Nutrition Final Exam
A monounsaturated fat contains only one _________.
double bond
The zygote contains three different germ cell layers that each will develop into different parts of the body. Which cell layer will the brain develop from?
ectoderm
The zygote contains three different germ cell layers that each will develop into different parts of the body. Which cell layer will the skin develop from?
ectoderm
The middle stage of the development of a human in the womb, lasting from week 3 to week 8 of development is ________ .
embryo
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _________ fatty acids.
essential
Most Americans consume ________ dietary protein compared to the RDA.
excessive amounts of
_______ is defined as fiber that is added to foods and provides health benefits.
functional fiber
Organ that stores bile
gallbladder
Which of the following is considered an accessory digestive organ rather than a digestive organ that food passes through? Stomach Gallbladder Kidney Large Intestine
gallbladder
Muscular waves in the stomach mix and churn the contents of a meal with ________.
gastric juices
A term that literally means formation of new glucose and is the name given to the process of creating glucose from precursors like pyruvate is ___________.
glucogenesis
Which is NOT a complex carbohydrate? glucose fiber starch
glucose
Select the components of a phospholipid. Glycerol backbone Sterol ring 2 fatty acids 3 fatty acids Phosphate
glycerol backbone 2 fatty acids phosphate
What type of iron would be found in a hamburger?
heme iron
Swollen veins in the rectum or anus are called ________.
hemorrhoids
If you suffer goiter, what mineral are you deficient in?
iodine
This mineral is essential for normal thyroid function because it is included in thyroid hormones.
iodine
A vegan diet may be low in ________. fiber iron carbohydrates
iron
When pyruvate (a 3-carbon compound) is converted to acetyl-Co-A (a two-carbon compound) where does the extra carbon go?
it becomes carbon dioxide
Which organ is most closely related to water balance in the body?
kideny
What is the name for a person who consumes dairy products and eggs but not any other type of animal product?
lacto-ovo-vegetarian
The digestive organ that houses most of the gut microbiota (bacteria) is __________.
large intestine
The first organ that gets to utilize absorbed protein from digestion is ______________ .
liver
The main organ responsible for ethanol metabolism is the ________.
liver
Where does bile production occur?
liver
Which two organ helps convert Vitamin D from dietary sources and from synthesis by the skin into the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol?
liver and kidney
The Cori cycle is an important process in anaerobic metabolism in the muscle. Lactate can be converted into glucose. Where is glucose produced?
liver, it is then broken down in the muscle
Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.
liver; gallbladder
Which of the following would be seen on a blood lipid profile of a patient who was recommended to make dietary changes to reduce his or her risk for cardiovascular disease? low LDL and high HDL low HDL and high LDL low VLDL and high HDL low LDL and low HDL
low HDL and high LDL
Of the trace minerals that the book talks about this is the one that scientists know the least about regarding its role in the health of the body.
manganese
A fat with ten carbons is classified as __________ .
medium chain
The term used to describe vitamins and minerals is _______________ .
micronutrients
How is galactose characterized?
monosaccharide
Lipids can be described as...
mostly fats and oils
Lingual lipase is secreted here although very little fat is actually digested here?
mouth
The digestive organ that moistens food with saliva to prepare for swallowing is __________.
mouth
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas ________.
neutralize the acid contents in the small intestine
Which of the following has the highest percentage of fat?
olive oil
A protein found in the rods of the retina that binds to a derivative of Vitamin A is ________.
opsin
The organ where most protein digestive enzymes are produced is ______________ .
pancreas
Most digestive enzymes are synthesized by the ________.
pancreas and small intestine
If a pregnant woman does not take adequate amounts of Vitamin D during her pregnancy, which of the following is a possible outcome for the developing fetus?
rickets
How is cellulose characterized?
saccharide
A fat that contains no double bond is called _________.
saturated
An absence of Vitamin C could lead to gum disease. Sailors in olden time would take limes with them on voyages (hence, 'limeys'). The name for the disease that results from an absence of Vitamin C is called _____. (Pirates would call each other names based on this disease, as in you ________ mate.)
scurvy
Sardines are oysters are both good sources of this antioxidant trace mineral.
selenium
Vitamin A helps primarily with ___________ .
