NUTRITION EXAM 2
What percentage of total food energy should be provided by protein daily?
10 to 35
An ounce of most protein foods delivers about _____ of protein. a. 7 grams b. 15 grams c. 3 grams d. 10 grams
7 grams
When a fatty acid is described as being saturated, it means that it
Contains only a single bond between its carbon atoms.
Which amino acid is elevated in individuals with heart disease? a. Homocysteine b. Histidine c. Glutamine d. Glycine
homocysteine
Which of the following blood lipids link most directly to heart disease?
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
SMART goals
Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely
brite fat tissue
White adipocytes that have taken on characteristics of brown fats can be influenced by physical activity and diet
Proteins are broken down to
amino acids
What is the source of the glucose needed by the brain and red blood cells when glycogen stores become depleted after a 24-hour fast? a. Fatty acids b. Ketone bodies c. Amino acids d. Oxalacetate
amino acids
The traditional Mediterranean diet emphasizes all of the following foods except
red meats
Which fatty acids tend to be solid at room temperature?
saturated
stearic acid
- is a saturated fatty acid -the simplest 18 carbon fatty acid -18 carbon chains are the most common in food
DRI for fat intake
20-35% energy from fat less than 10% of daily intake from saturated fat
How much of the body's ongoing energy is supplied by fat during times of rest?
60%
Fatty acids are converted to
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following substances converts the inactive pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin?
Hydrochloric acid
Brown Adipose tissues
Release of stored energy as he only high in newborn infants to stay warm
White fat cells
Stores fat for other cells to use for energy
Which of the following fish should be avoided because of its high mercury Content?
Swordfish and tilefish
When does the body use energy?
all the time
Energy is harnessed through the
electron transport chain
The position of the double bond closest to the methyl (CH3) end of a fatty acid is described by a(n) _____ number.
omega
Which compound plays a pivotal role in both the first and last steps of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle? a. Oxalate b. Pyruvate c. Oxaloacetate d. Acetyl CoA e. Glycerol
oxaloacetate
Components that comprise a persons energy expenditure
physical activity thermal effect of food basal metabolism
BMI calculation
weight (kg) / height (m^2) or *[weight (lbs) / height (in^2)] x 703* healthy - 18.5- 24.9 overweight- 25- 29.9 obesity- 30- 39.9
Leptin
-A hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite. -Promotes negative energy balance leading to Weight loss -suppresses your appetite
Anabolic vs. Catabolic reactions
-Anabolic builds, catabolic breaks - anabolic reactions require energy, catabolic reaction release energy
Basic structure of all amino acids
-Carbon -Hydrogen -amino group -acid group -side group Proteins contain -carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen
fat storage and health consequences of excess storage
-Hypertension -fatty liver disease -abnormal blood lipid -diabetes or pre-diabetes -sleep apnea
Saturated Fats VS Unsaturated Fats VS Trans Fats
-Saturated fatty acids lack double bonds between the individual carbon atoms, while in unsaturated fatty acids there is at least one double bond in the fatty acid chain. -Saturated fats tend to be solid at room temperature and from animal sources, while unsaturated fats are usually liquid and from plant sources. -Trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels. Eating trans fats increases your risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It's also associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes
Environmental contributors to overweight/obesity
-diet habits -physical activity -food availability -serving sizes -ultra processed foods
Cognitive behavior change skills
-problem solving -cognitive restructuring
Concerns for long term high protein diet
-protein deficiency -heart disease -Cancer -Osteoporosis -Obesity -Kidney disease
Body composition assessment
1. skinfold measuremtns 2. circumferences- girth 3. Body mass index 4. underwater weighing 5. imaging techniques 6.air displacement
MATCH A. Chylomicrons B. Very-low-density lipoproteins C. Low-density lipoproteins D. High-density lipoproteins WITH 1. Made in the liver, then shrink in the bloodstream as cells take up triglycerides 2. Higher in cholesterol, lower in triglycerides; taken up by cells after binding to receptors 3. Contain the highest amount of triglyceride and are therefore the least dense 4. Carry cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion
2. Higher in cholesterol, lower in triglycerides; taken up by cells after binding to receptors B. Very-Low-Density Lipoproteins = Made in the liver, then shrink in the bloodstream as cells take up triglycerides 3. Contain the highest amount of triglyceride and are therefore the least dense 4. Carry cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion
Approximate protein per ounce of protein rich foods
?
figure 7.5
?
bomb calormeter VS physiological fuel value of food
A bomb calorimeter is used to measure the energy a food provides. When food is burned, its energy is released as heat. Heat energy is measured in kcalories. physiological fuel valuethe number of kcalories that the body derives from a food, which differs slightly from the number of kcalories determined by calorimetry.
