Nutrition Exam 1 Unit 1-4

In the dairy group, the standard serving size is equivalent to:

1 cup milk 2 oz processed cheese 1 cup yogurt

In the protein group, the standard serving size is equivalent to:

1 egg 1/4 cooked dry beans 1 oz meat

Match the kcalorie cost for each of the nutrients in the food. 10 grams carbohydrate 5 grams fat 4 grams protein 16 kcal 40 kcal 45 kcal

10 grams carbohydrate- 40 kcal 5 grams fat- 45 kcal 4 grams protein- 16 kcal (1 gram carb = 4 kcal) (1 gram fat = 9 kcal) (1 gram protein = 4 kcal)

Which of the following is considered a megadose?

10 times the recommendation

There are ___ centimeters in a meter.

100

In the vegetable group. ___ cup(s) of raw uncooked leafy greens is equivalent to one standard serving.

2

A food must contain ___ grams or less of fat per serving to be labeled as low-fat.

3

Both carbohydrates and proteins supply the body with ___ kcalories per gram.

4

What occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet?

A deficiency disease will occur.

Why might nutrition researchers have conflicting results when performing similar studies?

A different set of subjects may alter the results. Studies may differ in design. The results were analyzed in different ways.

Much of the energy released by catabolic reactions are captured in the front of ___.

ATP

What standard is set to indicate ranges of carbohydrate, fat, and protein intakes that provide adequate intake of amounts of vitamins and minerals and may reduce the risk of diet-related chronic disease?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

An omnivore digests and absorbs nutrients from:

Animals Plants Bacteria

When investigating a research question across a population, researchers rely on what type of data measures?

Body fat Weight Height

Why should a consumer be skeptical when shopping at a commercial supplement store?

Clerks are not always certified to provide dietary advice. Clerks may not understand the interaction between multiple supplements.

A condition that occurs when bowel movements occur less frequently is called ___.

Constipation

Which of the following are examples of organ systems?

Digestive system Endocrine system

Which of the following are ways to find reliable nutrition information on the internet?

Do not trust information on websites that don't indicate valid sources. Search multiple websites. Avoid websites that provide online diagnosis and treatments.

The ___ ___ ___ inspired the development of other food pyramids for people who don't follow the Western diet.

Food Guide Pyramid

Match the food with the food group with which it belongs. Grain Meat and meat substitutes Dairy Fats an Oils Frozen yogurt Popcorn Olives Lentils

Grain- Popcorn Meat and meat substitutes- Lentils Dairy- Frozen yogurt Fats and Oils- Olives

Which food group has wheat flour as a main ingredient?

Grains

Which of the following food groups are addressed by the MyPlate?

Grains Protein Fruits Vegetables Dairy

Which of the following foods are included in the fruit group?

Grapes Kiwi Canned peaches

Both overnutrition and undernutrition are considered examples of ___.

Malnutrition

A ___ is needed in very small amounts by the body to function properly.

Micronutrient

Which two nutrients provide no usable calories for the body?

Minerals Vitamins

___ is a slippery substance that protects the stomach from its acid and digestive enzymes.

Mucus

The Supplement Facts label must include the:

Percent Daily Value of each nutrient Serving size Manufacturer's contact information

Which of the following are potential red flags for acquiring information?

Recommendations from a single study. Testimonials from a large number of people. Money back guarantees for a product.

Colorectal cancer starts in the

Rectum Colon

___ ___ is a legally protected term that validates an individual's credentials by confirming that they have met the nationally established standards.

Registered dietitian

The U. S. Food and Drug Administration is capable of doing all of the following except: Regulating the information in television ad. Regulating health- related claims on product labels. Regulating the spread of misinformation. Regulating nutrition claims on product labels.

Regulating the spread of misinformation. Regulating the information in television ad. True: Regulating nutrition claims on product labels. Regulating health- related claims on product labels.

Which of the following are functions of the stomach?

Releases chyme into the small intestine. Mixes food with gastric juice. Some digestion and absorption may occur.

What factor(s) listed below are most likely to influence food choices?

Religious beliefs Mood Peers (more on page 3)

A personal characteristic that increases a person's chances of developing a disease is called a ___ ___.

Risk factor

Why do nutrition recommendations change?