sight
Fiber is not broken down by normal digestive enzymes the way other carbohydrates are. If fiber was digestible where would the resulting monosaccharides be absorbed?
small intestine
The digestive organ that absorbs almost all nutrients used in nutrition is the ______________ .
small intestine
The digestive organ that secretes acid to help digest proteins is __________.
stomach
The organ protein digestion starts is ______________ .
stomach
What organ produces ghrelin?
stomach
Where is gastric lipase secreted although very little fat is actually digested here?
stomach
Alcohol absorption occurs in the ________.
stomach and small intestine
The nutrition term used to describe the production of heat by the human body, which burns calories, is _____.
thermogenesis
If someone suffers from beriberi--a condition that results in a weakening of nerves called peripheral neuropathy--they may not be getting enough of this B-vitamin.
thiamin
This vitamin is used as a coenzyme know as TPP in many reactions involving amino acids.
thiamine
A fat that has double double bonds where the H-atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond is called _________.
trans
The central dogma of cellular biology is that DNA is the template to form messenger RNA (mRNA) and mRNA is the template to form protein. What is the process called when DNA is used to create mRNA?
transcription
In what form is most body fat stored?
triglycerides
When you eat fat, what form is the fat in?
trigylcerides
The vitamin involved in the transfer of 1-carbon groups and is only found in animal products is _______ .
vitamin B-12
The vitamin involved in amino acid metabolism by serving as the coenzyme PLP is _______ .
vitamin B-6
The production of saliva, body temperature regulation, and the maintenance of blood volume are all most influenced by ___________.
water
Which food below has a higher percentage of saturated fat? skim milk whole milk
whole milk
This trace mineral has a 'finger' named for it that helps bind to genes (DNA).
zinc
What is a normal range of blood glucose?
70-100 mg/dL
If you eat 75 lactose molecules, how many molecules of glucose have you eaten?
75
The proof of a bourbon that is 40% ethanol would be ________.
80 proof
How many calories (kcal) are in one gram of fat?
9 calories
The alcohol content of an 180-proof Everclear is ________.
90
Which of the following has a higher amount of alcohol? 90 proof whiskey Whiskey that is 40% ABV
90 proof whiskey
Which fat soluble vitamin is found in orange and green vegetables?
A
Which of the following accurately describes a vitamin? A compound that consists of a single atom A complex compound made of many atoms
A complex compound made of many atoms
Which is the better source for high quality protein? A food with a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of 0.85 A food with a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of 0.45
A food with a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) of 0.85
Which condition is NOT usually associated with type 2 diabetes? Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas hyperglycemia Age of onset usually over 40 obesity
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas
What factor below will determine how much weight a woman should gain during pregnancy?
BMI
What does the "B" in BMR stand for?
Basal
Which of the following is true of water soluble vitamins? Bile helps with absorption Bile does not help with absorption
Bile does not help with absorption
Most nutritionists recommend that you eat less saturated fat. Based on that criteria which would be a healthier food choice? Boiled collard greens seasoned with pepper Collard greens cooked in lard
Boiled collard greens seasoned with pepper
Increased bone health, protection from colon cancer, and reduced formation of kidney stones are all benefits associated with the consumption of which mineral?
Calcium
The two minerals that are in the highest amount in the human body are?
Calcium and phosphorus
Sugars, starches, and dietary fibers are examples of ________.
Carbohydrates
A recurring heartburn might be a symptom of this disease.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Put the metabolic intermediates of glucose metabolism in order starting from glucose. Pyruvate Carbon dioxide and water Glucose Acetyl-CoA
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA Carbon dioxide and water
Which of the following is considered an anabolic process? Select all that apply. Glucose being turned into glycogen Fatty acids being added to glycerol Protein degradation Energy is being produced
Glucose being turned into glycogen Fatty acids being added to glycerol
What type of food is most likely to contain the greatest variety of minerals including sodium and chloride, iron, and phosophorus?
Grains
Which part of the human body contains higher levels of potassium (K)? Inside the cell (cytoplasm) Outside the cell (blood and interstitial fluid)
Inside the cell (cytoplasm)
What hormone does the pancreas release in response to high glucose levels?
Insulin
Select the essential amino acids from the list below. Glycine Isoleucine Leucine Valine
Isoleucine Leucine Valine
Which of the following accurately describes a vitamin? Almost the entire global population obtains sufficient vitamins Many people on the planet have specific vitamin deficiencies
Many people on the planet have specific vitamin deficiencies
What does the "M" in BMR stand for?