Ghrelin
A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach -increased appetite -needs to weight gain
Match A. Chylomicrons B. Very-low-density lipoproteins C. Low-density lipoproteins D. High-density lipoproteins With these 1. Made in the liver, then shrink in the bloodstream as cells take up triglycerides 2. Higher in cholesterol, lower in triglycerides; taken up by cells after binding to receptors 3. Contain the highest amount of triglyceride and are therefore the least dense 4. Carry cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion
A. Chylomicrons = contain the highest amount of triglyceride and are therefore the least dense B. very-low-density lipoprotein's = made in the liver then shrink in the bloodstream as cells take up triglycerides. C. Low-density lipoproteins = higher in cholesterol, lower in triglycerides, taken up by cells after binding to receptors D. high-density lipoproteins = Carry cholesterol back to the liver for recycling or excretion.
Match these: A. The process of synthesizing mRNA B. Protein-making factory of the cell C. Another type of RNA that carries its amino acid to the mRNA D. The overall process of a cell making a protein With these: 1. Ribosome 2. tRNA 3. Transcription 4. Gene expression
A. The process of synthesizing mRNA = transcription B. Protein-making factory of the cell = ribosome C. Another type of RNA that carries its amino acid to the mRNA = tRNA D. The overall process of a cell making a protein = Gene expression
Match these: A. Uses energy to build compounds B. Are the most metabolically active of body cells C. How the body obtains and uses energy from food D. Breaks compounds and releases energy With these: 1. Energy metabolism 2. Catabolism 3. Anabolism 4. Liver
A. Uses energy to build compounds = Anabolism B. Are the most metabolically active of body cells = liver C. How the body obtains and uses energy from food = Energy metabolism D. Breaks compounds and releases energy = catabolism
_______ is the compound that enters the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA
When food is consumed, in which of the following organs is excess energy stored?
Adipose cells
Which of the following is not a measure of protein quality in Food? a. Comparison with a reference protein b. Amino acid composition c. Amount d. Digestibility
Amount
If an essential amino acid needed to make an important protein is missing, how does the body compensate? a. Break down existing body proteins to supply it b. Synthesize the amino acid from glucose and nitrogen c. Synthesize the amino acid from a fatty acid and nitrogen d. Substitute a similar amino acid
Breakdown existing body proteins to supply it
Which of the following fat-formation pathways is the most efficient and direct? a. Conversion of sucrose to adipose tissue b. Conversion of dietary carbohydrates to body fat c. Conversion of dietary fat to body fat d. Conversion of dietary protein to adipose tissue
Conversion of Dietary fat to body fat
Deamination and transamination and denaturation
Deamination -the removal of nitrogen as part of the breakdown of an amino acid Transamination -using keto acids to make nonessential amino acids -keto acids are a class of organic compounds with both Carbonyl group in carboxylic acid groups protein denaturation -when the structure is disrupted or destroyed. When it is uncoiled and loses their shape as a result loses the ability to function
Fatty acids vary in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to the number of
Double bonds
Physical activities effect on weight control
Engage in physical activity regularly on average 60 minutes of moderate activity daily
Helpers in metabolic reactions
Enzymes are facilitators of metabolic reactions -coenzymes work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activities
When nitrogen intake and output are equal, a person is in nitrogen
Equilibrium
Essential VS non-essential fatty acids and examples of essential fatty acids.
Essential Fatty Acids are fatty acids that the body requires but cannot make, and so must be obtained from the diet; both linoleic acid and linolenic acid are essential fatty acids. The body is capable of synthesizing most of the fatty acids it needs from food. These fatty acids are known as nonessential fatty acids. The human body needs fatty acids, and it can make all but two of them You can obtain a supply of omega-6 and omega-3 from the food sources of vegetable oils, seeds, nuts, fish and other seafood. ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS -linoleic acid (the 18-carbon omega-6 fatty acid) - linolenic acid (the 18-carbon omega-3 fatty acid). EPA and DHA- plays a critical role in the structure and function of cells is found abundantly in the eyes in the brain and is essential for normal growth, visual activity and cognitive development also may prevent heart disease. -Eicosanoids This is a hormone like biologically active compound that has health benefits that helps regulate blood pressure and blood clotting.
