Nutrition EAQ
Breast milk
A 10 month old infant has been having diarrhea for the past few days. The infant's parents call the health care provider and ask what to give the child to eat and drink. The child is mostly breastfeeding along with solid foods being introduced. Which food will the health care provider recommend the parents give to the child?
After age 30 cell metabolism is reduced and body composition changes so you will need twice as much exercise.
A 45 year old adult who is having difficulty keeping weight off asks the nurse at the primary care provider's office why it is so difficult to keep weight off and stay toned despite 50 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 3 times a week. Which response by the nurse provides the best explanation to the client?
155 beats/min
A 65 year old patient weighing 150 lb would like to begin an aerobic exercise program. Calculate the maximal heart rate for this patient to achieve aerobic benefits?
Endocrine disease Congenital defects Intestinal obstruction Hypermetabolic state Emotional deprivation Chewing and swallowing problems
A child is diagnosed with failure to thrive because the child is not eating. Which condition is a factor in failure to thrive?
Lean body mass
A clinician is measuring an athlete's basal energy expenditure (BEE). Which factor would the clinician consider that contributes more to BEE?
Ventilated hood
A clinician is measuring the basal energy expenditure of athletes before and after a sporting event/ Which method does the clinician use for a high degree of accuracy?
Potassium
A deficiency in which mineral can cause symptoms of heart muscle weakness with possible cardiac arrest?
Iron
A deficiency in which trace mineral can cause anemia?
Lactase
A deficiency of which substance causes an intolerance to milk and dairy products?
Every woman is different and there is no correct time in which let down should occur. If your baby is healthy and growing you're doing great.
A lactating mother is feeling anxiety because her let down reflex takes longer than she thinks it should. What is the most therapeutic response?
Identify each food being offered to the resident.
A new nursing assistant is helping residents in the dining room. Which recommendation would the supervising nurse make to help encourage the older residents to eat?
Newborns are unable to produce vitamin K, which can help prevent hemorrhaging.
A new parent asks why the nurse is administering vitamin K to the newborn. What is the nurse's best response?
Genetics The in utero environment Ample supply of vitamin D before puberty.
A nurse discusses calcium intake with a parent at the child's well visit. Which factor is associated with peak bone mass as an adult?
The first 6 months of life and the onset of puberty.
A nurse discusses growth patterns of infants and children with a new mother. During which 2 stages is growth the greatest?
Tofu will be a great choice for you to ensure adequate protein. It has all 9 essential amino acids.
A nurse is educating a vegan patient on a diet that includes adequate protein. What statement by the nurse is accurate regarding protein in the diet?
Whole grain bread and lentil soup
A nurse is helping a vegan patient select a dinner meal. The health care provider wants to ensure that the patient has adequate protein to pro mote wound healing. What meal selection will allow for the highest amount of indispensable protein?
Over easy eggs
A nurse is helping an ovo vegetarian patient select a meal in the hospital. The patient needs a meal with adequate protein. Which selection is most appropriate for the patient?
Yogurt
A nurse is planning a high protein meal for a lactovegeterian patient. What selection is most appropriate for this patient?
Whole wheat pasta and cheese
A nurse is providing dietary counseling to a lactovegetarian patient. Which complementary food combination is the best choice for providing the necessary amino acids to achieve a complete protein balance for the patient?
125
A nurse is providing nutritional counseling for a male patient with no significant medical history who smokes approximately half a pack of cigarettes per day. What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) for this patient?
Supplement with vitamin D drops if breastfeeding. Avoid giving water before 6 months of age. Avoid giving honey to an infant younger than 12 months.
A nurse is teaching a group of expectant parents about infant nutrition. Which education point would the nurse make about nutrition safety?
Slow and irregular physical growth is typical.
A nurse provides nutrition and growth information to parents at their 6 year old child's well visit. Which description matches this child's nutrition pattern and growth based on the age?
Allow milk to fill the nipple while feeding.
A nurse teaches a new mother how to safely and properly feed her infant. Which teaching point would the nurse make about safely feeding the infant formula?
Norovirus
A nursing assistant at a long term care facility presents to the emergency department with vomiting, diarrhea, and severe dehydration. The patient states everyone at work is sick with vomiting and diarrhea. Which organism could be responsible for the patient's illness?
Request a speech language pathologist consultation.
A patient admitted to the hospital for pneumonia has recently had unexplained drops in food intake and gets fatigued while eating. The patient is suspected to have dysphagia. Which intervention would be the most appropriate for the nurse to initiate first?
Restrict animal protein to 1 g/kg body weight. Restrict salt intake to less than 2300 mg per day. Increase fluid intake to at least 2 to 3 L per day. Limit intake of spinach, beets, nuts, chocolate, tea, and strawberries.
A patient arrives in the emergency department with complaints of sharp, intense flank pain. The patient is diagnosed with renal calculi. Intravenous fluid therapy is initiated and the patient is admitted to the medical floor for further management. Which nutritional intervention is helpful in managing patients with renal calculi? pg. 308-309
They are caused by bacteria known as hemolytic streptococcus.
A patient asks the nurse what keeps causing these canker sores? What is the nurse's best response?
540
A patient consumes 45 g of carbs for breakfast as part of a 1600 kcal diet. Using this information, calculate the minimum number of kilocalories from carbohydrates available for the rest of the patient's meals for the day?
You can eat toast for breakfast with coffee. You can eat egg whites but should avoid the yolk. You can eat fat free cottage cheese and see if you can tolerate fresh fruit.
A patient diagnosed with gallbladder disease and is requesting information about what type of foods should be consumed. Which response is appropriate?
135
A patient following a 1200 kcal diet should be getting 540 to 780 kcal from carbs daily. Calculate the minimum number of grams of carbs that patient needs.
91,156
A patient following a 1300 kcal diet has consumed 220 kcal in carbs for breakfast. Using this information, calculate the minimum and maximum number of grams of carbs available for the rest of the day.
228
A patient following a 1400 kcal diet should be getting 630 to 910 kcal per day from carbs. Using this information calculate the maximum number of grams of carbohydrates the patient needs?
740
A patient following a 1600 kcal diet consumes 300 kcal carbs during breakfast. Calculate the maximum number of kilocalories from the carbs available for the rest of the day.
186
A patient following a 1650 kcal diet should be getting 630 to 910 kcal per day from carbs. Using this information, calculate the minimum number of grams of carbs the patient needs?
718
A patient following a 1950 kcal diet has 150 kcal from carbs planned for breakfast and 400 kcal from carbs planned for lunch. Calculate the max number of kilocalories from carbs the patient can consume for the rest of the day?
Educate them on reading nutrition labels. Educate them on the use of an epinephrine autoinjector. Recommend avoiding the offending food. Provide examples of nutritious substitutions. Refer the patient to a registered dietitian nutritionist.
A patient has been diagnosed with an anaphylactic allergy to peanuts. Which intervention would be appropriate after this diagnosis?
Hormone replacement therapy increases the risk for gallstones.
A patient has recently been diagnosed with cholelithiasis. Which response would be appropriate to explain the risk factors for the development cholelithiasis?
Provide nutrition counseling Recommend a high salt intake Recommend water soluble vitamins Screen for diabetes and liver disease Encourage a diet including a variety of whole grains and fruits
A patient has recently been diagnosed with cystic fibrosis (CF). Which action would be appropriate for nutritional purposes?
265 g
A patient is accustomed to eating 60 g of carbs for lunch and is following a 2000 kcal diet. Calculate the maximum number of grams of carbs available for the rest of the day.
Drinking too much water.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with a serum sodium level of 125 meq/L. The patient has a history of psychogenic polydipsia. Which cause is the most likely source of he patient's hyponatremia?
The kidneys release renin into the blood Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium Angiotensin converting enzyme converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2. ADH signals the kidneys to increase reabsorption of water.
A patient is admitted to the intensive care unit in hypovolemic shock. Which process will occur to prevent further hypovolemia?
You will need to avoid alcohol Consume 4 to 6 small meals per day. Protein intake should range from 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg of body weight daily.
A patient is being discharged from a health care facility after being diagnosed with hepatitis. Which discharge instruction is provided to the patient before discharge?
Suck on sugar free hard candy between meals.
A patient is being evaluated at a primary health care provider's office and reports having dry mouth. Which response would the nurse provided to this patient?
239
A patient is following a 1700 kcal diet and has 150 kcal from carbs for dinner. Calculate the maximum number of grams of carbohydrates available for the rest of the day?
155
A patient is following a 2100 kcal diet. Their breakfast has 325 kcal of carbs. Calculate the minimum number of grams of carbs required for the rest of the day.
810
A patient is on an 1800 kcal diet. Calculate the minimum recommended number of kilocalories from carbs for the patient?
Cirrhosis
A patient presents to the emergency department and reports a bloated abdomen, jaundice, and confusion. The nurse suspects that the patient has which medical condition?
Shigellosis
A patient presents with abdominal cramping, bloody diarrhea, and fever about a week after drinking unpasteurized milk. An abdominal CT scan shows inflammation confined to the large intestine. Which foodborne illness would be suspected based on these findings?
How much alcohol do you drink?
A patient presents with nausea, jaundice, dark colored urine, and low INH levels. Which assessment question would be important to as a patient to help determine the reason for these symptoms?
Soy Lentils Almond butter
A patient recently became vegan. The nurse advises the patient to incorporate which protein rich food into the new diet?
Eliminate known food offenders Remove indigestible saccharides Cut down on simple carbohydrates Ingest less fermentable residue foods.
A patient reports having excessive amount of gas. Which suggestion can the nurse provide to help control flatulence?
Do you vomit frequently?
A patient reports trouble swallowing and the nurse suspects achalasia. Which follow up question would the nurse ask?
660
A patient requires 2100 kcal per day. Calculate the minimum number of kilocalories of carbohydrates that would be available for the rest of the day if lunch contains 285 kcal of carbs.
Binge eating disorder
A patient states to the nurse I cannot stop consuming quantities of food several times a week. I have been doing this over the past year and I need help. Based on the patient's statement which eating disorder does the nurse suspect?
Vegetables should be added to obtain phytonutrients that some grains and fruits do not contain.
A patient states to the nurse I eat plenty of grains and fruits to help prevent cardiovascular disease, so I don't need a lot of vegetables. Which statement regarding this patient is accurate?
Lacto ovo
A patient tells the nurse I am going to order the scrambled eggs, skim milk, and whole wheat toast with peanut butter. No sausage though. I do not eat meat. Which type of vegetarian diet does this patient follow?
Vegan
A patient tells the nurse I need to order soy milk to get enough protein and cannot have foods that come from animals. Which type of vegetarian is this patient?
Respiratory alkalosis
A patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with community acquired pneumonia. The patient has a respiratory rate of 35 breaths per minute and ahs been tachypneic since yesterday. Which condition would likely be confirmed with an arterial blood gas?
Soy and tapioca would be good substitute for grains.
A patient who has celiac disease is requesting information about what can an cannot be consumed. Which response would be appropriate?
Lard
A patient who is attempting a recipe using cholesterol free substances would eliminate the use of which oil?
High protein, low fat, lactose free
A patient with Crohn's disease present to the ER with watery diarrhea. Which diet would be most helpful to the patient?
Liquid diet as tolerated.
A patient with a history of atherosclerosis is admitted to the coronary care unit after MI. Which diet order does the nurse anticipate for this patient?
Blood pressure should be monitored on a regular basis. Maintain a healthy weight and BMI. Continue to monitor for type 2 diabetes.
A patient with a history of gestational diabetes has just delivered her second child within a 2 year period. Which protocol would the nurse recommend when discussing postnatal follow up for this patient?
Do you take pncreatic enzymes?
A patient with a past history of cystic fibrosis comes to the clinic reporting very foul smelling stools and weight loss. Which question would the nurse ask?
Polymeric formula
A patient with exacerbation of ulcerative colitis (UC) is ordered enteral feedings. Which formula would best meet the needs of a patient with UC?
Dysphagia
A patient with myasthenia gravis MG is complaining of fatigue and weakness. Which is a concern for this patient at mealtime? pg. 309
Stage 1 hypertension
A patient's blood pressure is 134/83 mm Hg at a yearly well care visit. Which phrase describes this blood pressure measurement?
Swordfish
A pregnant woman is advised to avoid food containing high levels of mercury. Which food should the woman avoid completely?
Necrotizing enterocolitis
A preterm infant who consumes breast milk from a milk bank is exposed to which risk?
Margarine
A tablespoon of which food has the greatest amount of trans fat?
It is difficult to tell. Your child's pediatrician ordered a skin prick test and come lab work to help identify your child's allergens.
A toddler develops hives, nausea, and diarrhea after eating a peanut butter and jelly sandwich, apple slices, and milk for lunch. The toddler's mother asks the nurse if the child's symptoms are caused by a peanut allergy. What is the nurse's best response?
Lentil casserole with nut topping Garbanzo and sesame seed spread Split pea soup with sesame seed crackers
A vegan patient is asking about complementary proteins in order to consume the 9 essential amino acids in their diet. What suggestion can the nurse make to help the patient meet protein requirements?
Biologic or genetically based factors. Environmental and societal influences. Ethnic and regional cultural practices. Behavioral environment, including family relationships.
According to a biopsychosocial model, which factor influences individual food choices?
2
According to healthy people 2020 adults should perform muscle strengthening activities at least how many days per week?
Lower risk for obesity in adulthood Increased fruit and vegetables intake Decreased risk for disordered eating Improved academic performance in children Protection against alcohol and substance use in children
According to research which benefit is associated with family meals?
Twice per week
According to the AHA dietary guidelines how often should fish be consumed as part of a healthy diet?
Total fat Saturated fat Trans fat Cholesterol
According to the U.S. food and drug administration (FDA) food labeling regulations for nutrition facts panel content, which information is mandatory relating to dietary fat in food products?
1300 mg/day
Adolescents have an increased need for calcium to develop bone mass. Which calcium requirement should the nurse include in an adolescent's plan of care?
Anaphlactic shock
After eating shellfish, a patient's airway becomes severely edematous. The patient is intubated placed on a mechanical ventilator and admitted to the ICU for continued medical management. What is this severe potentially fatal reaction to ingestion of an allergen called?
Drink 3 full glasses of milk each day.
After laboratory results of a 24 hour urine sample for a patient with gestational hypertension indicate protein equal to or higher than 300 mg/d, which dietary instruction would be recommended?
Vitamin B 12 supplements
After taking a health history and consulting the DRI for a 62 year old patient, which recommendation may be indicated as a result of a decrease in gastric acid production related to the aging process?
Fatty fish and olive oil Nuts and whole grains Fruits, vegetables, and legumes
Although there are many variations of the Mediterranean diet, which beneficial food do they all have in common?
Asthma Liver disease Hypertension Type 2 diabetes Polycystic ovarian syndrome
An 11 year old child is at the health care provider's officer for a well child visit. The child's BMI percentile is in the 96th percentile. Which condition may be of consequence due to this BMI percentile?
Provide a medicated mouth wash to be used before eating.
An 87 year old patient who is receive radiation therapy for oral cancer has frequent complaints of mouth lesions and pain with eating. Which action would the nurse tale in providing relief?
Supplemental calcium does not contribute as much to bone density as does dietary calcium.
An adolescent asks the nurse if taking calcium supplement instead of eating and drinking calcium sources is sufficient. Which is the best response?
Hypertension Type 2 diabetes Hyperlipidemia
An adolescent that has a BMI of more than 30. Which health concern would the nurse discuss with the adolescent and parents?
