Nutrition Exam 2 Unit 5-7

The Adequate Intake of omega-6 fatty acids for men and women (ages 19-50) is ___ of total energy intake.

5-10%

The small intestine absorbs about ___ percent of dietary cholesterol.

50

How many amino acids are considered essential?

9

What are the recommendations for intake of saturated and trans fats according to the American Heart Association?

<10% of total calories and as low as possible, respectively

Which of the following blood pressure measurements is categorized as hypertension? <120/80 120/80 >140/90

>140/90

Which of the following fatty acids are used to produce additional essential fatty acids?

Alpha-linolenic acids

What is the term for chest pain caused by a lack of nutrients and oxygen to the heart?

Angina

Which cuts of meats are the leanest? Arm roast Ground Rump roast Top round Loin

Arm roast Top round Loin

___, which is also called "hardening of the arteries", is a condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries.

Arteriosclerosis

What are the primary ways that lipids are transported through the bloodstream? As part of lipoproteins. As free fatty acids. As part of chylomicrons. As part of triglyceride.

As part of lipoproteins. As part of chylomicrons.

___ is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis can be initiated from factors such as Bacteria Cigarette smoke Viruses Excess glucose

Bacteria Cigarette smoke Excess glucose

Which of the following is true about protein? It contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It contains nitrogen. It is an organic molecule. It is identical to lipids ans carbohydrates.

It contains nitrogen. It is an organic molecule.

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?

It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

It produces trans fats.

A lipoprotein that has a high cholesterol content is:

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

Which of the following is not part of an amino acid? R-group Acid-group Oxygen Amino

Oxygen

What prevents separation of compounds in foods? Cholesterol Phospholipids emulsifier choline

Phospholipids emulsifier

Which of the following applies to lipids? Oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids. Lipids dissolve in water. Lipids are organic nutrients.

Oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids. Lipids are organic nutrients.

How does the immune system respond to vascular irritation?

Producing inflammation

Which of the following are functions of cholesterol? Production of certain bile acids Production of vitamin D Production of certain hormones Production of certain carbohydrates

Production of certain bile acids Production of vitamin D Production of certain hormones

What is the term for "milk" in reference to the type of vegetarian that consumes milk and milk products?

lactovegetarian

People with larger and less dense LDLs are at a ___ risk for heart disease.

less

Urea is ___ toxic than ammonia.

less

Inflammation in an artery can stimulate cells to form arterial plaque in the:

lining of the artery wall

During digestion, fats move into the small intestine in the form of chyme where they are broken down by the enzyme ___.

lipase

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipase

Statins interfere the the ___'s metabolism of cholesterol, effectively reducing LDL cholesterol and triglycride levels as well.

liver

VLDL is produced in the

liver

The structure of phospholipids, having water soluble and water insoluble components, allow phospholipids to form the ___ of the cell.

membrane

Which of the following foods would be considered good sources of protein? nuts fruits beans

nuts beans

When blood flow in an artery is disrupted, the cell supplies by the artery die because they lack ___.

oxygen

Chyme in the small intestine stimulates the secretion of:

pancreatic lipase

___ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins.

pepsin

Match the term with its definition. peptide bond peptides polypeptides proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids small chain of amino acids chemical attraction that contains two amino acids together

peptide bond -chemical attraction that contains two amino acids together peptides -small chain of amino acids polypeptides -proteins comprised of 50 or more amino acids

When blood vessels that carry blood to all tissues except the heart or brain have arteriosclerotic plaques, the condition is called ___.

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Lecithin is a common example of a(n) ___, which is naturally found in plant and animal foods.

phospholipid

Allergens in food are typically ___ that the body cannot digest.

protein

The ___ content of a lipoprotein contributes to it's density.

protein

Muscle is mostly comprised of creatine vitamins protein water

protein water

Large,complex organic nutrients made of amino acids are known as___.

proteins

Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are all end products of lipid digestion that occurs in the:

small intestine

The majority of fat digestion occurs in the ___.

small intestine

Foods high in saturated fat tend to be ___ at room temperature.

solid

Fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of saturated fats, however, due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process they are harmful to health. These fats are termed ___ ___.

trans fats

Which type(s) of fatty acids are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease? unsaturated fatty acids cis fatty acids trans fatty acids saturated fatty acids

trans fatty acids saturated fatty acids

The main difference in chemical structure between mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is that polyunsaturated fatty acids contain:

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

In the United States, protein deficiency is:

uncommon

Cardiovasular disease is a group of diseases that affect the ___ and blood vessels.

heart

When a portion of the heart muscle dies due to a lack of nutrients and oxygen triggered by a complete artery blockage it is known as a ___ ___.

heart attack

People that have a higher number of smaller, denser LDL's are at a ___ risk of developing atherosclerosis as compared to others.

higher

People who have a higher number of smaller, denser LDL's are not at a ___ risk of developing atherosclerosis as compared to others.

higher

EPPA, DHA and AA aid in the production of:

hormone-like substance

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called:

hypertension

Oils tend to be ___ at room temperature.

liquid

The damage when free radicals come in contact with LDL causes they molecule to become:

oxidized

A person who eats all foods except red meats would be considered a ___.

semivegetarian

A ___ is very similar to a heart attack except the blockage occurs in the brain.

stroke

Individuals with hypertension are at risk for ___ if it remains uncontrolled. stroke kidney disease hyperlipidemia heart failure

stroke hyperlipidemia heart failure

Very-low density lipoproteins are formed from:

the remnants of chylomicrons

Phospholipids are chemically similar to ___.

triglycerides

A(n) ___ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

vegan

A person who relies heavily on plant foods and may or may not include some animal foods in their diet is considered a:

vegetarian

What are some good food sources of phospholipids? steak wheat germ peanut butter soy beans

wheat germ peanut butter soy beans

The average American protein intake for Americans is %15. This is ___ the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR).

within (10-35%)

The structural components of a triglyceride include:

A glycerol backbone. Three attached fatty acids.

Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to:

Convert liquid oils into more solid fats.

___ is a group of related proteins found in wheat, barley and rye.

Gluten

The lipoprotein that contains the highest amount of protein is ___.

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids? Hair loss Scaly skin Impaired wound healing Memory loss

Hair loss Scaly skin Impaired wound healing

___-protein diets lead to increased urine output which, in turn, poses a risk for dehydration.

High

What contributes to the increased risk of children having protein deficiency? Higher energy needs Smaller stomachs Higher protein needs Altered absorption Low income

Higher energy needs Smaller stomachs Higher protein needs Low income

A fatty acid is comprised of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to ___ atoms.

Hydrogen

___ is very serious and can increase a person's risk for developing a stroke, heart failure, and kidney disease.

Hypertension

What terms accurately name the image shown? (omega chain- carbon chain- acid group) Linoleic acid Omega-6 fatty acid Alpha-linolenic acid Omega-3 fatty acid

Linoleic acid Omega-6 fatty acid

What are some risk factors for CVD? Physical inactivity Low body fat Insulin resistance

Physical inactivity Insulin resistance

___-unsaturated fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Poly

Jack is 28 and just recently got a physical exam. His blood pressure measurement was 155/95. What do you tell him about his blood pressure?

Your blood pressure falls into the range of hypertension, you should consider making health behavior changes.

Which of the following health contributions do essential fatty acids make? regulating blood pressure gastrointestinal function hormone-like substance production respiratory development

regulating blood pressure hormone-like substance production

It is suggested that the higher protein diets may be more effective for weight loss because protein contributes to ___ more so than fat or carbohydrate.

satiety (stomach fullness)

Which of the following are leading sources of fat in the Mediterranean diet? seafood whole milk olive oil margarine

seafood olive oil

The purpose of ___ ___ is to keep lipids suspended as small particles in chyme.

bile salts

A high diet in fiber may reduce cholesterol by

binding the bile salts that contain cholesterol and excreting them in feces.

During a stroke, cells in the ___ die.

brain

Which of the following foods tends to contribute to high amount of saturated fat to the diet of Americans? cheese sausage ice cream hot dogs peanut butter

cheese sausage ice cream hot dogs

___ is found in lecithin and is used to produce acetylcholine.

choline

In order to move lipids through lymph and blood, the body coats lipids with a thin layer of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol to form ___, a type of lipoprotein.

chylomicrons

A(n) ___ protein relates to food proteins that combine, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary

A diet high in animal sources is typically also high in

fat and cholesterol

What is a healthy adult's RDA for protein?

0.8 g/kg of body weight

There are a total of ___ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function.