Scientists change their recommendations in light of new research findings.

The purpose of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is to:

Set general nutritional- related lifestyle recommendations. Reduce the risk of nutrition- related chronic health conditions.

List the organs in the order they occur in the gastrointestinal tract. Anus Large intestine Rectum Small intestine Stomach

Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus

In a double-blind research study, which of the following individuals are unaware of who, is in the control/ treatment groups?

Subjects Researchers

Which of the following foods would be considered a provider of empty calories?

Sugar-sweetened soft drinks Alcohol Pound cake

Nutrient toxicity may result from ____.

Taking supplements Eating large amounts of foods that are fortified

Select any of the following sources that are likely to be unsupported by scientific evidence.

Television Radio Internet

When an athlete is paid to endorse a company's product, the information in the commercial is likely to be biased in favor of the product. This advertisement is known as a ___.

Testimonial

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level is the highest average amount of a nutrient:

That is unlikely to cause harm in almost all people. Above which toxicity effects are likely.

Which of the following situations poses a risk of conflict of interest/research bias?

The American Dairy Council funds a researcher study the absorption rate of calcium in cow's milk as compared to almond milk.

Which of the following are true facts about the percentages of Daily Values when applied to the Nutrition Facts food label?

They are based on a 2000 kcalorie diet. People requiring more or less than 2000 kcalories must make the necessary adjustment. The 2000 kcalorie diet allows easy comparison among similar foods.

Which of the following questions should be asked when evaluating nutrition information?

Who sponsored the research? Is the information from an article in a peer-reviewed journal? Are the authors trying to sell me something?

Which of the following is considered an anecdote?

Your best friend telling you about the EAS creatine that increased muscle development.

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered to be ___ organs.

accessory

A collection of tissues that function in a related fashion is called:

an organ.

Less ATP is made via:

anaerobic metabolism.

Amino acids, minerals and glucose are water soluble and thus enter the ___ ___ of the villus during absorption.

capillary network

Dietary moderation can be achieved by:

choosing nutrient- dense foods limiting serving sizes

The primary section of the large intestine is called the ___.

colon

In order to more effectively evaluate treatments, researchers will often compare a treatment group to a ___ group.

control

Energy is defined as the capacity to:

do work.

Roles of the digestive tract include:

elimination of waste.

Foods such as chips, baked goods, and sodas have a high amount of ___ ___.

empty calories

Proteins that help chemical reactions occur in your body are called ___.

enzymes

A nutrition expert ___.

has extensive college course work in nutrition, food science, and chemistry. has experience in the application of scientific methodology. is usually a registered dietitian.

Chylomicrons are large particles containing:

lipid protein

The ___ uses cholesterol to make bile.

liver

By the time the chyme reaches the large intestine:

most of the nutrients are digested and absorbed.

A sore that occurs in the lining of the upper GI tract is called a ___ ___.

peptic ulcer

The wavelike muscular contractions that propel food along the digestive tract are called:

peristalsis.

To understand why Asian cultures have a lower risk of heart disease than other groups a researcher may conduct:

population- wide studies

Water soluble nutrients are transported from the GI tract to the liver by the ___ ___.

portal vein

Roles of the gallbladder include:

secretion of bile. storage of bile.

The treatment for vomiting includes:

sipping water. avoiding solid foods.

Functions of the liver include:

synthesizing bile. detoxifying harmful substances. monitoring blood nutrient content.

Masses of cells that have similar characteristics and functions are called:

tissues.

Diarrhea is most often caused by:

viral infections. bacterial infections.

Fiber is found in diets that are rich in ___ grains, rather than refined grains.

whole

The Dietary Guidelines recommend that the grains you choose are made with ___ grains.

whole

An example of an internet website that might contain based nutrition information is a:

.com site

The standard serving size in the fruit group is equivalent to ___ cup of dried fruit.

1/2

A Daily Value percentage of ___ or less is considered a low source for a nutrient.

5

The EAR should meet the needs of ___ percent of healthy people in a particular life stage/gender group.

50

A gram of fat contains ___ kcalories.

9

Which vitamin(s) is/are required to be placed on the Nutrition Facts panel?