Protein fat Carbohydrates
An adult client has begun a cardiovascular exercise program. Which macronutrient will the client's body utilize for aerobic metabolism?
Introduce allergenic foods between the first 4 and 6 months of the baby's life.
An antepartum patient is receiving education about the prevention of food allergies for the baby. Which response by the nurse would be appropriate?
Poorly calcified bones Absence of suck reflex Limited digestion ability Less subcutaneous fat Lack of metabolic enzymes
An infant is born at 35 weeks 4 days and weighs 5 lb 2 oz. Which characteristic of prematurity alerts the nurse that nutrition requirements will vary for this infant?
Notify the healthcare provider.
An older adult client admitted to the nursing home receives a screening of 7 points on the mini nutrition assessment. What is the nurse's priority action?
Supplemental nutrition assistance program
An older patient being seen in a community clinic is noted to have a BMI of 30. After ascertaining dietary habits and income information, which program does the nurse recommend?
Vitamin D deficiency
An older resident of a nursing home presents to the office with symptoms that include depression and bone pain. Which condition would the nurse suspect?
40%
Approximately what percentage of adult peak bone mineral density is deposited during adolescence?
Have you noticed any changes in thirst? Has your sense of taste and smell decreased? Are you having difficulty chopping and preparing the food?
As the nurse begins to create a care plan to assess physical changes that may impact nutrition for an older adult client, which question should the nurse include during the assessment process?
6 months
At approximately what age are infants ready for the introduction of solid foods?
4 to 6 months
At which age does the infant change from a suckling pattern to a mature and stronger suck with liquids and begin a munching pattern?
When the food mass reaches the antrum
At which point during mechanical digestion in the stomach does the bolus become chyme?
40 F
At which temperature should cold foods be kept below to prevent microbial growth?
After delivery of the baby When the infant suckles at the breast
At which time do levels of oxytocin increase?
Physiologic
Basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and lean muscle mass are included in which category of risk factors for obesity?
Negative nitrogen balance
Based on protein intake, which is an expected finding a nurse may observe in a patient during a period of starvation?
Clostridium botulinum
Based on the patient's history which organism is likely causing this child's symptoms?
Staphylococcus aureus
Based on the patient's history which organism is likely causing this patient's symptoms?
Increased LDL cholesterol levels. Decreased HDL cholesterol levels. Increased production of inflammatory cytokines.
Before trans fatty acids were banned by the U.S. food and Drug administration, which detrimental health effect had been associated with their consumption?
Improved bone density Decreased postpartum bleeding Earlier return to prepregnancy weight Decreased risk of breast and ovarian cancers
Breastfeeding provides which benefit for the lactating mother?
Osmotic pressure
By which process does protein control water balance in the body?
Vegetables Fruits
Children's consumption of which type of food is rarely affected by marketing influences?
Vitamin B12 Iron Thiamin
Cimetidine usage increases the risk for which nutrient deficiency? pg. 313-314
%DV is how much a nutrient in a single serving of an individual packaged food or dietary supplement contributes to your daily diet.
Daily values (DVs) are reference values that relate the nutritional information to a total daily diet of 2000 kcal. Which statement corresponds to the correct understanding of the percentage DV (%DV)?
Food/nutrition related history Nutrition focused physical findings Anthropometric measurements Medical, health, and family histories Biochemical data, medical tests, and procedures
Dat gathered during the nutrition assessment are organized into which category?
Vitamin D
Deficiency of which macronutrient or micronutrient is associated with limited sun exposure in athletes?
Thiamin
Deficiency of which vitamin can cause symptoms of constipation, poor appetite, fatigue, and malaise?
300 mg/day
Due to uncertainties about the fetal effects of maternal consumption of caffeine, what maximum amount should the nurse recommend to newly pregnant clients to prevent possible complications such as first trimester spontaneous abortion?
Bicarbonate
During the chloride shift, which ions move out of the red blood cell (RBC) and into the plasma as chloride ions move into the RBC and out of the plasma, maintaining the balance of negative charges on either side of the RBC membrane?
Pregnancy
During which stage of life do women store more fat?
Magnesium Zinc Iron
Excessive calcium interferes with the absorption of which essential nutrients?
They are not water soluble.
Fatty materials have to pass through the lymph before entering the bloodstream for which reason?
30 to 60 g of carbohydrate per hour Equal amounts of food or drink at regular intervals. Simple carbohydrates with little or no fat, protein, or fiber.
For high intensity or endurance exercise lasting more than 1 hour which recommendation would be appropriate for nutrition during exercise?
Walking Water aerobics Low impact workouts
For people who cannot lift heavy weights or participate in high intensity aerobic activity which activity is recommended?
Irradiation
For produce which method can be used to eliminate or reduce disease causing germs after harvest and increase shelf life without altering nutrition?
12
For up to how many months is breastfeeding recommended?
Ascites
For what complication should the nurse monitor the patient with liver disease and low plasma protein levels?
Small for gestational age infant
For which complication are clients at higher risk if they did not gain adequate weight during pregnancy?
Blood clotting Blood pressure regulation Messengers for the central nervous system. Inflammatory response
For which function are eicosanoids responsible?
Food borne illness
For which health issue is the older adult client who experiences a decline in taste and smell acuity at the highest risk?
Hematemesis
For which life threatening complication should the nurse monitor the patient with esophageal varices?
Zinc Niacin
For which nutrient is the dietary reference intakes (DRI) increased during pregnancy?
Regulates body temperature Stores energy Support vital organs
For which purpose are lipids stored in the body as adipose tissue?
Supplements contain only certain phytonutrients. Phytonutrients from foods act synergistically to produce health benefits.
For which reason is it better to obtain phytonutrients from foods rather than dietary supplements?
Symptoms are nonspecific Symptoms can be self limiting Identification of the pathogen is difficult Reporting of illness is dependent on the victim Health departments voluntarily report foodborne illness to the CDC.
For which reason is tracking foodborne illness difficult?
Age 75 years or younger with CVD or multiple risk factors. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction resulting from ischemic heart disease and a reasonable life expectancy. Few or no risk factors associated with CVD and LDL cholesterol levels exceeding 190 mg/dL.
For which set of risk factors does the American college of cardiology/American heart association guidelines on the management of blood cholesterol recommend drug therapy to manage LDL cholesterol levels?
Cells
From where is water pulled to dilute the concentration of solutes in the bloodstream?
Red-purple
Fruits and vegetables of which color are the best source of the phytochemical anthocyanin?
Lowered resistance to infection. Poor overall health Decreased strength
Having a BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 can lead to which health condition?
According to the number of ionic charges in a solution.
How are electrolytes measured?
Increase the risk for dehydration.
How can a decrease in hypothalamic function adversely affect an older adult client?
Alters fluid balance Affects appetite Inhibits absorption of nutrients
How can the use of multiple medications adversely affect nutrition in older adults?
By exerting colloidal osmotic pressure.
How do plasma proteins maintain vascular blood volume?
By triggering the vasopressin and renin angiotensin-aldosterone systems to increase blood pressure.
How do the kidneys exacerbate edema in the patient with CHF?
Acts as a buffering agent
How does protein help maintain pH balance?
Secretin controls the acidity of the small intestine.
How does secretin aid in digestion?
Glucose is derived from a monosaccharide.
How is glucose produced in the small intestine?
High blood pressure
How is hypertension defined?
6 to 10
How many carbon atoms are attached to a medium chain fatty acid?
30 to 60
How many grams of carbohydrates are needed for high intensity or endurance exercise lasting more than 1 hour?
.8 to 1.2 g/kg
How many grams of protein per kg of body weight is recommended for a patient with ascites and cirrhosis?
9
How many kilocalories are yielded when the body burns w1 g of fat?
1000 ml
How much water is generally required for the metabolism of every 1000 kcal consumed?
1 to 6 hours
How soon after consuming contaminated food do symptoms of foodborne illness appear?
Basal metabolism
How will the majority of caloric intake of a 5 year old child be spent?
Calcium Potassium Magnesium
Hypertension is a clinical sign of which possible nutrient deficiency?
15 to 25
If a woman's prepregnancy body mas index (BMI) was 26.5 which range of total pregnancy weight gain in pounds would be recommended to this client?
Convulsive seizures Psychiatric disorders Developmental problems Irreversible brain damage Central nervous system damage
If phenylketonuria is left untreated, which consequences is possible?
145.6 kcal
If the adolescent weighs 100 lb how many kilocalories daily should come from the protein?
Movement of water molecules into the cell.
If the extracellular fluid contains a 10% glucose solution and the intracellular fluid contains a 20% glucose solution, what effect will the force of osmosis exert?
755
If the kilocalories from carbs for lunch is 55 g, and the total kilocalories for the diet is 1500, calculate the maximum number of kilocalories the patient can eat for the rest of the day.
>40
In an otherwise healthy individual which range of BMI would the extremely obese fall into?
Secretin
In response to a low pH in the duodenum, which hormone stimulates the pancreatic release of bicarbonate to increase the pH to an alkaline environment?
Antrum
In what part of the gastrointestinal tract is chyme formed?
Essentially Degree of saturation Length of chain
In what way are fatty acids classified?
Pinocytosis
In which absorption process in the small intestine does the cell engulf large molecules in order to absorb them?
When individuals are recovering from illness or malnutrition. During periods of rapid growth, like infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
In which case would a positive nitrogen balance occur?
Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
In which clinical situation would glucose influence the movement of water in and out of fluid compartments?
Covalently bound With organic substances Free ions
In which form can minerals be found throughout body tissues?
Mouth
In which location does the initial breakdown of protein into amino acids begin?
Activating Transmitting Regulating Controlling
In which metabolic process are minerals involved?
Acid base balance Energy metabolism Tooth formation
In which metabolic process is phosphorus involved?
Small intestine
In which part of the digestive tract does fat digestion largely occur?
Colon
In which section of teh gastrointestinal tract does the absorption of water take place?
Liberated
In which state are vitamins when digestion is complete?
Unrefined Functional Whole
In which type of food are phytochemicals found?
Fat soluble nutrients are transported by the lymphatic system. Water soluble nutrients are absorbed into the circulatory system. Portal circulation transports nutrients from the intestines to the liver. The circulatory system disperses nutrients to other cells throughout the body.
In which way are nutrients transported to various cells throughout the body.
Obtain specific nutrition education. Use an intentional thought out meal plan. Consume plant based protein sources throughout the day. Consult a sports dietitian to determine any nutrient areas of concern.
In which way can an athlete following a vegetarian diet expect to meet their increased nutrient needs?
Bone density can be lost by overtraining or undernutrition.
In which way can weight bearing exercise have a destructive effect on bone density?
Triglyceride levels are decreased. Total cholesterol levels are decreased. LDL cholesterol levels are decreased. Ration of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol is decreased.
In which way do resistance training programs improve blood lipid profiles?
Specify how food can be eaten Stipulate when food can be eaten Determine which foods should be avoided Specify how the food should be prepared
In which way do the dietary laws of a religion direct dietary intake?
New dietary habits increase the risk of chronic disease.
In which way does acculturation to a western diet affect the health and dietary intake of an immigrant?
Stored as fat Used as energy
In which way does the body handle an excess dietary intake of protein?
Controls muscle tone in the gastrointestinal wall. Coordinates all of the various movements. Regulates rate and intensity of muscle contractions.
In which way does the intramural nerve plexus assist the gastrointestinal system to move food along the digestive pathway?
The cis configuration of the molecules is changed to the trans form. Hydrogen atoms on either side of the double carbon bond move to the opposite side.
In which way is the structure of unsaturated fatty acid molecules altered when vegetable oils are hydrogenated?
Vitamin D
Inadequate absorption resulting in rickets is caused by which of the following deficiencies?
LDL are a risk factor because they carry cholesterol to the tissues.
Increased levels of which type of lipoprotein are a risk factor for atherosclerosis and why?
Hinduism Buddhism
Individuals who practice which faith avoid consuming beef products?
Renal function
Laboratory results for blood urea nitrogen and serum electrolytes are evaluated to determine which aspect of a patient's nutrition status?
Providing a rout for fat soluble nutrients to enter the lymphatic system.
Lacteals support nutrient absorption through which function?
Carbohydrates
Most of the kilocalories in fruits come from which food category?
Simple diffusion
Nutrients that do not need the help of a specific protein channel to move across a mucosal cell wall are transferred by which process?
Do not cross contaminate Refrigerate promptly Cook to proper temperatures Wash hands and surface often
On which critical action does food safety depend?
The physical growth process involves the vital growth of new cells to replace old cells.
Once an individual reaches early adulthood which best reflects the process of physical growth?
Drink additional water if urinary output is inadequate.
Patients taking calcium acetate can suffer from constipation. What dietary modification may help precent this drug side effect? pg 310
Niacin
Pellagra is managed with therapeutic doses of which vitamin?
Young Older MIddle
Personal psychosocial growth progresses through which years?
Chronic disease Cardiovascular disease Cancer
Phytochemicals provide protective benefits against which condition?
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Small and large intestine
Place the organs of the gastrointestinal system in the correct sequence for the digestion of fat?
Oropharynx Esophagus Stomach Liver Pancreas Small and large intestines
Place the organs of the gastrointestinal system in the correct sequence in which digestion occurs?
Filter the blood Reabsorb water Excrete concentrated waste Maintain water and solute balance
Place the steps in the correct order that the kidneys take to maintain constituents in the blood?
Hydrochloric acid unfolds and denatures the complex protein chains. Pepsin changes large protein into short chains of polypeptides. Trypsin breaks long protein chains into small polypeptides and dipeptides. Chymotrypsin continues the protein splitting process. Carboxypeptidase produces small peptides and some free amino acids. Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase ready the amino acids to be absorbed into the bloodstream.
Place the steps of chemical digestion of a protein in the correct order?
Bile salts surround the monoglycerides and fatty acids to form micelles. Fats, the products of lipid digestion are absorbed into the epithelial cells of the intestine. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are reconstructed to form triglycerides. Chylomicrons package triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and proteins. Chylomicrons enter the lacteals then the lymphatic circulatory system and eventually the bloodstream.
Place the steps of fat absorption into the bloodstream in the correct order?
Thirst Impaired physical performance Nausea Difficulty concentrating Muscle spasms Failing renal function
Place the symptoms of dehydration in the order that they progress according to the total body weight lost in fluid percentage?
Cholecystokinin
Production of which substance is initiated when fat enter the duodenum?
Oxidative damage
Selenium an essential part of an antioxidant enzyme, protects cells and lipid membranes from which process?
Antioxidant
Selenium functions as which component in the body?
Age Sex Impact of intake on mrtality
The CDC daily recommendation for intake of fruits and vegetables is based on which factor?
Excessive calorie intake related to regular consumption of large portions of high fat meals, as evidence by diet history and BMI of 35.
The RD is formulating a nutrition care plan for a patient at risk for developing hypertension. Which nutrition diagnosis is most appropriate?
Swallowing difficulty related to stroke, as evidenced by coughing following drinking of thin liquids.
The RD is reviewing the chart or a patient admitted with a stroke 5 days ago. Which is the priority nutritional diagnosis for the patients?
Nutritional status
The capacity for recovery from illness depends most on which factor?
Vitamin K
The consistent daily intake of which nutrient is important when taking anticoagulant?
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
The development of bloody stools and fever after drinking unpasteurized apple cider is most likely caused by which bacterial infection?
