

ovum

the egg cell from which a fetus eventually develops

zygote

the fertilized ovum; the cell resulting from the union of the ovum and sperm

at 8 weeks

the fetus is formed

lactation

the period of milk secretion following pregnancy

which statements are true regarding the function of the placenta

the placenta exchanges waste products between the mother and the fetus, it releases hormones to maintain the pregnancy and it exchanges nutrients, oxygen and other gasses

fontanels

the skull bones associated with the soft spot on the top of the baby's head

what does the USP symbol on prenatal supplements signify

the supplement meets the standards set by the U.S. Pharmacopeia

hind milk

thick in consistency, similar to cream with a high fat and calorie content

colostrum

thick yellowish fluid that contains antibodies and lactobacillus bifidus factor

fore milk

thin in texture, similar to skim milk

what are some substances a woman should avoid/eliminate both in preparation and during pregnancy

tobacco, alcohol, common cold medications, and NSAIDs

birth defects are the presumed cause o many spontaneous abortions and are linked to 20% of infant deaths by one year

true

human milk is sufficient to meet the nutrient needs of the infant for about 6 months

true

which of the following nutrients may help to limit destruction of eggs or sperm by free radicals in the body

vitamin E and C, and zinc

Healthy pre pregnancy weight and adequate _____ ______ during pregnancy are two excellent predictors of pregnancy outcome.

weight gain

what should be avoided during the second and third trimester

weightlifting, horseback riding, and downhill skiing

lean meats and fortified breakfast cereals are a good source of

zinc

compared to the needs of nonpregnant women, the RDA for ___ is increased during pregnancy.

zinc, iodide, and iron

within the first 30 hours

zygote divides

at 13 weeks

most organs are formed and the fetus can move

Match the Healthy People 2020 goals for breastfeeding infants.

82%- Breastfeeding at the time of discharge. 60%- Breastfeeding for 6 months. 34%- Breastfeeding at one year.

What are some causes of potential problems encountered with breastfeeding?

Inverted nipples, which can be corrected during pregnancy, misinformation.

Congenital hypothyroidism is a birth defect common in developing countries where maternal intake of ____ is deficient A. Vit D B. Calcium C. Iodide D. Folate

Iodide

Cretinism is caused by low ______ status during the first trimester of pregnancy

Iodide

how many calories are required for production of milk

800 kcal/day (additional 400-500 calories per day)

What are the energy needs for human milk production and the Estimated Energy Requirement for breastfeeding women, respectively?

800 kcal/day; 400-500 kcal/day

High blood pressure that is present both before and during pregnancy

.What is the hypertensive disorder Chronic Hypertenstion?

Severe form of high blood pressure during pregnancy that is characterized by protein in the urine and seizures

.What is the hypertensive disorder Eclampsia?

High blood pressure that first appears after 20 weeks of gestation

.What is the hypertensive disorder Gestatioinal Hypertension?

Form of high blood pressure during pregnancy that is characterize by protein in the urine

.What is the hypertensive disorder Preeclamsia?

Please match the time frame during pregnancy with the correct term for each developmental stage.

1-2 weeks: zygote 3-8 weeks: embryo 9-40 weeks: fetus

recommended rate of weight loss for nursing mothers

1-4 pounds per month

List the steps in the process of the let-down reflex in order from start to finish A. Oxytocin stimulates release of milk B. The pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin C. Suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola

1. Suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola 2. The pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin 3. Oxytocin stimulates release of milk

list the reproductive process in chronological order from top to bottom

1. zygote divides in half to form 2 cells 2. cell number increases to about 128 3. the embryo forms 4. the heart begins to beat, eyes and limb buds are clearly visible 5. the fetus forms 6. most of the organs are formed and movement is experienced

fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta

11 lbs

cows milk should never be used in infant feeding until the infant is at least

12 months old

healthy people 2020 goals for breastfeeding

82% @ time of discharge 60% @ 6 months 34% @ 1 year

How many cups of fluids should a nursing mother drink each day?

13

Recommendation for omega-6 fatty acid intake during pregnancy are increased to _____ grams per day.

13

Recommendations for omega-6-fatty acid intake during pregnancy are increased to ____ grams per day

13

recommendations for omega 6 fatty acids intake during pregnancy

13 grams per day

During the first trimester, the pregnant woman's weight should increase by ______ to _______ pound(s).