11

Match the nutrient/non-nutrient on the left with the best description of how it can contribute to unwanted weight gain. Protein Carbohydrates Alcohol Stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue. The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids. The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids.

Protein The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids. Carbohydrates The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids. Alcohol Stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue.

___ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

A(n) ___ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.

Saturated

___ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

Daily nitrogen losses occur from: Shedding skin Finger nail growth Energy production Toxin exposure

Shedding skin Finger nail growth

What chemical feature of sterols distinguishes them from the other classes of lipids?

The multi-ring structure.

List the steps of dietary fat absorption. Lipids are assembled into chylomicrons. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system. Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into the small intestinal cells. Triglycerides are assembled.

Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into the small intestinal cells. Triglycerides are assembled. Lipids are assembled into chylomicrons. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system.

The components of the amino acid include: A group Acid group Protein group Side group/R group Amino group

Acid group Side group/R group Amino group

When there is excess energy from fat you have just eaten, ___ cells remove fatty acids and glycerol from the bloodstream and reassemble the fats for storage.

Adipose

___ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat.

Adipose

Rank the following to describe the transformation of triglycerides when energy is needed. Cells metabolize fatty acids and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy. Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes removes glycerol from the blood. Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acid and glycerol molecule.

Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acid and glycerol molecule. Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes removes glycerol from the blood. Cells metabolize fatty acids and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy.

To meet the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendation for fat intake, an individual should: Avoid all high-fat and saturated fat foods. Balanced intake of low-fat and high-fat foods. Emphasize foods such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils. Avoid all fats that contain trans fat.

Balanced intake of low-fat and high-fat foods. Emphasize foods such as fish, nuts, and vegetable oils.

Outline the process of enteroheptic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine. The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile. Bile salt travels through the blood to the liver. Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine.

Bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine. Bile salt travels through the blood to the liver. The liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile.

Place the following steps in order by which the occur. Micelles transport lipids to the edge of the absorptive cell. Bile salts surround fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. Absorptive cells remove monoglycerides and fatty acids from micelles.

Bile salts surround fatty acids and monoglycerides to form micelles. Micelles transport lipids to the edge of the absorptive cell. Absorptive cells remove monoglycerides and fatty acids from micelles.

Which of the following foods typically contain small amounts of trans fatty acids? Cake Butter Cheese Fast food

Butter Cheese

Diets containing gluten may be beneficial in which ways? By stimulating growth of good bacteria By improving immune function By promoting weight loss By lowering cholesterol By lowering blood pressure

By stimulating growth of good bacteria By improving immune function By lowering blood pressure

The American diet is relatively high in saturated and trans fat which puts Americans at a greater risk of ___ disease.

CVD (cardiovascular disease)

A high protein diet can increase ___ loss in urine.

Calcium

A blood clot can adversely affect health by (check all that apply): Causing high cholesterol in blood vessels Causing the death of cells supplied by a blocked artery Partially closing off oxygen in cells

Causing the death of cells supplied by a blocked artery Partially closing off oxygen in cells

Which of the following products contain high amounts of saturated fats? Safflower oil Cheese Palm oil Sausage

Cheese Palm oil Sausage

Food Intolerances are common with foods such as: Legumes Vinegar Cheese Wine Milk

Cheese Wine Milk

Your body is capable of producing all of the ___ you need, primarily in the liver.

Cholesterol

___ is the only lipid found in foods that contain animal products.

Cholesterol

Match the blood lipid level on the left with the American Heart Association's classification on the right. Cholesterol >/= 240 mg/dL LDL Cholesterol < 100 mg/dL HDL Cholesterol < 40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women Triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL Low Optimal Borderline high High

Cholesterol >/= 240 mg/dL High LDL Cholesterol < 100 mg/dL Optimal HDL Cholesterol < 40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL for women Low Triglycerides of 150-199 mg/dL Borderline high

Which of the following aids in transmission of messages between nerve cells? Phospholipids Triglycerides Cholesterol Choline

Choline

Which of the following are signs and symptoms of celiac disease? Chronic diarrhea Dizziness and memory loss Weight loss Abdominal bloating Dry skin

Chronic diarrhea Weight loss Abdominal bloating

Math the type of protein with the most appropriate characteristic of the protein. Collagen Keratin Contractile Cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue Nair, nails, and skin Muscle movement

Collagen -Cartilage, ligament, and bone tissue Keratin -Nair, nails, and skin Contractile -Muscle movement

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include (check all that apply) Cardiomyopathy Coronary artery disease Endocarditis Stroke

Coronary artery disease Stroke

List the steps of the development of arteriosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack. Pressure in artery is increased. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage. Clot or spasm in a plague-clogged artery leads to heart attack. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity.