152
The family of an older adult client contacts the primary care provider regarding concerns about the client's weight loss over the past 8 months. They report that the client does not need to lose weight and has not been trying to do so. If the client weighed 160 lb 8 months ago, which current weight supports a diagnosis of unintentional weight loss?
Quality of life
The healthy people initiative website focuses on which topic?
Attending meals at a senior center.
The home health nurse notes a recent weight t loss without any other changes in health status for an older patient. The patient reports a lack of appetite since the loss of a partner. Which recommendation would the nurse make?
Yes your baby now requires more iron.
The mother of a 6 month old infant who is exclusively breastfed asks do I have to give my baby iron fortified foods? Which is the nurse's most appropriate response?
5%
The national standards for nutrition needs for older adults are based on which estimated percentage decrease in metabolic activity during the middle and older years?
Avoid dairy products, eggs, shellfish, and iodized salt in the diet.
The novice nurse is teaching a patient about hypothyroidism. Which statement made by the nurse requires correction by the preceptor?
Low fat
The nurse admits a patient to the medical floor with a diagnosis of cholecystitis and cholelithiasis. Which diet order does the nurse anticipate will help decrease the patient's symptoms?
Reports of fatigue Pale skin color Spoon shaped nails Shortness of breath
The nurse is assessing a patient with iron deficiency anemia. Which sign or symptom might the nurse observe?
Have you had feeling of overwhelming sadness or loneliness recently.
The nurse is assessing an older adult client admitted for assessment and treatment of unexplained weight loss. Which question would be most important for the nurse to include in the assessment to understand what may have led to the unexplained weight loss?
Fatty liver disease
The nurse is caring for a patient who is receiving long term parenteral nutrition without choline. For which disease is this patient at risk?
Kashin Bek disease
The nurse is caring for a patient with a selenium deficiency. For which disease is the patient at risk?
Anorexia Jaundice Malnutrition
The nurse is caring for a patient with hepatitis. Which symptom is the patient likely to exhibit?
4 g sodium daily
The nurse is caring for patient with chronic hepatitis. Which diet order would the nurse question?
8
The nurse is completing a mini nutritional assessment on the client. How would the nurse score a client who has a moderate decrease in food consumption but no weight loss in the past 3 months; is able to fairly independently leave the home; suffers from mild Dementia; has suffered the loss of a spouse one month ago; and has a BMI 20.5?
126 beats/min
The nurse is encouraging a 40 year old patient who weights 260 lb to begin an aerobic exercise program. Calculate the target heart rate for this patient to achieve aerobic benefits?
Oxytocin
The nurse is interviewing a mother 4 months postpartum who has recently returned to her office job. She finds it challenging to stimulate her let down reflex using a breast pump while away from her infant. The client explains that she expresses milk in a small office without a lock on the door and is always worried a coworker will come in. Which hormone is most likely being inhibited during the mother's pumping sessions?
Female: blood pressure 138/88 mm Hg; waist circumference 37 in, HDL cholesterol 40 mg/dL.
The nurse is reviewing medical records of patients on the unit. Which patient is displaying signs of metabolic syndrome?
My father dies of a heart attack.
The nurse is reviewing the medical record of a patient admitted to the hospital with cardiovascular disease. Which statement made by the patient is the nurse's highest priority for addressing?
Advanced age
The nurse is teaching a patient about risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). Which risk factor cannot be modified by lifestyle changes?
I will eat more fruits and vegetables and replace saturated fats with olive oil.
The nurse is teaching a patient with coronary artery disease about following the Mediterranean diet. Which statement made by the patient indicates that teaching was successful?
I should increase my intake of vitamin C.
The nurse is teaching a patient with hemochromatosis about nutritional considerations. Which statement made by the patient indicates a need for clarification?
Sushi Unpasteurized fruit juice Deli salads Refrigerated meat spreads
The nurse is teaching a pregnant patient about food safety risks. Which food should the nurse teach the pregnant patient to avoid?
27
The nurse is teaching a pregnant patient in good health about the importance of iron intake. How many milligrams of iron does the nurse recommend the patient consume daily?
Hypernatremia
The nurse knows that a patient who has participated in strenuous exercise over a period of several hours is at risk for which electrolyte imbalance?
Hair Skin Nails
The nurse knows that sulfur enhances the structure of which body part?
Fat substitutes are not considered safe by the FDA because their risks and benefits have not been clearly identified.
The nursing student is educating a patient about the functions of fat in the body. Which statement requires correction by the preceptor?
A tingling sensation in the breast may indicate mastitis or a plugged duct.
The nursing student is learning about what a mother experiences while lactating. Which statement by the student requires correction by the instructor?
This is normal behavior for a preschool aged child.
The parent of a preschool age child states for the past 4 days my child will eat nothing but crackers and refuses anything else that I have offered. Which is the nurse's best response?
Washing hands and surfaces often Separating foods to avoid cross contamination Refrigerating foods promptly
The partnership for food safety education developed fight bac campaign to prevent foodborne illness. According to this campaign which is a critical action for increasing food safety?
Intensity, frequency, duration
The physical activity guidelines for Americans is based on which 3 components?
Poor sucking reflex Small gastric capacity Difficulty swallowing
The premature infant or small for gestational age infant has to overcome which challenge with feeding?
The RD collects data such as age, height, weight, economic background, and food intake history.
The registered dietitian (RD) is beginning the nutrition care process (NCP) for a patient admitted with multiple traumas following a motor vehicle accident. Which NCP step occurs first?
If the body's pH is too high, the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions.
The student nurse is presenting information on compensatory mechanism of acid base balance and homeostasis. Which statement made by the student requires correction?
Choose white bread over whole grains.
The student nurse is providing discharge instructions to a patient newly diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Which instruction given by the student nurse requires correction?
Inflammation Renal damage Oxidative stress Endothelial damage
Through which pathway does obesity worsen the condition of hypertension?
80 to 120 kcal/kg
To support rapid growth during the first 3 years of life how many kilocalories per kilogram of body weight are required each day?
A runner in a long distance track meet
To which patient will the nurse most likely recommend carbohydrate loading?
An 18 month old boy in the second percentile.
Using the WHO's growth chart for infant boys, which infant is most at risk for nutrition related problems?
Antioxidant function Collagen synthesis General body metabolism
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is necessary for which critical body function?
Preterm birth Preeclampsia Gestational diabetes
Vitamin D deficiency could contribute to which pregnancy complication?
Pregnancy Poverty Caffeine abuse Drug and alcohol abuse
Vitamin deficiency can occur in patients in which condition?
Muscle fitness
Wall climbing is considered which type of physical activity?
Intracellular fluids
Water forms the basis of which type of body fluid that is also composed of potassium and phosphates?
Interstitial fluids
Water forms the basis of which type of body fluid that is also composed of sodium and chloride?
Handwashing before meals.
What advice is most important in preventing foodborne illness?
Decreased hand function
What common condition in older adults interferes with the ability to prepare food?
Bone reabsorption
What does phosphorus toxicity cause?
19 g of fiber per day
What does the food and nutrition board recommend to prevent constipation in toddlers (1 to 3 years old)?
Peptic ulcer disease
What effect can long term stress have on the GI tract?
Aids in the absorption of minerals
What effect does hydrochloric acid have on minerals?
Fruits and vegetables
What food group is most important to consume while taking thiazide diuretics?
Include pancreatic enzyme supplementation
What general dietary principle should be included in the teaching for a patient with cystic fibrosis?
Illness Tissue growth Quality of dietary protein
What influences the body's requirements for protein?
Acute diuretic effect
What is teh effect of ingesting 300 mg or more of caffeine at one time?
3 L
What is the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of daily total water during pregnancy?
3.7 L
What is the adequate intake (AI) recommendation of daily total water for men 19 and older?
It evaluates the risk for malnutrition.
What is the advantage of using the mini nutritional assessment (MNA) to assess the nutritional status in older adults in nursing homes?
Synthesizing thyroxine
What is the basic function of iodine in the body?
Fluid volume deficit
What is the best description of dehydration?
3 to 4 L
What is the daily recommended fluid intake for breastfeeding mothers?
The cessation of previously regular menses for 3 months.
What is the definition of amenorrhea?
15 mcg/d
What is the dietary reference intake (DRI) for vitamin D in lactating mothers?
330 kcal/day
What is the estimated increased calorie recommendations for the lactating mother in the first 6 months of lactation?
Inhibiting gastric hydrochloric acid secretion. Initiating pancreatic exocrine secretion. Activating the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum.
What is the function of cholecystokinin when released in the small intestine?
Moving food toward the stomach
What is the function of the mucous glands that line the esophagus?
Reduced metabolic rate and lean body mass.
What is the impact of yo yo dieting?
Depression
What is the leading cause of unintentional weight loss in the older adult client?
Lecithin
What is the lipid substance produced by the liver that is a key building block of cell membranes?
Maintenance of body water balance.
What is the main function of sodium in the body?
Muscle action Water balance Nutrient absorption
What is the main function of sodium?
320 mg
What is the maximum daily recommended dietary intake of magnesium for an adult woman?
Iron deficiency
What is the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy?
Identify the food that is being served. Remain focused on the client.
What is the most effective way for the nurse to assist with the feeding of an older adult client?
Assist in the applicatipn process.
What is the most effective way that a health care team can advocate for an older adult who is at risk for malnutrition and eligible for nutritional assistance?
To provide information needed to make healthy food choices.
What is the most important role of nutrition labeling for consumers?
I have added a new food today.
What is the most therapeutic statement a nurse can make when introducing healthy new foods into the diet of an older adult client with feeding problems?
Use salt alternatives such as thyme, savory, ginger, white pepper, cloves, or allspice, to flavor your chicken soup.
What is the nurse's best response to a patient who asks what can you recommend for seasoning chicken soup if I cannot eat sodium?
Equal intake of potassium and sodium.
What is the potassium-sodium ratio recommended by the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet?
Indicate the patient's risk for overweight and obesity.
What is the purpose of determining a patient's body mass index and body composition measurement?
54.6 g/day
What is the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of protein for an adult weighing 150 lb?
1000 mg
What is the recommended daily dietary intake of calcium for a 30 year old male?
700 mg/day
What is the recommended daily dietary intake of phosphorus?
Balanced diet and no alcohol
What is the recommended diet for a patient with fatty liver disease?
3000 mcg/day
What is the upper intake level UL of retinol for adults established by the dietary reference intake committee?
Lipid absorption occurs in the small intestine.
What is true regarding the absorption of lipids?
Preferred energy source
What role do carbohydrates play in the energy and growth of a child?
eat smaller food portions
What should be included in the teaching for a patient with a hiatal hernia?
Rennin and calcium prevent rapid absorption of milk in an infant.
What statement made by the nurse demonstrates understanding of the role of rennin in the absorption of protein?
Fish
What type of food is a complete protein and should be included while planning a patient's diet?
Eggs Beef Gelatin Cow's milk
What type of food is considered an animal source of protein?
No food or drink is consumed from dawn until sunset. Evening breakfast takes place at sunset. An odd number of dates are consumed at sunset.
When Muslims observe Ramadan, which dietary restriction is followed?
Accessibility to prenatal care Social behaviors such as smoking and alcohol consumption Patient's feeling about the pregnancy and health status. Socioeconomic status and needs.
When assessing an adolescent pregnant patient, on which area of concern would the nurse focus to develop a prenatal plan of care?
Insufficient nourishment
When assessing the nutritional status of the older adult which potential nutritional problem should be the nurse's priority concern?
Specific nutrients, not specific foods are required for a successful pregnancy.
When attempting to meet the nutritional needs of diverse clients during pregnancy, what is the most important factor to consider?
Deamination
When breaking down protein which process does the body use to maintain nitrogen balance?
60% to 90%
When building aerobic capacity the level of exercise should raise the pulse to which percentage of an individual's maximum heart rate?
Respiratory effort
When counseling a patient with metabolic condition, which activity would the nurse explain uses the greatest amount of energy in the body?
Galactose
When digestion is complete, to which product are carbohydrates reduced in order to be absorbed into the body?
Presence of periodontal disease Impaired nutritional status Difficulty chewing food
When examining the oral cavity of an elderly patient, the nurse notes several missing teeth and signs of xerostomia. Based on these findings the nurse would assess for which concern?
Glycogen
When food is not available such as during sleep the body draws from its stored energy. Which stored energy source is responsible for maintaining normal glucose levels during sleep?
Nuts Eggs Milk
When making a patient's dietary plan, which food does the nurse know to be a good source of sulfur?
As a basic fuel supply for the body. To regulate fat metabolism. To regulate protein metabolism. As a way to introduce glucose into the body.
When menu planning for a patient with diabetes, for which reason would the nurse include carbs in the diet?
Cheese
When providing dietary counseling to a Hispanic patient who consumes traditional Mexican foods, which food should the nurse consider recommending to the patient in order to help meet the recommended dietary allowance for calcium?
Refeeding syndrome
When providing nutrition to a severely malnourished patient for which complication should the nurse monitor the patient?
Kilojoules
When reading the fact label for a nutritional product which expression of energy is commonly used throughout the world?
Kilojoules are commonly used on food labels.
When referring to body energy, which statement is associated to energy unit measurements?
Is the goal or activity important or worth doing?
When setting up a food assistance program for a community which question is necessary for the nurse to consider when developing program goals to address relevance?
Bile salts
When substance is an emulsifier?
The mammary glands may produce less milk in response to fewer infant feedings.
When supplementing infant feedings with breast milk substitutes or formula, which complication may result?
Vitamin D
When taken in excessive amounts for a prolonged period, which vitamin causes hypercalcemia?
Vitamin C Folate Vitamin K
When taking naproxen, patients should increase intake of foods high in which nutrient?
Excess protein is broken down into glucose or fat for storage. Excess glucose is stored as glycogen for quick energy when required. Excess energy from carbohydrates is stored as fat in adipose tissue.
When the amount of food consumed yields more energy than is needed in which way is the remaining energy stored for use by the body?
Infant's age Amount of breast milk the mom is producing. Mother's age, height, weight, and physical activity level.
When using the daily food plan for moms to determine nutrition needs for lactating mothers, which factor is taken into consideration?
Portal circulation
Where are amino acids absorbed?
Inside blood vessels
Where are plasma proteins found in the human body?
Colon
Where does intestinal gas form in the gastrointestinal tract?
Jejunum
Where does maximal digestion of nutrients occur in the gastrointestinal system?
Mouth, lipase
Where does the breakdown of fat begin, and which enzyme is involved in the breakdown?
Extracellular fluid compartments
Where is chloride primarily found in the body?
Small intestine
Where is dietary fat absorbed in the digestive system?
K and D
Which 2 vitamins are recognized by the American academy of pediatrics as potentially necessary in supplemental form for infants?
Pantothenic acid
Which B complex vitamin is an essential constituent of the body's main activating agent, coenzyme A?
B1 (thiamin)
Which B vitamin deficiency puts a patient at risk for Beriberi?
25 to 29.9
Which BMI range indicates that a patient is overweight?
19.5 kg/m2
Which BMI will concern the nurse the least?
Fill container Fortification of food Food contains an allergen All ingredients are listed for foods with no established reference standard.
Which FDA requirement of labeling of food products?
60 mg/dL or higher.
Which HDL cholesterol value contributes to a decreased risk for heart disease?
Greek
Which Mediterranean culture has a dietary pattern that includes plentiful portions of vegetables frequently served as the main entree?
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
Which U.S. organization assist in overseeing the sales and use of genetically modified crops?