2 to 4

during the 1st trimester, the pregnant woman's weight should increase by

2-4 pounds

The ideal are for pregnancy is between _____ and _____ years of age.

20 and 35

Fat intake during pregnancy should fall within ___% to ___% of total calories

20%--30%

when is gestational diabetes most likely to begin during pregnancy

20-28 weeks

Fat intake during pregnancy should fall within _____% to _____% of total calories.

20-30%

fat intake during pregnancy should fall within

20-30% of total calories

what should be included in a food plan for a pregnant woman

2c from the fruits group, 3c from calcium rich foods and vegetable group

According to the American Heart Association, adults should consume no more than ___ mg of cholesterol per day

300

According to the American Heart Association, adults should consume no more than _____ milligrams of dietary cholesterol per day.

300

second trimester

350-450 additional calories should be consumed

About how many calories from solid fats and added sugars are allowed during the second and third trimesters? 600 270 360 150

360

what is the time period for a normal pregnancy

38-42 weeks

blood

4 lbs

maternal fat stores

4-8lbs

what is the recommendation for vitamin D set by the American Academy for Pediatrics for both formula-fed and breastfed infants

400 IU per day from birth until this amount is consumed through food sources

The EER during breastfeeding is an additional ____-_____ calories per day

400-500

about ____ percent of pregnancies are unplanned pregnancies

50%

uterus and breasts

6 lbs

The RDA for folate during pregnancy is increased to ____ micrograms of dietary folate equivalents per day

600

the RDA for folate during pregnancy

600 micrograms of dietary folate equivalents per day

How many calories are required for production of milk?

800 kcal/day

Which of the following is associated with the second trimester of pregnancy for the mother-to-be?

Increased breast weight.

Which of the following statements are true about prolactin?

Infant suckling stimulates the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland. Prolactin hormone stimulates milk production.

The fetus will be affected by the mother's use of aspartame only if the mother is suffering from the metabolic disorder known as

Phenylketonuria

What are some symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?

Physical deformities; Mental retardation; Defects in vision; Limited hand-eye coordination.

_____ is the practice of eating nonfood items.

Pica

After birth, the mother produces more _____ hormone so that she can produce milk for breastfeeding

Prolactin

-Folate -Iron

When a woman goes from pregnancy to breastfeeding what nutrient needs are decreased?

-Calories -Vitamins (A,C,E) -Riboflavin -Copper -Chromium -Iodide -Manganese -Selenium -Zinc

When a woman goes from pregnancy to breastfeeding what nutrient needs are increased?

What factors contribute to constipation in pregnant women?

The fetus competes for space with the GI tract. Placental hormones slow peristalsis.

Is more likely

The higher a mothers BMI during prepregnancy does what in health care problems in infants?

During pregnancy, hormones from the placenta stimulate the development of lobules

When and how do milk-producing cells in the breast form?

What does the USP symbol on prenatal supplements signify?

The supplement meets the standards set by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia.

A teratogen's effect on the fetus depends on the dose, ____, and _____ of exposure

Timing Length

What is the purpose of the placenta?

To accommodate growth and development of the fetus.

What is the purpose of the placenta?

To allow the transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus

True or false: Regardless of whether or not pregnancies are planned, women often do not suspect the are pregnant during the first few weeks after conception.

True

a women's weight and nutritional status prior to pregnancy are important factors that affect a woman's ability to conceive

True

True

True or false: Protein, carbohydrate and micro-nutrient needs are increased to support pregnancy

Vitamin B6 Folate

Vitamin needs generally increase from prepregnancy RDAs/AIs by up to 30% for most of the vitamin B vitamins but what is even greater?

Many aspects of fetal and newborn health are beyond the parent's control, but parents-to-be can exert some control over...

exposure to harmful chemicals, pre-pregnancy BMI, nutritional status.

-Fluid retention due to placental hormones -Hormones relax muscles of uterus and GI tract

What are common physiological changes that occur during pregnancy?

A healthy prepregnancy weight & weight gain during pregnancy

What are good predictors of pregnancy outcome?

-www.ChooseMyPlate.gov -The Dietary Guidelines for Americans -A registered dietitian

What are good sources of information that pregnant women can go to for recommendations for weight management during pregnancy and lactation?

-Decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes -Decreased risk of pregnancy complications -Promotes an easier delivery

What are the health benefits associated with regular physical activity during pregnancy?

