Nutrition Exam #4 (Chap 9-10)
Free radical activity
A free radical acts as an "arrow" by hitting a vulnerable molecule such as DNA. The damaged molecule becomes the source of another free radical that "strikes" another vulnerable molecule. Then the reaction repeats itself
Heme
The iron-containing portion of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen.
Folate
The name for a group of related compounds that includes folic acid.
Brain and spinal cord
The neural tube eventually develops into the _____ and _____ _____.
30
The prevalence of neural tube defects has declined by about __% since enrichment of foods with folic acid began in 1998.
Glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
Although not directly used for energy, many vitamins participate in chemical reactions that release energy from ______, ________, and certain ______ _______.
Carotenoids, phytochemicals, vitamin c
Compounds in fruits and vegetables that may help prevent cancer include _______ _______ _______.
heterocyclic amine
Cooking meat at high temperatures may cause the formation of the _____ _____ carcinogen
The biological activity of alpha-tocopherol is significantly higher
How does the biological activity of gamma-tocopherol compared to the biological activity of alpha-tocopherol?
glutathione peroxidase, peroxides
How is selenium an antioxidant? Selenium is required for the activity of ____________ __________, an enzyme that chemically converts ________ into water.
Anemia
If vitamin B-6 is unavailable for heme synthesis, a type of ______ develops.
Pantothenic Acid
Important for fatty acid synthesis and energy metabolism.
400
In 1992, officials with the US Public Health Service recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant consume ___ ug of folic acid daily to help prevent neural tube defects.
Cell division, growth
In general, vitamins regulate a variety of body processes, including those involved in _____ _________ and development as well as the ______ and maintenance of tissues.
Choline
In order to make phospholipids and acetylcholine, the body needs the vitamin-like compound called
Electrons
Other vitamins, such as thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, participate in chemical reactions by accepting or donating ________
Vitamin A
Responsible for immune function
Pantothenic Acid
Rich sources of ______ _____ include cereals that have been fortified with the vitamin, beef and chicken liver, sunflower seeds, mushrooms, peas, and soy milk. Other good sources are meat, cow's milk, and many types of vegetables.
Niacin
Salmon, tuna, mushrooms, and enriched breads are all good sources of
Cancer
The term for a group of chronic diseases characterized by cells that have undergone damage (mutations) to certain genes
Spina bifida and anencephaly
The two most common NTDs are _____ _____ and _______.
False
(True or False) Americans should avoid seafood to reduce their exposure to arsenic
True
(True or false) Many medical researchers suspect excess oxidation is responsible for promoting chemical changes in cells that ultimately lead to heart attack, stroke, cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and even the aging process.
True
(True or false) Synthetic vitamin B-12 in dietary supplements or fortified foods is not bound to food protein, so it does not need stomach acid to release the protein.
False
(True or false) Vitamins are a source of energy
Pantothenic Acid
A B vitamin that is a component of coenzyme A.
Folate
A pregnant woman has an increased requirement for _____ because DNA synthesis and cell division take place at a rapid pace during embryonic development.
Prooxidant
A substance that promotes production of free radicals
Free radical
A substance with an unpaired electron, an oxidation reaction can form this.
Pernicious anemia
A type of anemia that is deadly, a form of vitamin B-12 deficiency. Treatment involves bypassing the need for intrinsic factor and intestinal absorption by providing monthly vitamin B-12 injections or a nasal gel that contains the vitamin. Caused by lack of intrinsic factor
Inositol
A vitamin-like compound that may be conditionally essential in diabetes is
Wernicke-Korsakoff
Abnormal eye movements, staggering gait, and distorted thought processes are all signs of ______-_____ syndrome.
Carcinogen
Alcohol is considered to be a _____, a cancer causing agent
Vitamin B-12, CH3, metabolism
Cells require ______ __-__, or cobalamin, to make coenzymes that participate in a variety of cellular processes, including the transfer of ___ groups in the ________ of folate.
Folate, Vitamin B-12, CH3, methionine
Certain roles of ______ and _______ _-__ are interrelated. THFA can transfer a CH3 group to vitamin B-12, which, in turn, transfers the ___ group to homocysteine, forming _________. This process recycles methionine. When vitamin B-12 is unavailable, folate cannot be used, and a deficiency of folate occurs, even though dietary intakes are adequate.
Neurological, psychological
Deficiencies of vitamin B-12, folate, and vitamin B-6 have been associated with abnormal __________ function and __________ health, including depression and dementia.
PLP, heme
During red blood cell production, ___ participates in the production of ___
Neural tube
During the first few weeks after conception, the _____ _____ forms in the human embryo.
21
For pregnant women, adequate folate status is critical early in pregnancy because the neural tube begins to form about __ days after conception.
Proteins, fatty acids, and DNA
Free radicals are highly reactive and may remove electrons from more stable molecules such as _____, _______, and ___. As a result, free radicals can damage or destroy these molecules. If the loss of electrons is uncontrolled, a chain reaction can occur in which excessive oxidation takes place and affects many cells.
Selenium, iron, zinc
From the list below, check each of the trace minerals that are required for the synthesis and/or maintenance of DNA. Selenium, iron, zinc, fluoride
whole grains, leafy vegetables, nuts
Good sources of manganese include
vitamin c, iron, heme, nonheme
How do you increase your iron absorption? 1. Consume _________ ___ rich foods or supplements along with _______ containing foods or supplements 2. Eat ______ and ________ iron foods together
B-6
Liver, meat, fish, and poultry are among the best dietary sources of vitamin __. Additionally, potatoes, bananas, spinach, sweet red peppers, and broccoli are good sources.