Promote antioxidant activity
Which action do phytonutrients display that aid in cancer prevention?
Recommend the use of antacids.
Which action is benefical in the treatment of hiatal hernias?
Vitamins and minerals are liberated. Carbohydrates are reduced to monosaccharides. Individual amino acids are freed from complex proteins. Fatty acids and monoglycerides are freed from triglycerides. The food derived mass has been converted to whole fluid.
Which action must occur to simply whole food int molecules small enough for absorption?
Avoid high fat meals
Which action will increase the lower esophageal sphincter pressure to help alleviate the symptoms of GERD?
Create an individualized plan focusing on nutrition.
Which action woudl the nurse take first after a new diagnosis of IBS?
Using brand mascots and cartoon characters on food packages.
Which advertising strategy targets children and can affect their eating patterns?
Determine portion size Develop an eating plan Maintain physical activity Avoid consuming fluid with food Decrease simple carbohydrate intake
Which advice will the RDN give to a patient post weight loss surgery to avoid complications like dumping syndrome?
43 years
Which age is forecasted to be the median in the U.S. by the year 2060?
FDA EPA USDA CDC
Which agency works to ensure food safety?
Hydrochloric acid Pepsin Rennin
Which agent helps with the task of chemical digestion of proteins in the stomach?
30
Which amount in micrograms represents the daily recommended intake of biotin?
1.1 mg/day with no set maximum amount.
Which amount of riboflavin should be taken daily by females?
2.4 mcg
Which amount of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is recommended as part of a vegan diet?
3.4 g
Which amount represents the adequate intake of potassium for an adult male?
Mucosal folds Villi Microvilli
Which anatomic structure is an important part of the intestinal wall surface that is adapted to ensure maximal absorption of essential nutrients in the digestive process?
Lean top round beef
Which animal food contains the most protein in a cooked 3 oz serving?
Monitor progress, measure outcomes, evaluate outcomes.
Which are the 3 components of nutritional monitoring and evaluation?
Achieving adequate nutrition, limiting sodium intake, and controlling edema.
Which are the principles of medical nutrition therapy for CHF?
Presence of pesticide residues on foods. The gradual leaching of these chemicals into groundwater. The increased exposure to farm workers to these chemicals. The increased amount of chemicals necessary as insect develop tolerance.
Which area of concern is associated with the use of agricultural pesticides?
Few federal regulations for standardization.
Which area of concern pertains to front of package labeling?
Adipose tissue
Which area of the body provides unlimited fat storage for the body to use as energy?
Regulation of glucose enertering the blood in repsonse to pancreatic hormones.
Which aspect of carbohydrate digestion is facilitated by the liver?
Determine the current total energy needs for the patient.
Which aspect of the principle of energy balance is the first step in making a personalized food plan?
Fever Bloody diarrhea Nausea and vomiting
Which assessment finding is associated with a diagnosis of diverticulitis?
Goiter, choking when lying flat, difficulty swallowing.
Which assessment findings may indicate that the patient is not consuming adequate amounts of iodine?
Resting metabolic rate
Which assessment is used to establish the patient's total energy needs during an evaluation?
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Which bacteria may cause hemolytic uremic syndrome?
Shigella
Which bacteria was the cause of a recent deadly outbreak of dysentery in Japan?
Maintain skin and the inner mucous membranes.
Which beast describes the function of vitamin A?
Adhering to a rigid eating schedule.
Which behavior does the nurse expect in a patient with an eating disorder?
Prevent oxidation Improve flavor and texture Produce uniform aroma Enrich the food with added nutrients Prevent ingredients from separating
Which benefit do food additives provide?
Increased weight loss Improved quality of life Improved blood pressure Improved blood lipid levels Improved insulin sensitivity
Which benefit do individuals with obesity receive from regular exercise in conjunction with reduced caloric intake?
Improves blood pressure Increases insulin sensitivity Creates an maintains bone strength Creates and maintains muscle strength Decreases the risk for falls
Which benefit is associated with resistance training?
LDL cholesterol 180 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 39 mg/dL.
Which blood test results indicate the highest risk for atherosclerosis?
Lean body mass
Which body component requires more fuel than others?
pH balance Fluid balance Immune system functioning Metabolism and transport
Which body function does protein support?
Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Gall bladder Pancreas
Which body part is a component of the gastrointestinal system?
Hypothalamus
Which brain structure undergoes physiologic changes with aging, putting older adults at a higher risk for dehydration?
Severe dehydration
Which can cause chloride toxicity?
Cellulose
Which carbohydrate most efficiently adds important bulk to the diet?
Lycopene Lutein Zexanthin
Which carotenoid cannot be converted into vitamin A?
Zexanthin
Which carotenoid found in yellow green foods is specifically associated with the prevention of age related macular degeneration?
Food and nutrient delivery
Which category in the nutrition intervention phase addresses the patient's personal needs and diagnosis, nutrition therapy, and food plan?
Proportionally small for gestational age
Which category is assigned to an infant whose birth weight, length, and head circumference are all at or below the 10th percentile for age and sex?
Herb drug interactions
Which category of drug interactions is the least well defined?
Secondary hypertension
Which category of hypertension has an identifiable cause and is a symptom or side effect of another primary condition?
Patient history
Which category of the nutrition assessment can help to identify the use of complementary and alternative medicine?
Women will outnumber men in the eldest groups.
Which change does the U.S. Census Bureau predict regarding future demographics of the U.S. population?
No longer includes calories from fat below the total calories. Included added sugars and the respective percent daily value (%DV). Includes vitamin D and potassium as required nutrients on the label.
Which change has been made in the updated nutrition facts label?
Muscle development
Which change in a toddler most requires an adequate dietary supply of protein, minerals, and vitamins?
Loss of sensory acuity Impaired physical coordination
Which change related to aging increases the risk potential for foodborne illness in the elderly population?
Eating out more frequently than in the past. Rising number of women in the workforce. Less time spent on preparing and cooking meals. Women being the primary sole earners in 40% of households. Reliance on food items and cooking methods that save time, space, and labor.
Which changes in the American household affects food patterns and overall nutrition?
Amino acid content
Which characteristic determines the classification of a protein?
Major minerals are found in larger amounts in the body than trace minerals.
Which characteristic differentiates major minerals from trace minerals?
Stunted growth Poor development Weakened immune system
Which characteristic is associated with both kwashiorkor and marasmus?
No caloric value
Which characteristic is associated with nonnutritive sweeteners?
Low self esteem Dieting behavior Perfectionism
Which characteristic is found in a patient with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa?
Realistic goals Cultural appeal Energy readjustment to maintain weight
Which characteristic of a weight management program aids in lasting success?
Small size
Which characteristic of electrolytes enables them to diffuse freely across cell membranes?
It is measured in international units.
Which characteristics of vitamin D is accurate?
Hydrochloric acid
Which chemical is responsible for unfolding and denaturing complex protein chains?
Tetany Weakness Ventricular arrhythmia
Which clinical assessment finding can a nurse expect to observe in a patient with a magnesium deficiency?
Difficulty breathing Bloating Irregular heartbeat
Which clinical assessment finding lead the nurse to believe that a patient has hypokalemia?
Loss of appetite Fatigue Pain
Which clinical finding would the nurse expect to observe in a patient diagnosed with hypophosphatemia?
Carotenoderma Amenorrhea Calluses on the back of the hand
Which clinical sign is associated with eating disorders?
Obese
Which clinical term is used to describe a patient who has excess body fat?
Amino acid metabolism
Which coenzyme function does vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) have?
Grains and legumes
Which combination of foods will the nurse recommend to a vegan patient for a healthy protein balance?
Lactose
Which common sugar found outside of pla nts promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus?
Aspirin
Which commonly used drug results in low level chronic loss of iron when used continuously?
Commodity supplement food program
Which community resource utilizes the USDA to purchase food items that are good sources of nutrients but lacking in the diets of a target population?
Laxatives Excessive exercise Purging Diuretics
Which compensatory mechanisms would the nurse expect to be used by a patient with bulimia nervosa?
Eggs Fish Tofu Tempeh
Which complete protein is ideal for adding to a diet of grains and legumes?
Emulsifier
Which component helps split large fat globules into smaller particles?
Protein
Which component in milk is an allergen for those with food allergies?
Low energy availability Menstrual dysfunction Low bone mineral density
Which component is part of the female athlete triad?
Antibodies
Which component of human milk most accounts for the breastfed infant's improved immune system functioning?
Decrease in melatonin
Which component of the aging process may cause insomnia in an older patient?
Wasting disease Poor food intake Malabsorption Hormonal imbalance Low energy availability Poor living situation
Which condition causes patients to experience general malnutrition and be underweight?
Celiac disease
Which condition is a food allergy that can affect the normal functioning of the gastrointestinal tract?
Metabolic alkalosis
Which condition is a patient who has been vomiting for 3 days at risk for?
Congstive heart failure
Which condition is marked by the weakened heart muscle's inability to maintain adequate cardiac output to sustain normal blood circulation?
Iron deficiency anemia
Which condition may a patient with spoon shaped nails on the hands be experiencing?
Injury Infection Exhaustion Malnutrition Dehydration
Which condition may result from the extreme demands placed on the bodies of athletes involved in heavy training?
Metabolic syndrome Asthma Low self esteem Polycystic ovarian syndrome
Which consequence is associated with obesity during childhood?
Hip fractures Dehydration Drug interactions Decreased compliance Increased insurance costs
Which consideration is an area of concern for a patient who is taking several commonly prescribed medications including blood pressure medication and laxatives?
The meal should be low in fat and fiber. The meal should provide a sufficient amount of fluid. The meal should contain a moderate amount of protein. The meal should contain an appropriate amount of carbohydrates.
Which consideration is associated with planning a pregame meal to incorporate carbohydrate loading?
Energy and nutrient dense diet
Which consideration is made in the dietary treatment of an underweight patient?
Capillary fluid shift mechanism
Which control within the body is the most important for maintaining homeostasis?
Olive oil Canola oil Peanut oil
Which cooking oil contains monosaturated fat?
India China Japan Vietnam Phillipines
Which country has strongly influenced Asian cultural food patterns commonly found in the U.S.?
A physician statement must accompany the claim and define the risk.
Which criterion applies to health claims that link nutrients to risk for disease?
Binge eating with lack of control while eating. Inappropriate mechanisms to prevent weight gain such as use of laxatives. Frequency of episodes on an average of once a week for a period of 3 months.
Which criterion is assessed to diagnose a patient with bulimia nervosa?
Cold intolerance Fatigue/Lethargy
Which cue is associated with general symptoms used to help diagnose an eating disorder?
Bacteria
Which culprit is the greatest cause of foodborne illness?
African American
Which culture introduced soul food during the civil rights movement in the 1960s?
Mediterranean
Which culture's dietary pattern is often recommended by health care providers as an effective method of cardiovascular disease prevention?
Must include percentage of added sugars. Typical consumption reflects a serving size.
Which current requirement regarding the food label in the U.S. food and drug administration standards of how food labels appear on food products?
2 L
Which daily fluid intake level is recommended for the patient with CHF whose serum sodium levels are less than 130 mEq/L?
Drink plenty of liquids throughout the day to maintain proper hydration. Rest when the baby sleeps to prevent fatigue. Practice stress reduction techniques such as meditation. Establish a routine for both mom and baby.
Which daily lifestyle information would the nurse discuss with a patient to decrease risk for prolactin inhibitors?
The amount of dietary energy remaining after subtracting the energy required for exercise training.
Which definition describes energy availability?
At least 1/3 reduction in kilocalories.
Which definition matches the "Light or lite" descriptive term on food products?
Combines with triglycerides, protein, phospholipids, cholesterol, and other fat-soluble substances, allowing fat to travel throughout the bloodstream.
Which describes the role of lipoproteins?
Extracellular fluid is contained in the intravascular compartment.
Which description correctly identifies intracellular and extracellular fluid?
Breaking down stored glycogen into individual glucose units.
Which description defines glycogenolysis, a metabolic function of the liver?
Carbohydrates have fewer kilocalories per gram compared to fat
Which description explains why the metabolism of glucose yields less energy than the metabolism of fat?
Kills bacteria and parasites that are on food after harvest. Increases the shelf life of produce. Ensures unaltered nutritive value of food.
Which description is a feature of food irradiation?
A lipoprotein formed in the intestine to transport fat to the liver via the lymphatic system.
Which description is accurate regarding a chylomicron?
More common among children age 18 to 24 months who have been breastfed all their lives and then rapidly weaned. Characteristics include fatty liver. Results in stunted growth, a weakened immune system, and poor development.
Which description is associated with kwashiorkor?
Establish energy and nutrient requirements according to the specific needs of the individual.
Which description is associated with the ultimate goal of nutrition care and support?
Not completely filled with all of the hydrogen that they can hold. Less heavy than saturated fats. Liquid at room temperature. Found in safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils.
Which description is characteristics of unsaturated fats?
A gradual loss of functioning cells.
Which description is the pathophysiologic basis for reduced cell metabolism beginning at approximately 30 years of age?
They are needed for a healthy life. They are not necessary to obtain in the diet. They can be synthesized from other amino acids.
Which description is true of dispensable amino acids?
Orthodoc, with strict observance of food laws.
Which description of food laws observed by basic groups within Judaism is correct?
Eat lean meats, beans, and nuts.
Which description of the DASH diet eating plan would the nurse provide to a patient who was recently diagnosed with stage 2 hypertension?
Extracellular fluid is isotonic.
Which description of the fluids and blood involved in gastrointestinal circulation is accurate?
Poor overall diet quality More sodium intake Intake of empty calories Less fruit and vegetable intake
Which diet has occurred with the acculturation of Latinos living in the U.S.?
Balanced diet rich in calcium containing dairy products.
Which diet in adolescents helps achieve higher peak bone mass and linear growth?
Gluten free diet
Which diet is appropriate for a patient with celiac disease?
Mechanical soft
Which diet is most helpful for a patient who has inadequate dentition?
Low protein
Which diet is recommend for a patient with hepatic encephalopathy?
Nothing by mouth
Which diet is recommend for the patient with acute pancreatitis?
Vegan
Which diet puts a person at the highest risk for vitamin B 12 (cobalamin) deficiency?
Drink liquids between rather than with meals. Eat small frequent meals and snacks that are dry, bland, and low in fiber. Try ginger or vitamin B6 supplements.
Which dietary action can help a pregnant patient's nausea symptoms?
The intake of empty calorie foods should decrease.
Which dietary change is important for individuals as they age to help address a declining metabolic rate?
Avoid alcohol
Which dietary information should be included when educating a patient with chronic pancreatitis?
3.5 oz chicken breast
Which dietary intake would account for the difference in protein needs between a lactating mother and a nonlactating adult woman?
Sodium
Which dietary mineral should be reduced in the patient with CHF?
High protein Moderate fat High carbohydrate Nutrient dense diet Vitamin sources
Which dietary need must be met for underweight and undernourished patients to increase energy and nutrient intake?
Providing low fat meals
Which dietary principle should be applied during periods of inflammation for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
High carbohydrate diet
Which dietary process is followed by athletes in preparation for an endurance event?
Eat a low fat diet.
Which dietary recommendation should be included in discharge teaching for a patient with chronic hepatitis?
Eggs Nuts Olive oil Red wine
Which dietary recommendation would the nurse recognize as part of the Mediterranean diet?
Avoid grapefuit or grapefuit juice.