-DNA Synthesis -Metabolism of amino acids

What are the major functions of Folate?

-Poor ability to suck and swallow -Insufficient iron and calcium stores -Insufficient fat

What are the nutritional problems experienced by infants born before 37 weeks' gestation?

-Function of antioxidant enzymes -Production of sperm -Synthesis of reproductive hormones

What are the reasons that zinc is important in male fertility?

-Alcohol decreases estrogen production -Alcohol increases risk of birth defects

What are the reasons to avoid drinking alcohol while pregnant?

Fontanels

What are the soft spots on top of the baby's head where the skull bones are growing together?

1.) Suckling stimulates nerves in the nipple and areola 2.) The pituitary releases oxytocin and prolactin 3.) Oxytocin stimulates the release of mile

What are the steps in the let-down reflex?

The supplement meets the standards set by the U.S. Pharmacopoeia

What does the USP symbol on prenatal supplements signify?

Vitamins Minerals

What improves pregnancy outcomes if there is adequate intake within 8 weeks of conception?

The Placenta

What is an organ that forms in the uterus during pregnancy, transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the fetus, and removes fetal wastes?

Calorie needs are the same as nonpregnant women

What is the Calorie recommendation for the First Trimester?

350-450 Additional calories

What is the Calorie recommendation for the Second Trimester?

450 Additional calories

What is the Calorie recommendation for the Third Trimester?

1.) Zygote divides in half to form 2 cells 2.) Cell number increases to about 128 cells 3.) The heart begins to beat, eyes and limb buds become clearly visible 4.) Most of the organs are formed and movement is experienced

What is the chronological order of the reproductive process?

Lactation

What is the correct term for breast feeding?

300 Milligrams

What is the limit in milligrams of dietary cholesterol that an adult should consume in one day, According to the American Heart Association?

First trimester

What is the most critical time period for the development of the fetus?

Infertility

What is the term that describes the inability of a couple to conceive after 1 year of unprotected intercourse?

Within the first 4 days

What is the time frame of Cell Number Increasing In The Mother during the reproductive process?

At 13 Weeks

What is the time frame of Most of the Organs being formed and the fetus moving during the reproductive process?

At 8 Weeks

What is the time frame of The Fetus Forming during the reproductive process?

Within 35 Days

What is the time frame of The Heart Beating during the reproductive process?

Within the first 30 hours

What is the time frame of The Zygote dividing during the reproductive process?

11 Pounds

What is the weight gain of Fetus, amniotic fluid, and placenta during pregnancy?

4-8 Pounds

What is the weight gain of Maternal fat stores during pregnancy?

6 Pounds

What is the weight gain of Uterus and breasts during pregnancy?

4 Pounds

What is the weight gain of blood during pregnancy?

Zinc Vitamin C Vitamin E

What nutrients limit destruction of eggs or sperm by free radicals in the body?

WIC

What program is focused on reducing infant mortality by providing quality health care and nutrition education and improving nutrition intake?

Folate

What should the mother-to-be consume an optimal amount of to prevent neural tube defects?

Iron Zinc

What two minerals are important for normal ovulation?

The ____ is the fertilized ovum; the cell resulting from the union of the ovum and sperm

Zygote

List the reproductive process in chronological order from top to bottom.

Zygote divides in half to form 2 cells; Cell number increases to about 128 cells; The embryo forms; The heart begins to beat and eyes and limb buds are clearly visible; The fetus forms; Most of the organs are formed and movement is experienced.

cretinism

a form of hypothyroidism that leads to diminished physical and mental development if left untreated. The best way to prevent cretinism is to consume iodized salt

physiological anemia

a increase in blood volume that dilutes red blood cell concentration

What is the RDA for protein during pregnancy

additional 25 grams per day

Estimated Energy Requirement during breastfeeding

additional- calories per day

preterm infant

an infant born before 37 weeks

full-term infant

an infant born between 38-42 weeks

an increased risk of birth defects, death within the first few weeks after birth, and obesity during childhood

an infant born to an obese woman

a low birthweight and increased risk of being premature may be experienced

an infant born to an underweight woman

low-birth weight infant

an infant weighing less than 5.5 pounds

high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and difficult deliveries