Damage occurs in blood vessel lining. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity. Pressure in artery is increased. Clot or spasm in a plague-clogged artery leads to heart attack.

Choose all of the following that are possible risk factors for CVD. Diabetes Tobacco use Family history of CVD Young age

Diabetes Tobacco use Family history of CVD

Put the processes of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver. Further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes. Digest proteins move from the stomach to the small intestine.

Digest proteins move from the stomach to the small intestine. Further digestion occurs as the pancreas secretes protein-splitting enzymes. Final digestion occurs within absorptive cells. Amino acids enter the portal vein and travel to the liver.

Which of the following fatty acids are produced from other essential fatty acids? Docosahexaenoic acid Alpha-lilnolenic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid Arachidonic acid

Docosahexaenoic acid Eicosapentaenoic acid Arachidonic acid

What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD (check all that apply)? Eat whole-grain foods. Achieve a healthy weight. Increase intake of trans fat. Read nutrition books. Reduce alcohol intake. Quit smoking.

Eat whole-grain foods. Achieve a healthy weight. Reduce alcohol intake. Quit smoking.

What is the name of compounds that speed up chemical reactions?

Enzymes

Match the nutrient with the appropriate bland-based food sources. Essential amino acids Omega-3 fatty acids Zinc Soybean products Rice beverages Algae

Essential amino acids -Soybean products Omega-3 fatty acids -Algae Zinc -Rice beverages

Order the steps according to how alcohol can lead to CVD disease. Increased VLDL production in the liver. Cholesterol in HDL decreases. Excessive alcohol intake. Increased blood triglycerides.

Excessive alcohol intake. Increased VLDL production in the liver. Increased blood triglycerides. Cholesterol in HDL decreases.

What are some reasons why fat is added to foods in spite of the negative health implications of consuming a high-fat diet? Fat improves mouth feel of foods. Many flavors in foods are enhanced by fat. It is healthful to include some fat in the diet. Fat speeds the process of digestion.

Fat improves mouth feel of foods. Many flavors in foods are enhanced by fat. It is healthful to include some fat in the diet.

Why is it important to have fat in your diet and in the body? Fat maintains cell membranes. Fat cushions organs. Fat provides insulation. Fat regulates heart rate.

Fat maintains cell membranes. Fat cushions organs. Fat provides insulation.

___ acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Fatty

What can lead to the removal of bile salts in the small intestine?

Fiber

Which of the following foods are considered to have high-quality protein? Fish Fruit Meat Poultry Grains Eggs

Fish Meat Poultry Eggs

Which of the following are traits of a Mediterranean diet/lifestyle? Frequent physical activity Consuming large quantities of red meat Using heart-healthy unsaturated fats Drinking one glass of wine a day

Frequent physical activity Using heart-healthy unsaturated fats Drinking one glass of wine a day

Which of the following statements is true? Protein is necessary for proper growth and good health, so eating more will make you "extra" healthy. If your diet contains adequate amounts of protein, then eating more is not better. Eating protein above the recommended RDA will result in greater strength gains.

If your diet contains adequate amounts of protein, then eating more is not better.

Which of the following is considered to be a characteristic of an autoimmune disease? Inflammation in the blood vessels Death of microvilli in the intestines Immune cells attack normal cells

Immune cells attack normal cells

Match each term with the most appropriate definition. Lactovegetarian Lactoovovegetarian Ovovegetarian Eats eggs but no other animal food. Eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs. Eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal flesh.

Lactovegetarian -Eats milk and milk products but no animal flesh or eggs. Lactoovovegetarian =Eats milk and milk products and eggs but no other animal flesh. Ovovegetarian -Eats eggs but no other animal food.

Egg yolks, liver, wheat germ, peanut butter, and soybeans are all rich in sources of the phospholipid ___.

Lecithin

___ is a common example of a phospholipid.

Lecithin

A(n) ___ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils.