Which dietary restriction for safe administration of atorvastatin?
Lipoproteins
Which dietary substance involved in the atherogenic disease process carries fat in the bloodstream?
Celiac disease
Which digestive alteration is a food allergy that causes cellular destruction of the gastrointestinal tract lining?
You should consume more than 3 cups per day of whole grains.
Which discharge instruction would the nurse provide regarding nutrition for a patient newly diagnosed with atherosclerosis?
Hypertension
Which disease is associated with excessive sodium intake?
Food jags
Which eating behavior is common in children age 3 to 5 years?
Binge eating disorder
Which eating disorder is related to substance use disorders?
Fatigue Ketoacidosis Decreased capacity for work Dehydration
Which effect is observed with a low carbohydrate diet?
Acidosis Electrolyte imbalance
Which effect on health is caused by a very low calorie diet (VLCD)?
Sulfate Chloride Phosphate
Which electrolyte is an anion?
Fibrin Calcium Cholesterol
Which element comprises a plaque that forms inside artery walls?
Nitrogen
Which element distinguishes protein from other nutrients?
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen
Which element is a basic component of a lipid?
The energy required for the processes of digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients to the cells.
Which energy requirement is known as thermic effect of food?
Fat
Which energy source provides the highest energy value?
Nutrition service incentive program
Which entity provides cash and or commodities to supplement meals offered at congregate and home delivered nutrition programs?
Increased screen time Low cost convivence foods
Which environmental factor adds to the increasing problem of obesity in the U.S.?
Consumption of energy dense foods.
Which environmental factor leads to an increase in obesity?
Carboxypeptidase
Which enzyme that is involved in the digestion of protein is responsible for attacking acid in the small intestine?
Nitrate Beta alanine
Which established performance supplement provides a better response to untrained individuals than trained individuals?
Mexican Caribbean Native American African American
Which ethnic group has historically used lard as the fat in meal preparation?
45 minutes on the treadmill. 30 minutes on the stair climber. 45 minutes of jogging. 30 minutes of swimming.
Which exercise is an example of an aerobic activity?
No negative feedback regarding energy intake.
Which explanation describes the association between lacking the leptin receptor and severe early onset obesity?
Bariatric surgery
Which extreme practice is most successful method of permanent weight loss for patients with severe obesity?
Sodium content has increased significantly. Portion sizes of processed foods have increased. Consumption of larger portions of nutrient poor foods has increased.
Which fact about portion sizes has raised concerns regarding Americans dining at fast food restaurants?
Economic insecurity Social isolation Decreased gastric motility
Which factor can contribute to malnutrition in the older adult?
Health status Activity level Pregnancy weight
Which factor can lead to individual variations in energy needs during pregnancy?
Physiologic changes to the hypothalamus Increase in urine volume Decrease in fluid reabsorption
Which factor can make older adults vulnerable to chronic hypohydration?
Hot, arid temperatures Change in altitude Freezing cold temperatures
Which factor contributes to increased water needs and is related to environmental conditions?
Inadequate calcium intake Inadequate vitamin D intake Smoking Thin body frame The use of medications that alter mineral bioavailability.
Which factor contributes to poor bone health for all populations?
Smoking Menopause Lack of calcium
Which factor contributes to poor bone health in an older patient?
Inadequate dietary protein metabolism. Inadequate physical activity.
Which factor contributes to sarcopenia?
Poor nutritional status
Which factor creates the highest risk for drug nutrient reactions?
The form in which the nutrient is present. The competition among nutrients for common absorptive sites. The amount of nutrient present in the gastrointestinal tract.
Which factor determines a nutrient's bioavailability?
Body size and composition Preexercise hydration status Fitness level and metabolic rate Intensity and duration of exercise Temperature, altitude, and humidity
Which factor determines fluid needs for athletes?
Structure of the protein
Which factor determines the function of proteins?
Genetic potential
Which factor governs the overall physical growth and maturity of the human body?
Rapid growth Peer pressure Self consciousness
Which factor greatly influences an adolescent's eating pattern?
Changes in portion sizes Changes in menu options Changes in family structure
Which factor has influenced changes in American food patterns?
Increased flow of technology, information, goods, and people across borders.
Which factor has resulted in reduced geographic and ethnic boundaries that have historically preserved food cultures?
Age
Which factor in determining a patient's ideal body weight has been overlooked by health practitioners?
Elevated respiratory water loss Cold induced diuresis Increased energy expenditure
Which factor increases the body's requirement for water at a high altitude?
Parental food habits Family meal practices Screen time Healthy food accessibility
Which factor influences eating habits in school aged children?
Tissue health Food form Body's needs
Which factor influences the body's ability to absorb minerals?
Tissue growth Illness or disease Quality of dietary protein
Which factor influences the body's requirement for protein?
Individual's fitness level The surrounding temperature The individual's metabolic rate Pre exercise hydration status
Which factor influences the fluid needs of an athlete?
Caloric density
Which factor influences the rate of stomach emptying time at the pyloric valve?
Accumulation of carbon dioxide.
Which factor is a cause of respiratory acidosis?
Poverty High cost of healthy diet
Which factor is a leading cause of food insecurity for many American families?
Stress Fatigue Medical complications Lack of support Poor self efficacy Irregular breastfeeding
Which factor is a prolactin inhibitor leading to the early cessation of breastfeeding?
Tilt the bottle to keep the nipple full of milk. Slightly elevate the baby's head during feeding. Pooling of milk or juice in the mouth can cause tooth decay.
Which factor is an important consideration while formula feeding?
Exercise for 150 minutes per week. Exercise at 70% of the maximal heart rate. Check the pulse before, during, and after exercise.
Which factor is important for achieving aerobic benefits?
Select a sports drink that has optimal gastric emptying and intestinal absorption times.
Which factor is important when using a sports drink to supplement fluid loss?
A well balanced diet from a variety of foods should be consumed
Which factor is most important to consider when following a vegetarian diet?
Maternal fatigue and stress Moderate consumption of alcohol A diet consisting of 1600 kcal/day
Which factor is most likely to present challenges to breastfeeding?
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Which factor is related to energy expenditure?
An infant's body content of water is particularly high.
Which factor makes high fluid intake critical during infancy?
Polypharmacy Literacy level Language barriers
Which factor may increase the susceptibility of individuals to food drug interactions?
Loneliness Poor health Mortality Increased cost of health care
Which factor most commonly contributes to depression in the older adult?
Fitness level Health status Personal needs Equipment needs
Which factor needs to be assessed when planning a personal exercise program?
Endocrine disease Intestinal obstruction Diluted ready to feed formula
Which factor places an infant at risk for failure to thrive?
Coronary artery disease Obesity Cigarette smoking Hypertension Diabetes
Which factor significantly increases the risk for heart failure?
Food neophobia Endorphins generated from comfort foods
Which factor that influences food choices is rooted in childhood experiences and has a psychologic impact?
Nutrient and energy needs are determined by age group. A well balanced diet can prevent exercise induced malnutrition. A well balanced diet should contain adequate calories, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Failure to meet the increased energy and fluid needs can have significant consequences.
Which factor would be considered when determining a general training diet for individuals who regularly participate in physical activity?
Energy content of milk The metabolic work of milk production. The energy expenditure of the active mother. Maintenance of maternal adipose tissue storage.
Which factors accounts for the increased caloric needs of lactating mothers?
Genetics Fast food restaurants Socioeconomic factors Reliance on modern convenience and snack foods Modern food products combined with traditional staples
Which factors has contributed to the American Indian population having the highest rates of type 2 diabetes?
Linoleic Alpha linoleic
Which fatty acid must be obtained from food because the body cannot make sufficient amounts?
Broadcasts nutrition information Includes graded summary labels such as nutri score labels and the 5 color nutrition label. Needs to be visually easy to interpret.
Which feature describes front of package labeling used by food manufacturers?
High is sodium
Which feature describes snacks that Americans commonly consume?
Serve as a fuel for cellular energy. Support and protect vital organs. Help in regulation of body temperature. Form the fatty center of cell membranes, thereby creating the selectively permeable lipid bilayer.
Which feature describes the benefits of fats?
Spending less time preparing and cooking meals. Eating out more frequently. Increasing portion sizes.
Which feature describes the impact of changing household dynamics on food patterns?
Abundant seafood as base Use of wine in cooking Use of poultry fat
Which feature is a characteristic of dietary pattern of Cajun cuisine?
Having the ability to be flexible with an eating schedule.
Which feature is a characteristic of normal eating?
Loose watery stools Cramping and abdominal pain Low grade fever Can develop hemolytic uremic syndrome
Which feature is associated with the bacterial food caused by Escherichia coli?
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Which federal department oversees food assistance programs such as the supplemental nutrition assistance program, the school nutrition program, and the nutrition program for the elderly?
Edema Fatty liver Stunted growth Weakened immune system
Which finding can a nurse expect in a 20-month-old child who receives adequate calories but lacks bioavailable protein sources?
Dry scaly processes at the corners of the mouth.
Which finding does the nurse expect to observe during the physical assessment of the patient with cheilosis?
Normal serum ketone level
Which finding indicates that carbohydrate levels are sufficient to meet the body's energy demands?
Steatorrhea Inability to absorb nutrients Inability to digest macronutrients
Which finding would the nurse expect in a patient with a malabsorption disorder resulting from the small intestinal disease?
Milk Soybeans Enriched cereal
Which food can a vegetarian consume to increase riboflavin in the diet?
Oregano Onions Black tea Purple grapes
Which food contains the phytochemical flavonoid?
Spinach Sunflower oil Hazelnuts
Which food does the nurse recommend to the patient as a good source of vitamin E?
Natural foods
Which food fad claim considers all processed foods unhealthy?
Grains
Which food group interferes with zinc and iron absorption when consumed in high quantities?
Lettuce Cantaloupe Squash
Which food has a water content of 90% or higher?
Figs Milk Honey Buttermilk
Which food has special value for Muslims based on the Islamic teachings of the Quran?
Raw broccol
Which food has the highest water content?
Lemon Onion Nonfat milk and yogurt Garlic
Which food helps train taste preferences to adapt to a lowered sodium intake?
Rice Pasta Graonola Bread
Which food is a good choice to include in a pregame meal?
Egg yolks and algae Fish and seafood
Which food is a good source for DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)?
Beef Low fat milk Creamy peanut butter Fried breaded oysters
Which food is a good source of zinc?
Rice Pasta White bread
Which food is a preferred energy source of body cells?
Tomatoes Pink grapefruit Red peppers
Which food is a significant source of both vitamin C and lycopene?
Liver Carrots Sweet potato
Which food is a source of vitamin A?
Fried meat
Which food is categorized as energy dense food?
Refined grains
Which food is considered nutrient empty?
Figs Olives Honey Buttermilk
Which food is consumed by individuals who practice Islam because the food represents a special value to physical and social health?
Cheese Nuts Mayonnaise
Which food is high in fat and recommended in small portions only?
Blue corn flour Wild bananas Smoked meat
Which food is part of the historical dietary patterns of Native American cuisine?
Alcohol Caffiene
Which food is prohibited or strongly discouraged for Mormons?
Liver Corn Soy flour Yeast
Which food is recommended for a patient with inborn metabolism biotinidase deficiency?
Whole grains Legumes Leafy vegetables
Which food is rich in molybdenum?
Meat Fish Eggs Whole wheat bread
Which food is rich in selenium?
Lamb
Which food is served as a symbol of sacrifice during Eid-al-Fitr?
Gefilte fish
Which food is served as the first course of the Sabbath evening meal?
Meats
Which food is the best source of B vitamins?
Eggs
Which food is the best source of phosphorus?
Red meat
Which food is the most abundant dietary source of saturated fats?
Sunflower oil
Which food is the most abundant source of polyunsaturated fats?
Figs Dates Buttermilk
Which food items is considered of special value to health in the Quran?
Kidney beans Oatmeal Shredded wheat Spaghetti
Which food meets high fiber needs by supplying at least 4 g of fiber per serving?
Milk Soy Eggs Wheat
Which food most commonly triggers allergic and immune based responses in children?
Skim milk
Which food option has the least amount of fat per serving?
Dates Water
Which food or drink is traditionally consumed at sunset to break the daily fast during Ramadan?
Less lard is used More dairy products are used Dinner is the largest meal of the day More chronic diseases are caused by poor dietary habits
Which food pattern differentiates Mexican AMerican cuisine from traditional Mexican cuisine?
Legumes Orange juice Green leafy vegetables
Which food prevents anemia in pregnant and lactating women and promotes the healthy development of a fetus?
Beef Dairy products Eggs
Which food product can be consumed according to Jewish dietary laws?
Pork, rabbit, and birds of prey must be avoided. Eggs containing a blood spot cannot be consumed. Consumption of shellfish and crustaceans is restricted. Meat and milk products cannot be consumed at the same meal. Meat should come from animals that chew their cud and have cloven hooves.
Which food restriction is governed by current Jewish dietary laws?
Rice and beans
Which food selection provides complete proteins for a vegan patient?
Salami Cheese Tofu
Which food should be avoided when taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant?
Wheat Barley
Which food should the patient diagnosed with celiac disease avoid?
Fruit drinks Sport drinks Ready to eat breakfast cereals
Which food source contributes to an increased incidence of dental caries and should be minimized or avoided in the diet?
Tomato juice Peppers Broccoli
Which food source has high amounts of vitamin C (ascorbic acid)?
Milk Broccoli Eggs Chicken
Which food source is a natural, unprocessed source of sodium?
Brazil nuts
Which food source is an exceptionally good source of selenium?
Soybeans
Which food source provides the highest amount of potassium?
Legumes
Which food source provides the most phytonutrients?
Nuts Olives Soybean oil
Which food would be recommended for a vegan patient who has been advised by the doctor to eat a heart healthy diet?
Alcohol
Which food/nutrient can cause adverse reaction in an older adult taking a NSAID?
Electrical energy
Which form of energy is required for involuntary body functions like brain and nerve activities?
Kumquats
Which fruit is part of the Chinese cultural dietary pattern?
Peaches Bananas Watermelon
Which fruit is typically found in an African American diet?
Carbohydrate
Which fuel source is predominantly used by the body when maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) exceeds 65%?
Blood clotting
Which function is associated with vitamin K?
Lubricant Solvent Transport Thermoregulation
Which function of body water is critical for homeostasis?
Sustains body temperature Provides smooth movement of joints Carries metabolites throughout the body Ionizes and dissolves substances in the body Is involved in all chemical reactions in the body
Which function of water in the body is critical for homeostasis?
Water and electrolytes
Which gastrointestinal secretion assists in carrying the products of digestion through the gastrointestinal tract?
Saliva Gastric juice Intestinal juice Pancreatic juice
Which gastrointestinal secretion is mostly made of water?
Hydrochloric acid and buffer ions
Which gastrointestinal secretion is responsible for producing the correct degree of acidity or alkalinity necessary for enzymatic activity?
Mucus
Which gastrointestinal secretion lubricates and protects the tissues that line the gastrointestinal tract and helps moisten the food mass?
Galactosemia
Which genetic disease affects approximately 1 in every 30,000 to 60,000 live births and can cause fatal brain and liver damage if not treated?
Galactosemia
Which genetic disease causes complication for patients despite rigorous treatment?
Establishing a healthy weight for the patient
Which goal must be addressed at the beginning of eating disorder treatment?
Promote strength. Lower LDL cholesterol Reduce metabolic workload. Avoid excess effort during eating. Achieve healthy BMI through exercise.