When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which of the following can lead to an enlargement of fat cells? a. Ketone bodies b. Fat only c. Carbohydrate only d. Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
Fat, carbohydrate, and protein
Poly-unsaturated fatty acid
Fatty acid which possesses two or more carbon to carbon double bonds -lacks four hydrogens and has two double bonds -common in vegetable oils
Which statement is NOT true about energy metabolism? a. Carbohydrates, protein, and fat can be broken down into acetyl CoA. b. Acetyl CoA can enter the TCA cycle or make fat. c. Fatty acids can be used to make glucose. d. Some amino acids, pyruvate, and glycerol can be used to make glucose.
Fatty acids can be used to make glucose
Proteins are involved in all of the following activities in the body, EXCEPT: a. Regulation of fluid balance b. Cellular growth and repair c. Formation of cholesterol d. Formation of antibodies
Formation of cholesterol
Which of the following metabolic processes occurs during the first 2 to 3 hours of fasting? a. Fat cells are depleted of their nutrient components. b. Amino acids are taken from muscle tissue. c. Glucose is released from the adipose tissue. d. Glucose is released from the liver, and fatty acids are released from the adipose tissue.
Glucose is released from the liver, and fatty acids are released from the Adipose tissues
Proteins are susceptible to heat and acid. An example of this process in the body is during digestion, when proteins are exposed to ___________ acid.
Hydrochloric
Proteins synthesis location and steps
In the first step, known as transcription, a stretch of DNA is used as a template to make messenger RNA (mRNA);The messengers then carry the code across the nuclear membrane into the body of the cell There the second step, known as translation, takes place. Situated on a ribosome, messenger RNA specifies the sequence in which the amino acids line up for the synthesis of a protein. In other words, the genetic code is translated.
protein digestions
In the mouth- chewing and crushing, mixes with the saliva In the stomach- pepsinogen (in the presence of HCI) --> Pepsin In the small intestine- Hydrolysis reaction by protease --> peptidase enzymes function on the intestinal cell surfaces --> polypeptides are broken down to tripeptides (AAx3), dipeptides (AAx2), or single AA
hich statement accurately describes glycolysis? a. It results in the formation of pyruvate. b. It requires oxygen. c. It converts acetyl coenzyme A into pantothenic acid. d. It results in the breakdown of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. e. It results in the formation of ketones.
It results in the formation of pyruvate
What is the alternative fuel source produced during a prolonged fast? a. Coenzyme b. Glycerol c. Pyruvate d. Ketone bodies
Ketone bodies
Lipoproteins associated with cholesterol delivery
LDL (low-density lipoproteins)lipoproteins that derive from VLDL and transport lipids (primarily cholesterol) in the blood.
The blood lipid linked most directly to heart disease is
LDL Cholesterol
A desirable blood lipid profile would include a
LDL cholesterol of <100 milligrams per deciliter.
Which of the following happens to the Bile that is reserved by the small intestines?
Most of the bile is reabsorbed from the small intestines and recycled
If protein is being lost and nitrogen excretion is greater than intake, a person is in a state of ______ nitrogen balance.
Negative
Which statement about amino acids is correct?
Nonessential amino acids may become essential under certain conditions
Which of the following members of the lipid family or soluble in both water and fat?
Phospholipids
Similarities and differences between triglycerides, sterols, and phospholipids.
Phospholipids -soluble in both fat and water -emulsifiers in food industry ----mix that with water and products like mayo, salad dressings, and candy bars -lecithin is the best known phospholipid -food sources ---found naturally in eggs, liver, soy beans, wheat germ, and peanuts. The roles are -part of the cell membrane -emulsifiers, helps to keep fat suspended blood and body fluids -soluble in both water and fat and helps keep fat soluble substances including vitamins and hormones pass easily in and out of cells. STEROLS The most well-known sterol is cholesterol -food sources -----cholesterol - meat, eggs, seafood, poultry, and dairy products -plants sterols --roles of sterols -----made in the body -structural components of cell membranes TRIGLYCERIDES -Lipids provide energy, insulate against temperature extremes, protect against shock and maintain cell membranes. -the body's fat stores provided energy for a walk and fat pads on the heels provide cushions against the hard ground. -triglycerides provide the cells with energy making it virtually unlimited ability to store fat and energy -adipose tissue --readily take up and store triglycerides --secrete hormones- ADIPOKINES --helps regulate energy balance
Infants, children, and pregnant women are in a state of _________ nitrogen balance.