Legumes

Which of the following is a function of blood proteins? Maintain fluid balance Keep skin soft Primary energy source Part of all cell membranes

Maintain fluid balance

Select all of the following dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of artherosclerosis development. Ensuring that monounsaturated fat intake is atleast 25% of total Calories. Maintaining total dietary fat intake at no more than 35% of total Calories. Ensuring that polyunsaturated fat intake is around 10% of total Calories. Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 7% of total Calories and trans fat is less than 1& of total Calories.

Maintaining total dietary fat intake at no more than 35% of total Calories. Ensuring that polyunsaturated fat intake is around 10% of total Calories. Reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 7% of total Calories and trans fat is less than 1& of total Calories.

Which of the following transport fatty acids and monoglycerides to the edge of the absorptive intestinal cell? Triglyceride Bile salts Micelles Absorptive cells

Micelles

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine? Monoglycerides Fatty acids Glycerol Lactic acid

Monoglycerides Fatty acids Glycerol

Which of the following cells do not contain protein? Cells made with collagen Skin, blood and bone cells None, all cells contain some protein Certain hormones, such as insulin and glucagon

None, all cells contain some protein

Match the fatty acid type with its correct chemical structure description. Saturated fatty acid Monounsaturated fatty acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid contains no carbon-carbon double bonds contains one carbon-carbon double bond contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Saturated fatty acid contains no carbon-carbon double bonds Monounsaturated fatty acid contains one carbon-carbon double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Which of the following foods are rich in omega-3 fatty acids? Corn oil Soybeans Peanuts Flaxseeds

Soybeans Flaxseeds

___ are a type of prescription drug that reduce's a person's elevated blood lipid levels.

Statins

___ are food additives commonly found in foods such as wines, potatoes, and shrimp that can cause negative reactions when consumed.

Sulfites

What are the major functions of lipids in the body? To insulate and protect the body. To provide building blocks for enzymes. To provide energy. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. To aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins.

To insulate and protect the body. To provide energy. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins.

Crackers, pastries, and other processed foods commonly contain the largest amount of ___ fatty acids.

Trans

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids? Trans Cis

Trans

___ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. They are often referred to as fats and oils.

Triglycerides

What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake? Trim fat from meat. Choose lean meats. Choose cuts of pork like sausage and bacon. Bake meats.

Trim fat from meat. Choose lean meats. Bake meats.

True or false: Animal fats tend to contain more saturated fatty acids than plant oils.

True

___ proteins are a heart-healthy alternative to animal proteins because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat.

Vegetable

Which of the following foods will a vegan eat? Ice cream Vegetable oil Watermelon Tofu

Vegetable oil Watermelon Tofu

Edema refers to

a buildup of fluid in the tissues

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids? oleic acid alpha-linolenic acid linoleic acid

alpha-linolenic acid linoleic acid

Proteins are made up of smaller units called ___ ___.

amino acids

The end products of protein digestion are

amino acids

Lipid build up within the wall of the artery is known as ___ ___.

arterial plaque

The underlying cause of most cases of heart disease is ___.

atherosclerosis

Maintaining a total dietary intake of fat no greater than 35% of total calories will most likely cause a person's risk of developing atherosclerosis to

decrease

Children that are deficient in protein may become susceptible to: dehydration weakness infection hearing loss irritability

dehydration weakness infection irritability

Manufacturers often add ___ to foods to keep oily and watery ingredients from separating during storage.

emulsifiers

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) affect people whose diets lack: water energy (kilocalories) lipids protein

energy (kilocalories) protein

Animal proteins are a good source od all nine ___ amino acids.

essential

Which of the following parts make up a monoglyceride? acid group fatty acid glycerol backbone carbon and nitrogen chain

fatty acid glycerol backbone

In the absorptive cells, which fats are reassembled into triglycerides? fatty acids phospholipids cholesterol monoglycerides

fatty acids monoglycerides

All of the following are good sources of protein except: meat milk fruit soy products

fruit

Additional risk factors for artherosclerosis include: anemia genetics endorphins stress elevated triglycerides

genetics stress elevated triglycerides

The carbon skeletons from excess protein can be used to make catalysts glucose hormones non-essential amino acids enzymes fat energy

glucose non-essential amino acids fat energy

Atherosclerosis leads to ___ of the arteries.

hardening