an obese pregnant woman

lighter placenta and lower nutrient stores, especially iron, may be experienced

an underweight pregnant woman

what are some components of colostrum

antibodies, lactobacillus bifidus factor, immune system cells

third trimester

around 450 additional calories should be consumed

What health risks to the infant are associated with smoking during pregnancy

birth defects, childhood cancer, and sudden infant death

which factors contribute to edema during pregnancy

blood volume and placental hormones

Siblings born in close succession are more likely to be born with a lower ____ ____ than those farther apart in age

body weight

Did not use control of the PKU

brain defects

what are some adverse health effects associated with administering supplemental water to exclusively breastfed infants during the first six months of life

brain disorders and low blood sodium

world health organization

breastfeeding should continue 2 years with the appropriate introduction of solid foods after the 1st 6 months

first trimester

calories need to stay the same as nonpregnant woman

within the first 4 days

cell number increases

what medical conditions preclude a woman from breastfeeding

chemotherapy, infant with galactosemia, and HIV or AIDS

what are the best ways pregnant women can meet their need for vitamin B through dietary sources

consume animal proteins and consume ready-to-eat breakfast cereals

advantages of breast feeding

contributes to proper development of jaws and teeth, decreases ear infections, and contributes to maturation of the infants GI tract

what are the maternal health risks associated with excess body weight during pregnancy

diabetes, blood clots, spontaneous abortion, and hypertension

what are some strategies a pregnant woman can use in order to reduce morning sickness

eat saltiness prior to getting out of bed, avoid fried or greasy foods, and avoid fluid intake in the morning

what is offered as part of WIC program

health assessments and vouchers for foods

within 35 days

heart is beating

Physiological anemia during pregnancy is also referred to as ____

hemodilution

physiological anemia during pregnancy

hemodilution

when a mother has poorly controlled gestational diabetes

her infant may have: poor iron status, grow too large for vaginal delivery, and experience low blood sugar after delivery

____ intakes of saturated and trans fat are associated with impaired fertility

high

prolactin

hormone needed to produce milk

which factors contributes to the increased occurrence of heartburn during pregnancy

hormones from the placenta relax GI tract muscles

which milk is thin, watery, and has a bluish tint

human

when should fluoride supplementation be considered for infants

in fluoride is not present in the water, supplementation should be considered after the infant is 6 months of age

for infants younger than 6 months of age, supplemental water

in not recommended

which population groups are eligible for participation in WIC

income-eligible breastfeeding women, children up to age of 5, pregnant women with nutritional risk, portpartum women, infants

what are the infant health risks associated with excess maternal body weight during pregnancy

increased risk of birth defects and macrosomia

Breast size generally _____ during pregnancy and breastfeeding, which are normal physiological changes.

increases

American dietetic association

infants should be exclusively breastfed for the 1st 6 months, with the combination of breastfeeding and infant solid foods up until 1 year

PCOS is the leading cause of ____

infertility

what are some nutritional problems experienced by infants that are born before 37 weeks gestation

insufficient iron and calcium stores, insufficient fat, and poor ability to suck and swallow

congenital hypothyroidism

iodide deficient

which two minerals are important for normal ovulation

iron and zinc

Fluoride, _____, and vitamin ____ are relatively low in human milk

iron, B-12

Fluoride, _____, and vitamin _____ are relatively low in human milk.

iron, b-12

For infants younger than 6 months of age, supplemental water...

is not recommended.

The main purpose of the increase in carbohydrates during pregnancy is primarily to prevent ____

ketosis

the main purpose of the increase in carbohydrates during pregnancy is primarily to prevent

ketosis

what are the factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflux

lack of confidence, fatigue, and nervous tension

Iodide needs are increased during pregnancy for prevention of

learning disabilities and stunted growth

The foodborne illness that poses the greatest risk during pregnancy is caused by ___ ____

listeria monocytogenes

the foodborne illness that poses the greatest risk during pregnancy caused by

listeria monocytogenes

milk producing cells found in the breast are commonly referred to as

lobules

pregnancy over 35

low birth weight and preterm delivery

inadequate prenatal car is associated with three times greater risk of delivering

low birth weight infant

Fluoride, Iron, and Vitamin D

low in human milk

what are some barriers to breastfeeding

medical condition, misinformation, social concerns

Infants born to mothers with a pre pregnancy BMI of 25 or higher are _____ to experience health problems compared to infants born to mothers of BMI in the range of 18.5-24.9.

more likely