A C

Match the macronutrient with its AMDR. Carbohydrate Protein Fat 10-35% 20-35% 45-65%

Carbohydrate- 45-65% Protein- 10-35% Fat- 20-35%

Match the nutrient in the left column with its function in the right column. Carbohydrate Lipid Protein Water Temperature regulation Necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Major role is to provide energy Cellular development, growth, and maintenance

Carbohydrate- Major role is to provide energy Lipid- Necessary for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Protein- Cellular development, growth, and maintenance Water- Temperature regulation

Which of the following lifestyle choices would be effective in increasing your chances of living a long life?

Consuming fruits and vegetables exercising regularly

Your ___ is your usual pattern of food choices.

Diet

Identify non-inherited factors that contribute to a person's overall health and may influence the outcome of population-wide studies.

Diet Lifestyle Environment

To prevent disease, achieve optimal health, and reduce the risk of nutrient deficiencies, nutrition experts have established the:

Dietary Reference Intakes

Most nutrient ___ and ___ occurs in the small intestine.

Digestion; absorption

A ___ is a study in which neither the researchers nor the participants know who is in the treatment or control groups.

Double-blind

Arrange parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract.

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Which of the following were risk factors for heart disease identified by the Framingham Heart Study?

Elevated cholesterol Cigarette smoking

The average daily energy intake that meets the needs of a healthy person maintaining his weight is the:

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

The abbreviation for the U. S. federal agency that has legal oversight over food and drug products is ___.

FDA

The ___ enforces consumer protection law and investigates complaints about false or misleading health claims that appear on the internet.

FTC

True or False: Nutrition professors who are faculty members are not considered clinical nutrition experts unless they have a registered dietitian license.

False

The vegetable group is high in which of the following?

Fiber phytochemicals micronutrients

Which federal agency monitors food and beverage labeling in the United States?

Food and Drug Administration

Which of the following statements are true?

Humans have no internal drive that motivates us to choose a healthy diet. To eat well, we need to learn the effects nutrition has on our health.

Match the mineral with the megadose side effect. Iron Calcium Selenium Increase the risk of kidney stones Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, dark-stool Gastrointestinal upsets, hair loss, fatigue, irritability

Iron- Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, dark stool Calcium- Increase the risk of kidney stones Selenium- Gastrointestinal upsets, hair loss, fatigue, irritability

Which is true about MyPlate's recommendation for empty calories?

It allows an empty calorie allowance.

A person's way of living is called their ___.

Lifestyle

What information should be listed on a Nutrition Facts panel?

List of ingredients Saturated fat Servings per container

The Nutrition Facts panel:

Lists certain food constituents. Indicates the percent Daily Value of some food constituents. Indicates serving amounts

A significant difference between Vitamins B & C versus Vitamins D is?

Meeting daily intake recommendations is essential.

Match the digestive organ with its function. Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Elimination of waste product Muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food Major site for mechanical digestion Major site of chemical digestion and absorption

Mouth- Major site for mechanical digestion Stomach- Muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food Small intestine- Major site of chemical digestion and absorption Large intestine- Elimination of waste product

Most foods contain mixtures of:

Nutrients

Our body needs ___, found in foods, to function properly.

Nutrients

Which non-meat food sources are also classified in the protein group?

Nuts Navy beans

Which of the following is the step that initiates the scientific method for a researcher?

Observation of a natural phenomenon

To which group do avocados, nuts and olives belong?

Oil

In an experiment, a fake medicine or intervention is called a(n):

Placebo Variable

Optimism that a treatment will improve a health condition that alters accurate reporting of results by the study participant is known as the ___ ___.

Placebo effect

Diabetes, stroke and heart disease are chronic diseases caused by:

Poor diet

"Our patented Fat Buster System is guaranteed to take 2 inches off your waistline in the first week!" What tactic is this advertisement using?

Promises of a quick fix

Match the part of the tongue with the correct taste. Tip Sides Rear Bitter Salty/sour Sweet

Tip- Sweet Sides- Salty/ sour Rear- Bitter

True or False: Medical professionals face a great deal of risk if they select a product based on financial gain rather than effectiveness of treatment.

True

True or False: Population- based studies are incapable of establishing cause and effect relationships between independent and dependent variables.

True

True or False: Testimonials are not a valid representation of a product's effectiveness.