Which goal related to nutrition therapy would the nurse include in discharge instructions when caring for a patient who had a MI?
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Which governing body is responsible for regulating the movement of food between state lines?
Children
Which group has the highest risk for malnutrition?
WHO growth chart for boys
Which growth chart is recommended for plotting height, weight, and head circumference measurements on an infant boy?
Amniotic fluid Growth of the fetus Development of the placenta Increased synthesis of hemoglobin and albumin
Which growth need during pregnancy requires sufficient protein?
Eat several small meals a day. Avoid eating large meals at one sitting. Avoid lying down immediately after a meal.
Which guidance can be given to pregnant client to help address heartburn associated with pregnancy?
Level of effort for physical activity should coincide with level of fitness. 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity per week is recommended. Chronic conditions should be considered when determining which regular activity is safe. Muscle strengthening activities involving all major muscle groups are recommended at least 2 days per week. Weekly physical activity that includes balance training, aerobic, and muscle strengthening activities is recommended.
Which guideline for physical activity is specific to older adults?
Rest when tired. Stop when hurting. Warm up the muscles. Do not go beyond tolerance limits.
Which guideline would be followed for exercise preparation and care?
Improved blood glucose control Reduced risk of metabolic syndrome Lower risk of some forms of cancer Successful weight loss in overweight individuals
Which health benefit is provided by a vegetarian diet?
Registered dietitian nutritionist
Which health care team member is the only qualified member to conduct the nutritional care process (NCP)?
ischemic heart disease
Which health problem is associated with obesity and can be improved by weight loss and maintenance of appropriate weight?
Adipose tissue deposited in the mother during pregnancy.
Which helps meet some of the extra energy needs required by lactation in the postpartum mother?
Ginseng
Which herb has a hypoglycemic effect? pg313
Garlic Ginger Ginko Ginseng
Which herb when combined with bismuth containing medications, can act as an anticoagulant? pg 313
Ghrelin
Which hormone is an appetite stimulant?
Endorphin
Which hormone is responsible for making a person feel good giving a mild high by easing the sensation of pain with pleasurable flavors?
Oxytocin
Which hormone is responsible for the phenomenon of a breastfeeding mother's milk leaking when she sees another infant?
Swimming at a vigorous level.
Which hour long activity will result in the most energy expended?
Low intake of omega 3 fats. High intake of processed meat. Consuming dairy fats and egg yolks.
Which important dietary factor contributes to a higher risk of chronic disease?
Myocardial infarction
Which incident may occur as a result of coronary artery blood flow to the heart being completely occluded?
A person who eats whole grains for breakfast daily.
Which individual will have the highest intake of phytonutrients?
Crohn's disease
Which inflammatory bowel disease can affect any portion of the GI tract?
gastroesophageal reflux is commonly called heartburn. A sphincter in the stomach may not be working properly. Acid mixed food may be seeping back into the esophagus. A hiatal hernia may be the cause of gastroesophageal reflux.
Which information would be included when teaching a patient about gastroesophageal reflux?
Physical activity
Which initial recommendation would be given to a patient who is overweight with slightly elevated blood sugar noted at the last check up?
Maintain regular dental appointments.
Which instructions should the nurse include in the discharge plan of care for the patient diagnosed with xerostomia?
Water Solutes Membranes
Which interdependent factor controls fluid balance in the human body?
Educate the patient about eating small meals throughout the day.
Which intervention by the nurse would be appropriate when a patient reports pain, loss of appetite, and shortness of breath with eating following a MI?
Cardiac rest
Which intervention is priority with a patient with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia who experiences a myocardial infarction?
Drinking alcohol in moderation is allowed. Aim for at least 150 minutes of physical activity per week.
Which intervention would be appropriate for the nurse to teach a patient who wants to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Schedule weekly visits to monitor weight. Inquires as to food aversions and vomiting during prenatal visits. Monitor electrolytes and fluid intake with each visit.
Which intervention would be implemented for a pregnant patient with a prior history of hyperemesis gravidarum to prevent hospitalization?
Read food labels Use herbs and spices Eat complex carbohydrates Consult with a RDN
Which intervention would the nurse teach about preventing heart disease when providing education to a group of patients who have an increased risk for developing CVD?
Sodium nitrate
Which is a chemical additive used in meats to prevent rancidity and botulism?
Iron deficiency anemia
Which is a common risk for a toddler who consumes an excessive amount of cow's milk in place of meals and snacks?
Diarrhea Vomiting Abdominal cramping Nausea
Which is a common sign or symptom of foodborne illnesses?
Fresh fruits and vegetables in moderation. Whole grains, nuts, garlic, fish, and win in moderation. Very small amounts of meat and animal products. Limited dairy products.
Which is a component of the Mediterranean diet?
Asthma Social discrimination Low self esteem
Which is a consequence of childhood obesity?
Milk Butter Chicken Pork
Which is a food source of solid fats?
Add to food palatability Promote feeling full Supply essential fatty acids
Which is a function of food lipids?
Stimulates beta cells to release insulin.
Which is a function of potassium?
Helps regulate body temperature Serves as a lubricant on m moving parts of the body Transports nutrients and waste products
Which is a function of water in the human body?
Water is necessary to help maintain a stable body temperature. Water acts as a lubricant Water circulates throughout the body in the form of blood and tissue fluids.
Which is a key function of water?
Physical inactivity Body fat percentage Family food patterns
Which is a modifiable risk factor that can cause obesity?
Insufficient linoleic acid Insufficient energy to support growth requirements.
Which is a negative effect of low fat cow's milk to infants younger than 1 year of age?
Allergies
Which is a physiologic factor that influences personal food choice?
Limit caffeine intake Avoid calcium fortified juices Avoid milk and yogurt products Include adequate dietary protein
Which is a possible dietary interaction when taking ciproflaxin? pg. 312
Cocoa Legumes Oats Nuts
Which is a primary food source of magnesium?
Obesity Diabetes
Which is a risk factor for cholelithiasis?
Maintain skin integrity Support immune function Aggregate blood platelets
Which is a role of linoleic acid and alpha linolenic acid in the body?
Sunlight Egg yolks Salmon
Which is a source of vitamin D?
They contain less fat. Plant foods cost less. They prevent some chronic diseases. They are the equivalent to a complete protein diet.
Which is an advantage of consuming a diet of complementary proteins?
Fat is converted to fatty acids. Protein is converted to amino acids. Carbohydrates are converted to glucose.
Which is an example of catabolism?
Diarrhea Constipation Abdominal bloating
Which is an expected assessment finding in a patient diagnosed with IBS?
Chicken and rice
Which is the best choice for a low fat meal?
It is reabsorbed and returned to the liver for reuse.
Which is the best description of what happen to bile after it emulsifies fat?
Fluid collection within the intracellular spaces.
Which is the effect of altered fluid shift mechanisms in a patient with CHF?
Dipeptidase produced in the small intestine
Which is the final enzyme in the protein splitting system, and where is it produced?
Maintaining acid base balance
Which is the function of chloride?
atherlosclerosis
Which is the major cause and underlying pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease?
Triples birth weight and increases in length by 50%
Which is the most accurate regarding an infant's expected rate of growth in the first year of life?
Introduce a new food every 3 to 5 days.
Which is the most effective way to avoid an allergic reaction when introducing a new food?
Meal of 2 eggs, one slice of bacon, and a glass of grapefruit juice for breakfast.
Which is the most likely reason for flushing, headache, increased heart rate and decreased blood pressure while taking nifedipine? pg. 312
Micelles
Which is the package that transports fat from the lumen to the villi?
Vomiting
Which is the primary cause of a chloride deficiency?
400 mcg
Which is the recommended daily intake for folic acid during the preconception period to prevent neural tube defects in infants?
2 g
Which is the recommended daily sodium intake limit for the patient with CHF?
Pancreatic amylase converts starch into maltose and sucrose. Trypsin and chymotrypsin split protein molecules into single amino acids. Pancreatic lipase converts triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids.
Which is the role of pancreatic enzymes during chemical digestion?
Breaks down large protein molecules. Is activated by hydrochloric acid. Acts as a protein specific gastric enzyme.
Which is the role of pepsin in the breakdown of protein?
After traditional foods have been introduced.
Which is the safest method for introducing highly allergenic foods into the diet of infants and children?
Fat is stored in adipose tissue
Which is true regarding the storage of fat after digestion?
Grits Hushpuppies
Which item from the bread, cereal, rice, and pasta groups is commonly served as part of the African American and Cajun cuisine?
Lean protein Whole grains Water
Which item is recommended in a food guide as per the principles of a sound food plan?
Decreased appetite Unintentional weight loss
Which key finding indicates that a patient needs nutrition services?
Adolescence
Which key growth period shows a rise in the level of growth hormones and sex hormones?
Counsel the patient to adhere to a prescribed diet. Administer antihyperlipidemic agents. Prescribe routine physical exercise.
Which key intervention is used to manage hyperlipidemia?
The surgeon general's report on nutrition and health. The national research council's diet and health report The health and objectives defined in healthy people initiative
Which landmark report reinforced the need to change the food labeling requirements to create better food labels to maintain the health of all Americans?
Plasma proteins
Which large molecular size organic compound is responsible for maintaining integrity of the blood volume by exerting colloidal osmotic pressure (COP)?
Burn at least as many calories as consumed. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity weekly. Limit dietary sodium intake to 2500 mg per day.
Which lifestyle modification is recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease?
HDL
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol from the tissues and arteries back to the liver for catabolism?
Chylomicrons
Which lipoproteins are formed after lipids are absorbed from food?
Bowel obstruction
Which long term complication may occur in Chron's disease?
Limit consumption of red meat. Limit sodium intake. Adopt the Mediterranean diet.
Which long term dietary modification would be recommended for a patient who has had a MI?
Protein
Which macronutrient is essential for tissue repair and remodeling?
Carbohydrates
Which macronutrient is the main source of energy for exercise?
Protein
Which macronutrient need is higher per kilogram of body weight for adults 65 years and older as a result of a decreased metabolic rate and sarcopenia?
Sodium
Which major mineral creates a dependent glucose transporter that allows the passage of glucose and galactose from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal cell?
Acid Gastric enzymes Mucus
Which material is the gastric secretions help with chemical digestion in the stomach?
Roasted chicken, broccoli, angel food cake.
Which meal does the nurse recommend for a patient with cholecystitis?
Chicken, rice, peas, and tea
Which meal is acceptable for a patient in accordance with Jewish dietary laws (kashrut)?
Lunch
Which meal is the largest meal of the day according to the traditional meal patterns in a Mexican diet?
Lunch is the largest meal of the day.
Which meal pattern represents that of a traditional Mexican diet?
Congregate nutrition services
Which meal program is most appropriate for a physically active older adult who is socioeconomically stable?
Steamed broccoli and soy milk
Which meal selection is appropriate for a vegan patient who needs adequate protein?
7 to 10 g/kg of body weight
Which measure of carbohydrate is needed daily by athletes undergoing endurance training?
1.2 to 2 g/kg/day
Which measure of protein is required for endurance and strength trained athletes?
Peristalsis Mastication Muscle movement
Which mechanical digestive process occurs in the upper gastrointestinal tract?
Hydrostatic pressure Colloidal osmotic pressure
Which mechanism does the body use to maintain a constant flow of fluid through the tissues and carry materials to and from the cells?
Lorcaserin Phentermine/topiramate
Which medication is FDA approved for use in patients who are obese and or have type 2 diabetes?
Corticosteroid Anticholinergic Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
Which medication may increase water intake requirements?
Registered dietitian
Which member of the health care team carries the responsibility of medical nutrition therapy?
Pain is decreased Mood is improved Stress management is improved Sleep quality is improved
Which mental health benefit can be obtained by exercise?
Cunningham equation
Which method can be used to calculate basic energy needs?
Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS)
Which method is used to rate protein quality according to the amount of indispensable amino acids contained and the digestibility of the whole protein and also measure the digestibility of each amino acid in the ileum?
Diet history
Which method of collecting information about dietary intake involves a lengthy interview process by a trained nutrition professional?
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
Which method of measuring body composition is inexpensive, portable, and easy to perform, and does not need technical expertise?
Bicarbonate
Which mineral acts as a buffer to maintain acid base balance?
Iron Phosphorus Sulfur
Which mineral is considered a major mineral?
Iron
Which mineral is essential in binding oxygen or carbon dioxide to hemoglobin during the respiratory cycle?
Calcium
Which mineral is essential to blood clotting?
Chloride Sodium Potassium Magnesium
Which mineral may be lost when an athlete sweats during extreme conditions?
Zinc
Which mineral plays a key role in reproduction, optimal growth hormone activity, and successful synaptic neurotransmission?
Calcium
Which mineral supplement is potentially necessary for mothers expecting multiple births?
150 minutes per week of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity.
Which minimum level of physical activity is recommended for an adult to obtain substantial health benefits?
Address the cause of low energy availability.
Which modality is the primary treatment for the female athlete triad?
Enteral feedings
Which mode of feeding makes use of the GI tract through oral or tube feeding?
High cost Misinformation Danger to health Failure to seek medical care Rejection of food production
Which negative effect is associated with erroneous claims of food fads?
Intramural nerve plexus
Which network of nerves, extending from the esophagus to the anus, is located in the gastrointestinal wall?
Carbohydrates
Which nutrient is preferred source of energy for a the body during a child's growth spurt?
LIpids
Which nutrient provides 9 kcal of energy per gram?
Dental caries Heart palpitations GI bleeding Lanugo hair
Which nutrition related physical assessment findings does the nurse expect in a patient with an eating disorder?
Thiamin Potassium
Which nutritional supplement may be indicated for the patient taking diuretics for CHF?
Half of the daily intake of grains should be whole grains. Add dark green, red, and orange vegetables to main and side dishes. Select fresh, frozen, canned, and dried fruit more often than fruit juice. Beans and peas are great sources of fiber.
Which nutritional teaching point about carbs is accurate?
Implement behavioral weight loss treatment.
Which nutritional therapy goal is appropriate with binge eating disorder?
Acts as an antioxidant in cell membranes
Which of the following best describes the function of vitamin E?
Many people attribute symptoms of a foodborne illness to the flu rather than food.
Which of the following can make investigating a foodborne illness outbreak difficult?
The use of alcohol with the chlorpropamide caused hypoglycemia.
Which of the following could cause a patient with type 2 diabetes to become confused and irrational after consuming alcohol while on chlorpropamide? pg. 312
Milk Peanuts Shellfish Tree nuts
Which of the following food allergens requires labeling according to the consumer protection act?
Legumes
Which of the following food is a source of soluble fiber?
Heat to steaming all luncheon and processed meats.
Which of the following helps prevent exposure to Listeria organisms during pregnancy?
Garlic
Which of the following herbs can have a negative interaction with propranolol? pg313
Ginseng
Which of the following herbs can have negative interactions with warfarin?
Contaminated food or water.
Which of the following is a common cause of acute hepatitis A?
Cirrhosis
Which of the following is a complication of untreated fatty liver disease?
The patient should drink 10 to 12 glasses of fluid daily.
Which of the following is a dietary need in relation to allopurinol? pg 312
Vitamin D
Which of the following is a fat soluble vitamin?
Vibrio infections are usually caused by ingesting contaminated seafood.
Which of the following is most likely the cause of a vibrio infection?
The type of fat in the diet is more important than total calories from fat.
Which of the following is the best response regarding food labeling and fat content?