Positive
4 structure levels of polypeptide
Primary structure- Chemical bonds Secondary structure-electrical attractions Tertiary structure-hydrophilic and hydrophobic Quaternary structure- two or more polypeptides combine to form a larger proteins structure example hemoglobin
nitrogen balance
Protein turnover and nitrogen balance go hand in hand. -the amount of nitrogen consumed (N in) as compared with the amount of nitrogen excreted (N out) in a given period of time.
The electron transport chain consists of a series of _____ that serve as electron carriers. a. Carbon compounds b. Fat molecules c. Proteins d. Hydrogen ions
Proteins
Evidence suggests that cancer of the colon, pancreas, and ovaries is connected with high consumption of which of the following? a. Soy protein b. Red meat and processed meats c. Enriched white bread d. Red beans and rice
Red meat and processed meats
Surgical and nonsurgical treatment for obesity
SURGICAL -gastric bypass -gastric banding -sleeve Gastrectomy -endoscopic procedures -intragastric balloon -liposuction NONSURGICAL -healthy eating -Physical activity
Which type of dietary fat kid increase blood LDL concentrations?
Saturated fatty acids, trans - fatty acids
The four steps in basic functions
Step 1: glycolysis= the process of breaking down glucose and turning it into pyruvate step 2: intermediate step= pyruvate -> acetyl CoA Step 3: TCA cycle= way to take small molecules like acetyl CoA -> tear hydrogen off of them Step 4: electron transport chain= way to take all hydrogen from steps 1,2,3 and use them to make ATP
Which of the following are true of sterols? Phospholipids? a. Cholesterol b. For example, lecithin c. Soluble in fat and water d. For example, vitamin D e. Form cell membranes f. Structural component in cell membranes
Sterols: a. Cholesterol d. For example, vitamin D f. Structural component in cell membranes Phospholipids: b. For example, lecithin c. Soluble in fat and water e. Form cell membranes
Functions/roles of proteins in the body
Structural Materials -building blocks for most of the body structures Enzymes -breaks down, builds up and transform substances Hormones -Messenger molecules/ transported in blood to target issues Regulators of fluid balance Acid/base regulator Transporters -lipoprotein, hemoglobin Antibodies -defend against disease Source of energy & glucose Other roles -clotting and vision
What is the outcome of amino acids if someone overeats protein and kcalories in general? a. The amino acids are stored as fat. b. The amino acids are excreted as a waste product. c. The amino acids are stored as glucose. d. The amino acids are converted to muscle tissue.
The amino acids are stored as fat.
Which statement is true of essential amino acids? a. Only unhealthy adults need them. b. The body does not make sufficient amounts, so they must be included in the diet. c. They are secreted to digest food. d. The body makes them in adequate amounts, so no supplementation is necessary.
The body does not make sufficient amount, so they must be included in the diet
Energy needs calculation
The formula for EER is different for men and women. For men 19 and older, EER equals [662 - (9.53 x age)] + PA x [(15.91 x weight) + (539.6 x height)]. For women 19 and older, EER equals [(354 - (6.91 x age)] + PA x [(9.36 X weight) + (726 X height)].
Fat Digestion
The goal of fat digestion is to dismantle triglycerides into small molecules that can be absorbed and used monoglycerides (fatty acids and glycerol) Mouth- Some begin to melt (secretes lingual lipase) Stomach- gastric lipase Small Intestine- Cholecystokinin (CCK) signals Gallbladder to release bile FAT-> BILE-> Emulsified Fat Pancreatic lipase flows from pancreas Emulsified fat (triglycerides) -> pancreatic (&intestinal) lipase-> monoglycerides, glycerol, fatty acids Large Intestines- some fat and cholesterol, trapped in fiber will exit in feces.
Hunger, Satiation, Satiety
There are 3 internal cues for hunger: 1. ______________: the physiological need to eat 2. ________________: the feeling of being full after you eat 3. _____________: feeling full and satisfied in between meals
Which statement is true of mitochondria inside the human body? a. They function as a constituent part of cell membranes. b. They help to assemble amino acids into proteins. c. They are located in the nucleus. d. They are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell. e. They are located outside the cytoplasm.
They are known as the "powerhouse" of the cell.
Which of the following is true of anabolic reactions? a. They convert small molecules to larger ones. b. They release energy. c. They increase the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. d. They break down proteins into amino acids. e. They regulate the passage of molecules in and out of a cell.