B-12
Major sources of vitamin _-__ in the typical American diet are meat, milk and milk products, poultry, fish, shellfish, and eggs. Although liver is not a popular food, it is one of the richest sources because the vitamin is stored in the liver.
A, D, E, and K
Many Americans consume less than recommended amounts of vitamins _, _, _, and _.
Colon cancer
Meats like beef, pork, and lamb are associated with an increased risk for _____ _____
200
Niacin coenzymes participate in at least ___ reactions, including pathways involved in the release of energy from macronutrients.
NAD and NADP
Niacin has two forms; nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. The body uses these to synthesize two coenzymes, which are ___ and ____.
Niacin
Nicotinic acid is also known as
Myelin sheaths
One vital function of vitamin B-12 that does not involve folate is maintaining the ______ _____ that wrap around certain parts of certain nerve cells, insulating them.
Vitamin K
Phylioquinones is also known as
Nonheme, electron, FE3+, FE2+
Plants are major sources of _____ iron (FE3+). The small intestine, however, absorbs FE2+ more readily than FE3+. Vitamin C promotes iron absorption by donating an _______ to ____, forming ____ as a result. The vitamin may also form a complex with iron that enhances the body's ability to absorb the mineral.
Neural Tube Defects
Pregnant women who suffer from folate deficiency have a high risk of giving birth to infants with _____ _____ _____ (NTDs).
Folic acid
Refers specifically to the synthetic form of the vitamin found in supplements and added to fortified foods. Part of the group "Folate:
Folate
Responsible for blood formation
Vitamin C
Smokers, alcoholics, and people who do not eat fruits and vegetables are most at risk of _______ __ deficiency
Hormones
Some vitamins, such as vitamin D, act as ________
Small intestine
The ______ _________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption
Bioavailability
The amount of that vitamin that is actually available for use by the body
Choline
The body needs ____ to synthesize a part of a phospholipid in the liver, produce phospholipids in cell membranes, and act as part of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Liver, adipose tissue
The body stores extra fat-soluble vitamins in the ______ and in _______ ________.
Water-soluble vitamins
Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid, folate, biotin, vitamin B12, and vitamin C are examples of _____-_______ vitamins.
Coenzyme A
This coenzyme helps release energy from macronutrients and is needed for fatty acid synthesis. Pantothenic acid is a component of this coenzyme.
Osteocalcin
Vitamin K is a cofactor for an enzyme that is essential for the production of _____, a protein needed for normal bone mineralization
E
Vitamin _ serves as a major antioxidant in the body
Fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are examples of ______-_________ vitamins
Casimir Funk
Vitamins were first defined in 1912 when a Polsih chemist _____ _____ coined the term "vitamin" (vita = necessary for life, amine = a type of nitrogen-containing substance).
Beriberi
What disease did Dr. Funk believe thiamin would cure?
Vegans
What group is at risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency?
40
What is the safe amount of zinc to have daily?
Thiamin
What substance did Casimir Funk discover in an extract made from rice bran?
Chromium
What supplement may lower or regulate blood glucose level?
Loss of appetite, diarrhea, dermatitis, poor wound healing
Which of the following are signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency? Loos of appetite, diarrhea, dermatitis, poor wound healing, hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia
Manganese, zinc, selenium
Which of the following trace minerals participate in the body's antioxidant defense systems? Iodine, chromium, maganese, zinc, selenium
Thiamin
Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals, pork, legumes, and orange juice are good sources of _____. Another good source is Brewer's yeast, but most Americans do not eat the product.
Yes, but its organic
Y/N Does seafood contain arsenic?
Beta-carotene, alpha-carotene
_____, _____, and _____ are carotenoids that can be converted into a biologically active retinoid
Myelin
______ enables the nerves to communicate effectively. Without vitamin B-12, segments of myelin sheath gradually undergo destruction that can lead to paralysis.
Enrichment
__________ does not replace the vitamin E, vitamin B6, magnesium, several other micronutrients, and fiber that were naturally present in unrefined grains
Oxidizing agent or oxidant
a substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules
Lecithin
Added to certain foods, such as salad dressings and ice cream, during processing for its emulsifying properties. Helps hold the watery and fatty ingredients together in the product
Fat soluble
Are water soluble vitamins or fat soluble vitamins are more likely to be toxic?
Free radicals
Benefits of ____ _______ include stimulating normal cell growth and division and helping destroy infectious agents
Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol is also known as
Vitamin C
Citrus fruits, broccoli, and peppers are good sources of
Vitamin B12
Cobalamin is also known as
Thyroid hormones
Iodine is required for the synthesis of
Folate
Leafy vegetables, liver, legumes, asparagus, broccoli, and orange juice are good natural sources of _____. Enriched grain products and fortified cereals are among the richest sources of it in the American diet.
Total parenteral solutions
Liquid mixture that provides nourishment to those who are unable to eat normally, administered intravenously
Thiamin
Responsible for energy metabolism
Homocysteine, metabolic
Vitamin B-12 is also needed for __________ metabolism and to convert folate to coenzymes form that are needed for _______ reactions, including DNA synthesis.