Aspirate gastric residual volume (GRV)
Which of the following is the best way to evaluate tolerance of enteral feedings? pg. 309
Vitamin K
Which of the following should be closely monitored for patients on anticlotting drugs such as warfarin or clopidogrel?
The nutrition diagnostic statement should have 3 main elements: problem, etiology, and signs/symptoms.
Which of the following statements about components of the nutrition diagnostic statement is true?
Maltose and galactose are not found as such in food form. Unused glucose is stored in the body as glycogen.
Which of the following statements describes the features of carbs?
Overuse of peppermint can cause heartburn, and the primary health care provider may recommend you stop using it.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding the use of peppermint regularly?
Organic farming bans the use of pesticides and herbicides. Organic foods are available in most major supermarkets.
Which of the following statements is the best response by a nurse to a patient who asks about foods that are not exposed to pesticides and herbicides?
Be sure the safety button on metal lids are up and activated.
Which of the following statements regarding food safety for an immunocompromised patient is incorrect?
Cool hot foods to room temperature before refrigerating.
Which of the following statements regarding preparing, serving, and storing food needs correction?
They are taking triamterene so I will need to ensure that they have extra potassium in their diets.
Which of the following statements regarding the nutrient needs caused by drug side effects in incorrect? pg312
You should be able to resume taking the ginseng, but you should not take the valerian because it can intensify the effect of the alprazolam.
Which of the following statements regarding use of ginseng and valerian while on alprazolam is correct? pg. 313
Liver
Which organ produces bile?
Gallbladder
Which organ stores bile?
Temporary water loss
Which outcome is associated with the use of body wraps as a method of weight loss?
Kidneys
Which output route is responsible for the largest amount of water exiting from the body?
7.15
Which pH level reflects metabolic acidosis?
0 4
Which pH value indicate that the substance is acidic?
Mouth
Which part of the digestive system begins the process of digesting fats?
Hypothalmus
Which part of the mother's boy receives a nerve impulse when the infant suckles at the breast?
Food and or nutrient delivery
Which part of the nutrition intervention phase involves personalizing and modifying the patient's diet?
Plasma protein molecule
Which particle is too large to pass through the walls of capillaries?
Enlarged fat cells
Which pathology is found in obesity?
Amenorrhea Osteoporosis Low energy availability
Which pathology may become evident at the clinical end of the spectrum of the female athlete triad?
High fat diets stimulate the secretion of bile acids, hence increasing drug absorption.
Which pathophysiologic process results in increased absorption of griseofulvin with a high fat diet? pg 310-311
Surgical recovery Burn injuries Breastfeeding
Which patient circumstances may require increased amounts of dietary protein?
Male with 42 in waist cicumference
Which patient has an increased risk for health complications related to excess body fat?
A 55 year old postmenopausal African American women.
Which patient has the highest risk for atherosclerosis?
A patient who reports localized pain to the left lower side of the abdomen.
Which patient is likely to have a diagnosis of diverticular disease?
Recently had a cesarean section and is receiving opioids for pain.
Which patient is most at risk for developing constipation?
Patient who performs an average of 15 minutes of physical activity daily.
Which patient is most at risk for obesity?
A 4 month old infant who was premature.
Which patient is most likely to have increased water needs?
A native American patient who is obese, smokes, and has a high school diploma.
Which patient would be at greatest risk for premature cardiovascular mortality.
A patient with a history of cardiovascular disease.
Which patient would benefit most from statin therapy?
20% of total body weight 34% of total body weight
Which percentage represents the total body water outside of the cells?
90 th percentile
Which percentile rank does the nurse recognize as a normal progression of growth and development for an infant who was previously in the 90th percentile for weight for length, who has no medical history, and whose diet is consistent with that recorded during the last visit?
Carnitine Probiotics Food polyphenols Omega 3 fatty acids
Which performance supplements shows ergogenic potential but requires further research before conclusive recommendation s can be made regarding its use?
Impulsive
Which personality trait is associated with clinical eating disorders?
Nutrition intervention
Which phase of the nutrition care process focuses on the patient's personal needs and goals as well as their identified requirements for medical care?
Eicosanoids
Which phospholipid has control over the inflammatory response, blood clotting, and blood pressure regulation and serves as a messenger for the central nervous system?
Stage 1 hypertension
Which phrase describes a systolic blood pressure of 130 to 139 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 89 mm Hg?
As evidence by
Which phrase typically precedes the signs and symptoms listed in a nutrition diagnostic statement?
Less vitamin absorption Inadequate hydrochloric acid secretions Decreased gastrointestinal motility Diminished secretion of digestive juices
Which physical change of aging affects gastrointestinal functions?
Available food supply Sanitation and housing Storage and cooking facilities Geography, agriculture, and distribution
Which physical factor influences personal food choices?
Diminishing kidney function Changes in the hypothalamus
Which physiologic change contributes to the development of dehydration in an older adult?
Decreased hydrochloric acid
Which physiologic change in older adults results in the risk for nutritional deficiency of vitamin B12?
Increase cardiac output Lower triglyceride levels Increase in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.
Which physiologic change that improves cardiovascular health occurs with regular physical activity?
Nutrient and energy needs Health and disease status
Which physiologic factor influences personal food choices?
There is less subcutaneous fat to maintain body temperature. They have poorly calcified bones. They have a limited ability for digestion. Their livers lack developed metabolic enzymes.
Which physiologic factor is relevant to feeding premature infants?
Antibacterial effects Hormonal action Interaction with DNA replication
Which physiologic function do phytochemicals perform?
Gynecomastia Liver abnormalities Atrophy of testicles Increased risk for atherosclerosis
Which physiologic side effect can occur when anabolic steroids are taken in megadoses?
Taste changes Social problems GI problems Drug nutrient interactions Body composition changes
Which physiologic, psychologic, or social factor can contribute to malnutrition in older adults?
Be sure not to give your infant honey for the first year of life. Solid foods can be introduced when the extrusion reflex disappears. You should avoid foods like popcorn and grapes until your infant is older.
Which piece of information about an infant's diet and nutrition would a nurse include in the education of parents regarding their infant's first year of life?
Coconut oil
Which plant oil is high in saturated fat?
Soy
Which plant source of protein is the only complete protein that contains all of the indispensable amino acids?
Fenfluramine/phentermine
Which popular weight loss drug was removed from the market by the FDA after it was discovered that one in eight patients who were using it developed valvular regurgitations?
Use well known community resources Recognize the emotional need for food Present sound nutrition and health information Use the food and nutrition science alliance as part of patient teaching
Which positive teaching approach is useful when discussing claims about diets, supplements, and other nutrition related fads?
A 40 year old patient of low socioeconomic status with a body mass index (BMI) of 17.5.
Which pregnant patient would have the highest nutritional risk for pregnancy complications?
A food guide A preventative approach Energy and nutrient balance
Which principle is associated with a sound food plan?
Negative energy balance
Which principle of dietary modification addresses the need for a reduction of about 500 kcal/day?
Fatigue Ketoacidosis Dehydration Poor performance
Which problem can occur for physically active individuals who consume too few carbohydrates?
It is a marketing tactic of food manufacturers. Excessive intake of sugar alcohols can cause diarrhea. Sugar alcohols and fiber have low glycemic index values
Which problem is associated with the net carb theory.
Greater health care costs Higher rates of chronic disease Poor physical and mental health outcomes
Which problem is common in individuals struggling with food insecurity?
Cooper deficiency
Which problem may occur as a result of zinc toxicity?
Muscle movement Muscle contraction
Which process does the intramural nerve plexus regulate in the gastrointestinal tract?
Facilitated diffusion
Which process involves movement of water and solutes across membrane with assistance from cell membrane transporters?
Bile production Regulation of blood glucose levels Metabolism of hormones and medications Conversion of excess ammonia to urea Synthesis of proteins and blood clotting factors
Which process is a function of the liver?
Coronary heart disease
Which process is associated with elevated serum cholesterol levels, low levels of HDL, and high levels of LDL?
Active transport
Which process moves glucose across a cell membrane?
Breakdown of macronutrients into their respective building blocks. Absorption of macronutrients into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.
Which process must occur before the body can convert macronutrients into needed energy or store them for later use?
Absorption of water
Which process of digestion is a main task of the large intestine?
Butter T bone steak
Which product would the nurse advise patients to avoid, as it is high in saturated fat?
Partially hydrogenated oils
Which products contain trans fats and should be limited in the diet?
Senior farmers' market nutrition program
Which program is available for low income older adults to help improve nutrition by increasing their servings of fruits and vegetables?
Congregate meals progam
Which program provides hot meals to people older than 60 years?
Women, infants, and children program
Which program will require certification of medical or nutrition risk by a health care professional in addition to qualifying income level?
Milk
Which protein comes from an animal source?
Hemoglobin
Which protein is a vital oxygen carrier in the red blood cells?
Whole grains Legumes Dry beans Skinless chicken
Which protein is recommended to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease?
Advertisement of ideal body types
Which psychological factor increases a patient's risk for obesity?
Producing a uniform color in food. Preserving foods by preventing oxidation. enriching foods with added nutrients.
Which purpose is served by food additives?
.5 to 2.0 kg
Which range is the target weight gain for all pregnant women during the first trimester?
80 to 120 kcal/kg/day
Which range matches the energy needs of a child during the first 3 years of life?
Unlimited
Which range represents the number of times per day a breastfed infant should feed?
The neurochemistry returns to normal.
Which rationale is accurate for reestablishing a normal weight and eating pattern as a priority in the treatment of an eating disorder?
They are often nutritionally inadequate and based on false claims. The degree of energy restriction is impossible to maintain long term. Individuals are led to believe that weight loss is easy and effortless. They fail to address the necessity of changing long term habits and behaviors.
Which reason explains why weight loss fad diets fail?
Development of the placenta Growth of maternal tissues Increased maternal blood volume Amniotic fluid Growth of the fetus
Which reason is associated with increased protein needs during pregnancy?
Increased urine volume
Which reason places older adults at an increased risk for dehydration?
Understand proper portion sizes. Understand the correct way to buy in bulk. Know how to properly store foods for later use.
Which recommendation about economic buying can be offered toa patient to help promote a healthy lifestyle for all members of a family?
Avoiding chocolate Avoiding smoking Eating small frequent meals
Which recommendation helps avoid stimulation of acid production in a patient with peptic ulcer disease?
Children age 3 to 5 years should be physically active throughout the day. Children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years should engage in 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day. Older adults should determine their level of effort of physical activity relative to their level of fitness.
Which recommendation is included in the physical activity guidelines for Americans?
Estimated energy requirement
Which recommendation promotes health by suggesting energy intake levels for maintaining body weight within specific age, sex, height, weight, and physical activity categories?
Rescreen after an illness
Which recommendation would be made for a patient who scores 14 points on the mini nutrition assessment?
Islam Buddhism Hinduism Seventh day Adventism
Which religion abstains from consuming pork?
Judaism
Which religion's dietary practices permits leavened food with some restrictions?
Hinduism
Which religion's dietary practices prohibits or strongly discourages beef consumption?
Ritual slaughter of animals.
Which religious dietary practice is followed only be the Jewish and Muslim religions?
Orthodox
Which religious group follows the strictest observance of Jewish food laws?
Myplate.gov La leche league Special supplemental nutrition program for women, infants, and children (WIC)
Which resource can assist in lactating mother in finding healthy meal options that meet their nutritional requirements?
You should eat green, leafy vegetables because they are high in potassium.
Which response by the nurse would be appropriate when a patient with heart failure who was given a prescription for a diuretic for a recent diagnosis of hypertension asks about specific dietary restrictions or foods that should be consumed while taking diuretics?
Vitamins and minerals are more affected by food processing than are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
Which response is the most accurate description of food processing on food nutrient content?
Increase the bacterial load Reduces the activation of pepsinogen Potentially alters the digestive process of protein. Reduces the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals
Which result is the consequence of decreased hydrochloric acid secretion in the stomach?
Low bone mineral density Amenorrhea Increased risk for fractures
Which risk is associated with a body fat percentage that is below the recommended range?
Infection Large disfiguring skin depressions Blood clots Circulatory problems
Which risk is associated with lipectomy procedures?
mortality Diabetes Cardiovascular diseases Overall cancer incidence Neurodegenerative diseases
Which risk is lowered as a result of following a Mediterranean diet?
Produces thyroid hormones that control the body's metabolism.
Which role does iodine play in the body?
Involved in the secretion of thyroxine Involved in nerve impulses Cofactor in activating amino acids
Which role does magnesium have in the body?
Builds lymphocytes
Which role does protein play in the immune system?
Helps absorb nonheme iron.
Which role does vitamin C (ascorbic acid) play in preventing iron deficiency anemia?
Assists in protein formation Synthesizes clotting factors
Which role does vitamin K play in the healthy body?
Maltose Sucrose Lactose
Which saccharide is classified as a disaccharide?
Mucous matreial
Which secreted substance facilitates swallowing of the food bolus during chemical digestion in the mouth and esophagus?
2 to 3 servings of low fat dairy food per day 4 to 6 servings of fruits per day 4 to 6 servings of vegetables per day.
Which serving of food is recommended by the DASH diet?
2 to 3 servings of low fat dairy foods per day. 4 to 6 servings of fruits per day. 4 to 6 servings of vegetables per day.
Which serving of food is recommended by the DASH diet?
Cheese Alcohol Chocolate
Which should be avoided when taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) to decrease intake of tyramine?
Oranges
Which should not be consumed at high levels when taking phenytoin?
Gynecomastia Hepatitis Decreased production of sperm Increased risk for atherosclerosis
Which side effect is seen with the use of ergogenic aids?
Hypercalcemia Hypercalciuria
Which sign indicates that a patient that is experiencing vitamin D toxicity?
Hair loss Joint pain Nail discoloration Gastrointestinal upset
Which sign or symptom can occur with selenium toxicity?
Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Abdominal distention
Which sign or symptom is a common reaction to food allergens?
Cognitive skill Motor skill
Which skill is negatively altered by lead poisoning in children?
Segmentation rings
Which small intestinal movement results in the progressive chopping of a food mass into soft lumps, mixing it with gastrointestinal secretions?
Nuts
Which snack food is the best source of phytonutrients?
Thin ideal internalization
Which sociocultural influence is a risk factor for eating disorder?
Lard
Which source of fat is part of the historical dietary patterns of Mexican cuisine?
Tofu Lentils Peanuts Chickpeas
Which source of protein is plant based?
Preschoolers Toddlers Scholle age children
Which stage of growth and development involves irregular periods of growth?
Contains at least 95% organic ingredients.
Which standard does the labeling category "Organic" define?
Patients with CF require increased calories and fat intake.
Which statement about dietary considerations for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is accurate?
Patients with food allergies should avoid offending foods.
Which statement about dietary therapy for patients with food allergies is accurate?
The doubly labeled water method is the most accurate measure of energy expenditure.
Which statement about energy expenditure is correct?
Lactase is abundantly secreted in the neonatal period. Hypolactasia does not present side effects until less than 50% of enzyme is active.
Which statement about hypolactasia is correct?
There is a need for fewer kilocalories because of a declining metabolic rate.
Which statement about metabolism and weight management in middle aged adults is accurate?
Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that begins the process of digesting starches.
Which statement about saliva is accurate?
It is the same for every person
Which statement about the glycemic index (GI) is incorrect?
Protein will help rebuild liver tissue.
Which statement about the need for increasing protein intake in a patient with cirrhosis is accurate?