True

Which of the following best describes Dietary Reference Intakes?

Umbrella term for various nutrient recommendations set by the Food and Nutrition Board.

Empty- calorie foods supply most of their calories from:

Unhealthy fats alcohol added sugar

For which nutrients would it be appropriate to strive for less than 100% of the Daily Value?

Unsaturated fat Saturated fat

Organic nutrients include:

Vitamins Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins

Which nutrient comprises the largest percentage of the body of a healthy man or woman?

Water

___ is considered the most essential nutrient.

Water

The process by which substances are taken up by the intestinal tract and enter the blood or lymph is called ___.

absorption

Reactions involved in building larger substances from smaller ones are called ___.

anabolic

A(n) ___ is a report of personal experiences.

anecdote

Probiotics:

are alive, beneficial microbes. can be found in many yogurts.

Cells in the body:

are specialized to perform specific functions.

Intestinal gas is produced by ___ which are found in the large intestine.

bacteria

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and water are all:

classes of nutrients

Hermorrhoids and diverticula can occur due to chronic ___.

constipation

When results of two researchers asking similar questions are conflicting there may be a difference in the ___.

design

The process by which large food components are broken down into smaller substances, including individual nutrients, is called ___.

digestion

Addition of iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid back into cereal grain products is known as ___.

enrichment

The long muscular tube that connects the back of your mouth with the stomach is called the ___.

esophagus

A(n) ___ is a systematic way of testing a scientific question.

experiment

Under the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994, dietary supplements did not need to be tested safety and effectiveness because they were classified as ___.

food

Because DRI's aren't always practical for menu planning, experts developed:

food guidelines.

The human body prefers to obtain nutrients through:

food sources

Which of the following are the top two leading causes of death in the U.S.?

heart disease cancer

What motivates the promoter of a product? Are they more interest in your health or in selling the product? Is the source of scientific information from a peer-reviewed journal? These questions are all examples of:

how to evaluate nutrition information.

Before performing research on ___, researchers will often use small mammals as subject for safety and ethical concerns.

humans

A food that has synthetic flavors cannot be labeled as:

natural

Reduced-fat Ranch dressing is an example of a ___ ___ claim.

nutrient content

As a marking tool directed toward health-conscious consumers, food manufacturers may promote products as having health benefits and high amounts of ___.

nutrients

The U. S. Department of Agriculture or www.quackwatch.org are examples of sites in which you can obtain credential information abut a ___.

nutrition professional

Meat from animals raised without the use of hormones or antibiotics can be labeled ___.

organic

The ring of muscular tissue at the base of the stomach is called the ___ ___.

pyloric sphincter

A ___ ___ is an expression that describes clues to signal possible misinformation.

red flags

A ___ ___ is a college-trained health-care professional who has extensive knowledge of foods and nutrition.

registered dietitan

Meeting the ___ of a particular nutrient can prevent the development of a deficiency- specific related disease.

requirement

When researchers or funding sources could potentially gain from a particular study outcome there is a risk of ___ ___.

research bias

When human safety is a concern, researchers should use ___ to find the answer to a scientific question.

rodents

A(n) ___ ___ ___ describes the role a nutrient or dietary supplement plays in maintaining a structure, such as bone or promoting a normal function, such as digestion.

structure/ function claim

Malnutrition occurs when:

the body is improperly nourished, people consume nutritionally poor diets.

A subject or animal in a scientific experiment who receives a non-placebo drug is a member of the ___ group.

treatment

Match the phytochemicals to their food sources. Isoflavonoids Reservatrol Caffeine Beta carotene Red wine, purple grapes and grape juice Orange, red, and yellow fruits and vegetables Tea, coffee and cocoa Soybeans and legumes

Isoflavonoids- Soybeans and legumes Reservatrol- Red wine, purple grapes and grape juice Caffeine- Tea, coffee and cocoa Beta carotene- Orange, red, and yellow fruits and vegetables

Researchers will often use small mammals such as rats or mice for which of the following reasons?

It is less expensive to house them in laboratories. Safety issues. Ethical concerns.

Nutrition researchers conduct studies to gain more insight into:

health conditions

A cell is the name of the ___ living functional unit in an organism.

smallest

A cell is the:

smallest functional unit in our body.