They convert small molecules to larger ones
Which statement is true of anaerobic reactions? a. They occur slowly. b. They require oxygen. c. They do not require oxygen. d. They occur when a person is sedentary. e. They can be sustained for long periods of time
They do not require oxygen
In which way do the structures of amino acids differ from each other? a. Some do not contain nitrogen. b. Some do not contain carbon. c. They each have a unique side group. d. They each have a unique acid group.
They each have a unique side group
Unsaturated fats are called such because
They have a double bond
Fatty acids
They have the same basic structure which is a chain of carbon and hydrogen atoms with an acid group of (COOH) at one end and a methyl group (CH3) at the other end.
What is the primary role of triglycerides?
They provide the cells with energy
If a fat sources counted towards an individuals discretionary calories, what does this mean
This fat source is hot in Saturday fat, and its intake should be limited
Which of the following statements about protein metabolism is NOT true? a. Excess dietary protein can be made into glucose. b. Urea is the toxic product produced during protein/amino acid metabolism. c. Excess dietary protein can be made into fat. d. Dietary proteins provide amino acids that the body cannot make by itself.
Urea is the toxic product produced during protein/amino acid metabolism
Which of the following are absorbed directly into the bloodstream? a. Glycerol and short chain fatty acids b. short and medium chain fatty acids c. glycerol and short and medium chain fatty acids d. none, they all first transported in the lymph
c. glycerol and short and medium chain fatty acids
Be able to calculate a persons protein needs
calculate your protein RDA: Look up the healthy weight for a person of your height (inside back cover). If your present weight falls within that range, use it for the following calculations. If your present weight falls out side the range, use the midpoint of the healthy weight range as your reference weight. Convert pounds to kilograms, if necessary (pounds divided by 2.2 equals kilograms). Multiply kilograms by 0.8 to get your RDA in grams per day. (Teens 14 to 18 years old, multiply by 0.85.) Example: weight = 150 lb 150lb / 2.2lb/kg = 68kg (rounded) 68kg x 0.8 g/kg = 54 G protein The recommended protein intake for an adult weighing 150 pounds is about 54 grams per day, which is about 11 percent of a 2000-kcalorie diet: 54g x 4 kcal/g =216 kcal 216 kcal/ 2000 kcal = 0.11 (rounded)
These are examples of _______ reactions
catabolic
Whey protein is a waste product from the manufacturing of a. Preservatives. b. Enriched wheat bread. c. Cured meats. d. Cheese.
cheese
What is the process with a protein uncoils or loses its shape?
denaturation
Which activity results from the action of hydrochloric acid on protein in the stomach? a. Denaturation b. Condensation c. Decreased enzyme activity d. Increased alkalinity
denaturation
Rosa is on a high-protein diet. Which recommendation is most appropriate for her? a. Get a lot of sleep. b. Drink plenty of water. c. Drink highly acidic fruit juices. d. Exercise before eating protein.
drink plenty of water
The function of bile in fat digestion is to
emulsify fats into smaller particles
Essential vs. non-essential amino acids
essential amino acid -an amino acid that the body requires but cannot make, and so must be obtained from the diet; also called an indispensable amino acid. nonessential amino acid -an amino acid that the body can make; also called a dispensable amino acid.
fatty acids always have an ___ number of carbons
even
Similar to fat and carbohydrates, protein is also easily stored in the body
false
Glycerol and amino acids can provide _____ because they can be converted to pyruvate.
glucose
Carbohydrates are broken down during digestion to
glucose and other monosaccharides
Triglycerides consist of a ____ and three fatty acid tails.
glycerol
Fats (triglycerides) are broken down to form
glycerol and fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
lacks hydrogen and at least one double bond -abundant in olive oil and canola oil
Janelle always feels more "tipsy" than her same-size boyfriend after drinking the same amount of alcohol. Which organ produces more alcohol dehydrogenase in men, explaining Janelle's observation? a. The brain b. The liver c. The stomach d. The kidneys
the stomach
What is the key element in catabolic reactions? a. They are irreversible. b. They release energy. c. They require different amounts of energy to proceed. d. They are condensation reactions. e. They cause digestive enzymes to be released.
they release energy
Which of the following behave more like saturated fats, increasing blood cholesterol, and heart disease risk?
trans-fatty acids
What is the process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA known as? a. Interception b. Translation c. Interpretation d. Transcription
transcription