It falls into one of 3 categories: intake, clinical, or behavioral environmental.
Which statement about the nutrition diagnosis is correct?
Carbohydrates are composed of three elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The term saccharide is derived from the Latin word saccharum, which means sugar. Carbohydrates are classified according to the number of saccharide units in each structure. Polysaccharides are large, complex compounds made up of many saccharide units in long chains.
Which statement accurately describes carbohydrates and their classifications?
Primary deficiency occurs when the vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts.
Which statement best explains how primary deficiency of a vitamin occurs?
Changes in metabolic rate lead to lean muscle mass loss; increased physical activity can help maintain muscle mass and maintain the metabolic rate.
Which statement best explains the recommendation for increased physical activity as individuals age?
Vitamin B 12 may not be absorbed adequately because of decreased production and secretion of gastric hydrochloric acid.
Which statement best reflects the physical changes that may lead to a need for vitamin B 12 injections?
The RDA for men and women is 150ug.
Which statement by a patient following nutritional counseling indicates an understanding of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iodine?
I eat 4 servings of low fat dairy daily.
Which statement by a patient following the DASH diet indicates to the nurse more teaching is needed?
Kilocalorie needs during the second and third trimesters do not vary significantly from the first.
Which statement by the nurse concerning the maternal need for increased kilocalories during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy requires clarification?
The percentile will help us follow the infant's physical growth rate compared with that of other infant girls of her weight and length.
Which statement by the nurse is the most accurate regarding the interpretation of the growth chart measurements for an infant girl?
I should aim for a body mass index (BMI) of 24 kg/m2
Which statement by the patient demonstrates that they understand the concept of a healthy weight range?
The change reflects lean muscle mass loss. The change reflects loss of high metabolically active organ tissues.
Which statement concerning aging and the metabolic rate are accurate?
Dietary fiber adds bulk to fecal matter, stimulating muscle action in the intestine
Which statement concerning dietary fiber provides the best foundation for consumption of dietary fiber to help address constipation?
Fluid and electrolyte balance are related. Electrolytes can move freely across most membranes. Potassium is a cation that helps maintain cell membrane potentials. Medication can affect a person's water balance.
Which statement correctly describes the body's water balance?
Canned foods are at high risk for contamination of botulinum. Botulinum spores are found in soil and may be present in harvest food. Symptoms of botulinum poisoning appear within 18 to 36 hours. Nausea, vomiting, weakness, blurred vision, and slurred speech are typical initial symptoms.
Which statement describes Clostridium botulinum food poisoning?
Food advice is easily accepted from those who are trusted by an individual. Individuals may turn to comfort foods from their childhood to cope with stress. Food is a symbol of acceptance, warmth, and friendliness in social relationships. Food habits associated with family sentiments stay with people throughout their lives.
Which statement describes how family relationships and friendships influence personal food habits?
The patient repeatedly consumes large amounts of food after the evening meal or upon waking from sleep.
Which statement describes night eating syndrome?
Fat is broken down to use for energy, resulting in the production of ketones. The required minute to minute supply of glucose for the brain may not be available. Protein is sacrificed to supply energy, which affects tissue growth and maintenance.
Which statement describes possible outcomes of insufficient dietary carbohydrate intake?
It takes place in the mitochondria of the cell. Energy is converted into a form the body can use. Catabolic and anabolic reactions occur to supply cells with ATP.
Which statement describes the Krebs cycle?
Phytonutrients are bioactive molecules.
Which statement describes the function of phytonutrients?
Promotes calcium absorption.
Which statement describes the function of vitamin D?
Nutrition and exercise interventions can counteract genetic predispositions.
Which statement describes the relationship between nutrition and exercise interventions to lose weight and a genetic disposition to obesity?
The sphincter of the stomach is not working properly.
Which statement explains the reason a patient develops heartburn?
They must be consumed in the diet in the presence of certain physiologic conditions.
Which statement explains why amino acids are classified as conditionally indispensable?
Infants have a higher metabolic rate. Infants have a higher body water content. Infants have a larger proportional body surface. The amount of fluid consumed by an infant in 1 day is 10% to 15% of its body weight.
Which statement explains why infants require more water than do adults?
Consume at least 8 oz of seafood per week from a variety of sources. Replace protein rich foods that are high in sodium and solid fat with more nutrient dense options. Choose a variety of protein rich foods, including seafood, lean meat and poultry, eggs, beans and peas, soy products, and unsalted nuts and seeds.
Which statement is a recommendation regarding protein rich foods from the dietary guidelines for Americans?
The fat content of breast milk changes from the beginning to the end of a single feeding. The newborn's rooting reflexes help to facilitate breastfeeding. Breast milk composition changes to meet the needs of the developing child. Breast milk can be stored in sealed plastic baby bottle liners for later use.
Which statement is accurate with regard to breast milk?
In the second trimester you can meet additional kilocalorie needs by adding one snack a day, like a banana or yogurt.
Which statement is correct regarding meeting nutrition needs during the second trimester without gaining excess weight?
No safe level of alcohol use has been established for pregnant women.
Which statement is most accurate concerning alcohol use during pregnancy?
Most vitamins are provided through dietary intake.
Which statement is most accurate regarding vitamins?
With her measurements we need to ask more questions to identify any nutrition related problems.
Which statement is the most accurate regarding an infant who is in the second percentile for weight for length on the WHO growth chart for infant girls?
One new food at a time in a small amount about 3 to 5 days apart.
Which statement is the most accurate regarding the introductions of solid foods to an infant's diet?
They are fatty acids that must be obtained by dietary sources because the body cannot synthesize them.
Which statement is true about essential fatty acids?
The estimated cases of foodborne illness are extrapolations of actual reported cases.
Which statement is true regarding the tracking of foodborne illnesses?
Poor zinc intake in pregnancy can result in congenital malformations.
Which statement made by a pregnant patient indicates understanding of the role of zinc in the diet?
Our infant can hold her head up all on her own. Whenever I am preparing her bottle, she reaches for it. She weighed 8 lb when she was born and now, she is over 20 lb. When I have tried to feed her solid food, she opens her mouth as I am giving it to her.
Which statement made by parents indicates that an infant is ready for solid food to be introduced into the diet?
Your liver enzymes must be monitored.
Which statement made by the nurse is the most appropriate when providing education for a patient taking high dose niacin (vitamin B3) supplements to improve blood lipid profiles?
I will substitute polyunsaturated fat for saturated fats.
Which statement made by the patient indicates understanding of the dietary recommendations to reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease?
Basal metabolic rate declines for both sexes with a more rapid decline beginning earlier for men than for women.
Which statement provides the most accurate information about metabolic changes related to aging in men and women?
Enriched grain and flour products and fortified cereals are great sources of easily absorbed folate.
Which statement reflects an accurate understanding of sources of easily absorbed forms of folate?
Girls store more subcutaneous fat in the abdominal area.
Which statement reflects nutrition and growth during the adolescent years?
The diet should include no more than 30% of calories from fat. Orlistat should be taken either with a meal or within 1 hour of eating. A multivitamin supplement should be taken at least once a day at least 2 hours before or after the Orlistat.
Which statement regarding dietary intake while taking Orlistat is correct?
Fluid status directly affects the body's ability to distribute oxygen and nutrients to working muscle cells. Dehydration of 2% or more of one's body weight will impair athletic performance. Individuals who are engaged in longer and demanding endurance events may benefit from the consumption of electrolytes. Continued dehydration may lead to delirium.
Which statement regarding fluid needs is true?
I will remove and discard the outermost leaves of a head of lettuce. I will wash each lettuce leaf under running water. I will scrub fresh vegetables and fruits with a small vegetable brush.
Which statement regarding safe food preparation is correct?
Make sure to always drink liquids with your meals to help with digestion.
Which statement regarding treatment for a pregnant client with severe nausea and vomiting is untrue?
I can get complete protein from foods like eggs, milk, and beef.
Which statement shows an understanding of foods that are good sources of complete protein foods?
The food must be made with at least 70% certified organic ingredients. Ingredients must meet national organic program guidelines.
Which statement supports a food product being labeled as made with organic ingredients?
Genetically modified organisms are not used in foods.
Which statement supports the idea of organic farming and demonstrates its benefits?
Fill half of your plate with fruits and vegetables each time you eat.
Which statement will the nurse make when teaching a patient about adequate intake of fruits and vegetables?
Ensure that the food energy intake matches body energy output as an average over time.
Which step helps maintain energy balance in the body?
Increase total carbohydrate intake. Consume a high carbohydrate preevent meal. Perform moderate and gradual tapering of exercise. Complete rest on day 6 before the event.
Which step is involved in a 7 day carbohydrate loading protocol to prepare for an endurance event?
governing food additives Regulating the movement of food across state lines. Supervising the nutrition labeling of foods. Ensuring the safety of public food service.
Which step is performed by the U.S. food and drug administration to enforce food safety regulations?
Monitoring and evaluation
Which step of the nutrition care process evaluates food intake and nutrition related history, anthropometric measurements, biochemical data, medical tests and procedures, and nutrition focused physical findings but does not include the patient history?
Promote recovery and strength. Provide support in lowering LDL cholesterol and other known risk factors to prevent additional cardiovascular disease events. Initiate a Mediterranean diet.
Which step or goal of medical nutrition therapy is appropriate for a patient who is recovering from MI?
Read information provided by the food label on the product. Ensure the purchase of fresh foods. Purchase primarily whole foods.
Which step taken during the purchase of food helps ensure sound food habits?
Constant medical, nutrition, and nursing attention
Which strategy can help reduce drug nutrient interactions for older patients in long term care facilities?
A stationary headboard and movable footboard with the child lying down.
Which strategy is utilized during the height assessment of a child younger than 2 years?
Managing eating behavior Pursuing emotional, social, and psychologic health Promoting physical activity to increase energy output
Which strategy must be addressed before beginning a program of person behavior modification for weight management?
Glycerol
Which substance combines with fatty acids to become a triglyceride?
Calcitonin Vitamin D Parathyroid hormone
Which substance directly controls calcium's intestinal absorption and its use?
Lipase
Which substance does the pancreas produce?
Pancreatic lipase
Which substance is responsible for separating fatty acids from triglycerides?
Lingual lipase
Which substance is secreted by the Ebner glands?
Grapefruit juice
Which substance should be avoided when taking antihypertensive medications?
Bile salts
Which substance surrounds monoglycerides and fatty acids in the lumen of the intestine allowing them to travel to the villi for absorption?
Bile salts
Which substance surrounds monoglycerides and fatty acids in the lumen of the intestine, allowing them to travel to the villi for absorption?
Lipoproteins
Which substance transports lipids into the blood stream?
Dairy substitute
Which substance would the nurse inform the patient to choose when looking for nutrient dense foods?
Folate
Which supplement should a pregnant patient take with antacids to reduce the risk for neural tube defects and congenital anomalies in the fetus?
Calcium carbonate Potassium Magnesium Sodium bicarbonate
Which supplement would the nurse recommend to a patient who is instructed to consume alkaline foods and supplements?
Ocular
Which system is affected by a vitamin A deficiency?
Musculoskeletal
Which system is sensitive to a vitamin D deficiency?
Limit alcohol intake. Try to limit your stress. Losing weight is beneficial. eat a diet high in potassium.
Which teaching point would the nurse include when educating the patient about nutrition modifications and lifestyle modifications to help lower blood pressure?
Eat 3500 to 5000 mg of potassium per day.
Which teaching would the nurse include when providing education about lifestyle modifications that will help lower blood pressure to a patient diagnosed with stage 1 hypertension?
Pulmonary edema
Which term describes the accumulation of fluid in lung tissue?
Osmosis
Which term describes the movement of water molecules from an area of low solute to an area of high solute concentration?
Glycerides
Which term is the chemical group name for fats?
Vasopressin
Which term refers to a hormone of the pituitary gland that acts on the distal nephron tubule to conserve water by reabsorption and is also known as antidiuretic hormone?
Dispensable
Which term refers to the 5 amino acids that the body can synthesize if the necessary building blocks and enzymes are available versus other amino acids?
Peristaltic waves
Which term refers to the movement of intestinal muscles that slowly pushes the food mass forward, sometimes with long, sweeping waves over the entire length of the intestine?
Transport
Which term refers to the movement of nutrients through the circulatory system from one area of the body to another?
Gastrointestinal disturbance
Which toxicity symptoms might occur with an intake of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) greater than 2000 mg/day?
Rice Maize Beans
Which traditional dietary staple is found in the Native American diet?
Color
Which trait best indicates the specific phytochemical a fruit or vegetable contains?
Conditionally indispensable
Which type of amino acid is necessary for patients experiencing certain illnesses?
Individuals with anemia
Which type of athlete may benefit from iron supplements?
Thickened liquids
Which type of diet is provided for the patient newly diagnosed with dysphagia?
Low fat
Which type of diet is recommended for a patient with cholelithiasis?
Resistance training
Which type of exercise creates and maintains muscle and bone strength?
Aerobic conditioning
Which type of exercise strengthens the heart muscle?
Trans fatty acid
Which type of fat is present in foods such as margarine and considered unnecessary in human nutrition?
Saturated and trans fats
Which type of fat raises blood levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol?
Invisible
Which type of fat remains in meat after the excess fat has been trimmed off?
Trans
Which type of fatty acid is unnecessary in human nutrition and poses multiple negative health consequences?
Peristalsis Muscle tone
Which type of movement does the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal wall facilitate?
Breast milk
Which type of nutrition is most beneficial to the newborn?
Plasma Complete Hormone Tissue
Which type of protein must be available to meet the body's metabolic needs?
Active transport
Which type of transport occurs when particles move against their concentration gradient?
Joule
Which unit of measurement is the international unit of measure for energy?
3.0 L
Which value represents the adequate intake of total water for pregnant women?
Vegan
Which vegetarian diet restricts the consumption of any item originating from or containing animal products?
800 IU/day
Which vitamin D dosage meets the requirements of individuals who are older than 70 years?
Vitamin A Vitamin C Vitamin B complex
Which vitamin must be increased to support nutrition needs during pregnancy?
Folate
Which vitamin should be supplemented at least 2 months before conception to help prevent neural tube defects?
Postpartum care Emphasis on nutritional needs of the growing fetus. Anticipated maternal body size and shape changes.
Which would be critical to discuss with the health care team of a pregnant patient with a history of eating disorders to include in the plan of care to support a successful outcome?
What is the herb you are taking supposed to do?
While completing a patient assessment concerning the use of complimentary alternative therapies, which question posed by the nurse may result in alack of honest reporting of supplement use? pg 302
They encourage a healthy gut microbiome.
Why are probiotic and prebiotic food sources beneficial for the patient with diverticulitis?
Infants have a higher metabolic rate. Infants have a larger proportional body surface. A greater percentage of an infant's total body weight is composed of water. Infants are more susceptible to volume depletion.
Why do infants require more water per unit of body weight than do adults?
Water is lost through the increased sweat and respiration. More water is necessary for increased metabolic demands.
Why does heavy physical activity increase the human body's water intake requirements?
The body does not store water soluble vitamins.
Why does the body rely on the frequent intake of foods rich in water soluble vitamins?
Its nutrient content regularly changes to meet the infant's needs.
Why is human milk the ideal first food for human infants?
Drug nutrient interactions are common.
Why it is important to ask a patient about the use of dietary supplements?
Hepatic encephalopathy
With which disease is ammonia intoxication associated?