Some kinds of intestinal bacteria may be harmful when:

they contaminate food. they enter other parts of your body.

What is the kilocalorie difference between one gram of fat and one gram of carbohydrate?

5 kcal: One gram of fat contains 9 kcal and one gram of carbohydrate contains 4 kcal.

How many kilocalories are in one gram of alcohol?

7

Food-borne illnesses can be caused by:

Bacteria

List the levels of organization in the body from the simplest to the most complex.

Cell Tissue Organ Organ system

Which of the following can contribute to constipation?

Changes in routine. Anxiety or depression. Low water intake.

A nutrient that cannot be made by the body and must be supplied by the food is considered:

Essential

You can store large amounts of energy in your:

Fat Liver Muscles

The ___ Amendment to the U. S. Constitution guarantees freedom of press and speech, so people can provide false nutrition information.

First

What are the appropriate uses of the DRI standards?

For diet planning. To ensure that one specific nutrient is not over consumed. To ensure that the diet meets the RDA and AI levels.

The ___ ___ study of 1949 is one of the most well known studies examining the relationships between various personal characteristics and healh outcomes.

Framingham Heart

Which of the following are types of foods included in the empty calorie allowance?

Ice cream Pizza Soda

How could you identify nutrition experts at the college or university level?

Individuals who conduct nutrition research. Individuals who teach nutrition classes. Individuals who hold a graduate degree in nutrition field.

Rank the following steps of the Scientific Method in order. Analysis of research and interpretation Develop research experiments Draw conclusions Formulate a scientific question Make observations that generate questions Peer review/ publishing

Make observations that generate questions Formulate a scientific question Develop research experiments Analysis of research and interpretation Draw conclusions Peer review/ publishing

Types of digestion include:

Mechanical Chemical

Match the vitamin with the megadose side effect. Niacin Vitamin B6 Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin D Birth defects and deadly Nausea, heartburn, and severe nerve damage Weakness, confusion, disorientation, heart rhythm irregularities Facial flushing and liver damage Intestinal upset and diarrhea

Niacin- Facial flushing and liver damage Vitamin B6- Nausea, heartburn, and severe nerve damage Vitamin C- Intestinal upset and diarrhea Vitamin A- Birth defects and deadly Vitamin D- Weakness, confusion, disorientation, heart rhythm irregularities

An infomercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement?

No

The process of absorption includes the following:

Nutrients enter the bloodstream. Nutrients are taken up by the intestinal cells.

___ is the study of how the body uses nutrients.

Nutrition

A registered dietitian is highly trained and has extensive knowledge in the following areas:

Nutrition Food Health-related conditions

The digestive system is an example of an ___ ___.

Organ system

What are functions of the digestive system?

Transport nutrients into blood or lymph. Process foods into nutrients.

One substance that aids in the digestion and absorption of fat in the small intestine is:

bile.

Ingredients are listed on the Nutrition Facts label in:

descending order by weight.

The addition of any nutrient to foods is known as ___.

fortification

Consumer must critically evaluate nutrition information or accuracy because:

freedom of speech allows people to provide information that is untrue. information may be anecdotal and not supported by scientific evidence.

The symptoms of heartburn are often caused by a failure of the ___ ___ to close properly.

gastroesophageal sphincter

In the population study it is important to determine what is influenced by environment versus a person's ___, or inherited traits, in the development of a disease.

genetics

The statement "fiber may lower cholestrol" on a box of cheerios is is an example of a ___ ___.

health claim

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells are called ___.

metabolism

Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are called macronutrients because:

our body needs them in large amounts on a daily basis.

The organ that produces most of the digestive enzymes is the:

pancreas.

Researchers will often submit their studies to journals for publication rather than a magazine because other specialists in the field, or ___ ___, will evaluate the work first.

peer reviewers

Saying that a company is hiding information about a cure will help you is an example of a:

scare tactic

The ___ method is a process that tests a scientific question in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies.

scientific

A type of printed media that focuses on detailed scientific research rather than short articles and advertisements is a ___ ___.

scientific journal

Increase physical activity and reduce time spent in ___ behaviors in order to balance calories to manage weight.

sedentary

A study in which only the investigator is aware of which participants are in which groups is known as a ___ ___ study.

single blind