Nutrition Exam 1 Ch 2,3,4,5

Triglycerides are composed of

fatty acids and glycerol

preferred energy source for the brain and nervous system

glucose

What are the end products of carbohydrates?

glucose, fructose, and galactose (monosaccharides)

Pancreatic lipase breaks down fat to

glycerol, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids

Pepsinogen is activated by

hydrochloric acid (in the stomach)

Maltose

hydrolyzed to yield two molecules of glucose; fuel for cells; can be fermented

major site or organ in the body for metabolic processing of carbohydrates is the

liver

where is bile formed?

liver

what are prebiotics

non-digestible carbohydrates that serve as substrates to support the proliferation of health-promoting bacteria.

carbohydrate sources of glucose

dietary starches and sugars glycogen stored in the live and muscle products of carbohydrates metabolism such as lactic acid and pyruvic acid

two amino acids joined together are called a

dipeptide

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin breaks down proteins and polypeptides to

dipeptides

pancreatic amlyase breaks down starch to

disaccharides (lactose, sucrose, and maltose)

bile is important for

emulsification of dietary fat

xerostomia

extreme dry mouth

____ molecules enter into the blood stream through the lymph vessels

fat

Preferred fuel for the heart:

fatty acids

What released from lipids supply body cells with concentrated fuel for energy

fatty acids

Basic building blocks of fat are

fatty acids and glycerol

What are the end products of fat? (lipids)

fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and glycerol

Support absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins

food lipids

promote satiety:

food lipids

Glucose

form of sugar by the body for fuel; found in blood and tissue fluids (monosaccharide)

where is bile stored?

gallbladder

hormone that can elevate blood glucose

glucagon- produced by alpha cells in pancreas

Carbohydrate form in which glucose is stored in the human body

glucogen

sucrose is composed of

glucose + fructose

Tributyrinase breaks down tributyrin (butterfat) to

glyerol and fatty acids

an example of body protein

hemoglobin

Digestion of carbohydrates begins:

in the mouth

what hormone promotes lipid synthesis and storage

insulin

lipoproteins:

lipid-protein complexes are the transport form of lipids in the blood

major vehicles for the transport of fats in the bloodstream are

lipoproteins

Phenylketonuria is caused by the inability to produce the enzyme needed to

metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Building blocks for all carbohydrates

monosaccharides

When fats are hydrogenated they become

more solid

Organs that use mechanical processes?

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

organs involved in digestions:

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum.

organs that use chemical processes?

mouth, stomach, small intestines

Three types of convolutions and projections that greatly expand the area of the absorbing surface:

mucosal folds villi microvilli

the term amino refers to compounds containing

nitrogen

gluconeogenesis

non carbohydrate form of glucose.

what are probiotics?

nutritional supplements made up of living microorganisms

Insulin

only hormone that can lower blood glucose- produced by beta cells in pancreas

organs outside tract involved in digestion:

pancreas, gallbladder, and liver.

enzyme that begins the breakdown of proteins

pepsin

enzymes that act on proteins

peptidases

Pepsin and HCL break down protein to

polypeptides

non-carbohydrate sources of glucose

protein and fat certain amino acids called glucogenic amino acids (after their amino group NH2 is removed) Gluconeogenesis- formation of glucose from protein, glycerol, and carbohydrate metabolites.

large intestine (colon) also absorbs

sodium and other electrolytes

Saturated fatty acids are

solid at room temperature

Complex carbohydrate

starch and certain fibers (polysaccharides)

What happens after digestion has occured?

the simplified end products are ready for absorption

catabolism

tissue breakdown

fingerlike projections in the small intestine that ensure maximal absorption of nutrients

villi

Main function of large intestine

water absorption

A strict vegan may be at risk for

zinc deficiency

sucrose

(disaccharide) Hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose; fuel for cells

Lactose

(disaccharide) Hydrolyzed to glucose and galactose; fuel for cells; milk production in lactation

Adequate Intake (AI) for alpha-linolenic acid

(n-3 fatty acid) 1.6 g/day all adult men 1.1 g/day all adult women

AMDR for protein:

10%-35% total kcalories

RDA for Carbohydrates

130g/day (same for all persons older than 1 year)

RDA for Fats

17g/day men ages 19-51 12g/day for women ages 19-50 14g/day for men 51 and older 11g/day for women age 51 and older

AMDR for lipids

20%-35% total kcalorie s

AMDR for carbohydrates

45%-65% total kcalories

RDA for Proteins

56 g/day for men 46 g/day women additional 25g/day for pregnancy and lactation

Oil high in monosaturated fatty acids is

Olive Oil

causes of xerostomia:

Parkinsons disease, diabetes, and autoimmune deficiency

What are the end products of protein?

amino acids and dipeptides

high dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fat is associated with increased risk for

atherosclerosis

Where does digestion start and end?

beings in the mouth and ends at the anus.

Storage source of energy: fuel for all tissues except the brain and CNS

body lipids

protection of vital organs

body lipids

carrier of fat-soluble materials

body lipids- vitamins A, D, E, and K

Enzymes in the intestine responsible for digestion of carbs are found specifically in the

brush border

Anabolism

builds tissue through synthesis of new protein

intestinal contents when they are in the stomach

chyme

fat is needed in our diet to provide

essential fatty acids

How does digestion occur?

Complicated process by which food is broken down and nutrients are released. Digestion involves two types of actions: Chemical breakdown & muscular, or mechanical breakdown.

four types of digestive secretions that complete final stage of chemical breakdown (small intestine)

enzymes mucus hormones bile

protein containing all indispensable amino acids in the correct proportion and ratio

complete protein

Dietary fiber

complex carbohydrate that is not digestible yet important to the body

galactose

converted to glucose in liver to be used as body fuel; synthesized in the mammary gland to form lactose for milk (monosaccharide)

fructose

converted to glucose in the liver and intestine to serve as body fuel (monosaccharide)

helps normalize bowel function

dietary fiber

Glycogen-Carbohydrate storage

energy reserves protect cells from depressed metabolic function and injury and support urgent muscle responses.

what do prebiotics do?

support immune function increase mineral absorption promote normal laxation protect against colon cancer

when production of saliva is drastically reduced and prolonged it leads to

swallowing problems

non-nutritive sweeteners provide:

sweetness but no energy

DRI's

system of reference values used for assessing and planning diets for healthy populations