Metabolic
The absorption of zinc by small intestinal cells (enterocytes) promotes the production of ______ which will bind to the zinc to encourage more absorption by the enterocytes.
Metallothionein
The vitamin that is used to make NADH which is involved in oxidation-reduction reactions is _______ .
Niacin
Which of the following minerals is considered an ultratrace mineral because you need it in such small amounts? Nickel Calclium Magnesium
Nickel
The science of food; the nutrients and substances therein; and their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease is a definition of ________.
Nutrition
Most nutritionists recommend that you eat less saturated fat. Based on that criteria which would be a healthier food choice? Oat bran muffin Donuts
Oat bran muffin
Which of the following is a bone cell? Hepatocyte Osteocyte Adipocyte
Osteocyte
Which part of the human body contains higher levels of sodium? Inside the cell (cytoplasm) Outside the cell (blood and interstitial fluid)
Outside the cell (blood and interstitial fluid)
The hormone released from the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands is ___________.
Oxytocin
Which of the following has the highest percentage of protein? Rice Olive oil Peanut butter
Peanut butter
How is amylose characterized?
Polysaccharide
The oldest artificial sweetener (it comes in the pink package) is __________ .
Saccharin
What is the name for the artificial sweetener sold as Sweet 'N Low in the pink packet?
Saccharin
Which combination of foods would be highest in complex carbohydrates? Cola, potato chips, chicken-salad sandwich Spaghetti with marinara sauce, broccoli, dinner roll, milk Coffee, crisp bacon, fried egg, orange drink Chipped beef and gravy
Spaghetti with marinara sauce, broccoli, dinner roll, milk
The name for a small erosion about the size of a pencil eraser at the top layer of cells of the stomach or doudenum (first part of the small intestine) is _____________.
Ulcer
Both fruits and vegetables are known to be high in which vitamin?
Vitamin A
Deficiency in folate and Vitamin B-12 can lead to anemia. The vitamin deficiency that leads to pernicious anemia because the vitamin is needed for methylation reactions is __________.
Vitamin B-12
Which of the following accurately describes a vitamin? Vitamins are absorbed by the stomach Vitamins are absorbed by the small intestine
Vitamins are absorbed by the small intestine
Which type of vitamin is usually first to show a deficiency because it is not stored in the body to any great extent? Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins
Water soluble vitamins
Saliva contains ________.
an amylase to break down carbs
A process that uses small, simple molecules to build larger, more complex molecules is ___________.
anabolism
Which of the following contains cholesterol? Plants Animals
animals
Vitamin C is able to donate electrons. This makes Vitamin C a(n) ____________ .
antioxidant
Glucose, galactose, and fructose ________.
are monosaccharides
Magnesium is most closely associated with what other mineral?
calcium
What belongs in the box directly above monosaccharides? In other words, what macromolecule breaks down into monosaccharides?
carbohydrates
Energy-yielding nutrients include ________. Select all that apply. Carbohydrates Vitamins Proteins Fats
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
You drink a 12 oz beer that has 4.5% ABV. The rest of the calories, other than alcohol, come from carbohydrates. If the beer contains 140 calories, how many calories from carbohydrates did you ingest? 1 oz = 25.35 g
44.2
You eat a dessert that contains 446 kcal due to fat. How many grams of fat did you eat?
49.55 g
If someone drinks an entire bottle of wine that is 25 fl oz how many standard drink-equivalents did the person consume?
5
If a total of 2000 kcal were consumed (energy came from 250 grams of carbohydrates, 66 grams of fat, and 102 grams of protein), what percentage of energy comes from carbohydrates, fat, and protein?
50% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 20% protein
Mike has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 1800 calories per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?
60
How many calories (kcal) are in one gram of alcohol?
7 calories
Which food below has a higher percentage of saturated fat? Butter Tub margarine
butter
A box of cereal contains 628 grams (g). How many kilograms (kg) are in the box? 1 kg = 1,000 g
.628 kg
What is the highest score a food can be assigned for chemical score?
1
Digestion occurs via the passage of food through a series of tubes from the mouth to the anus. Given the digestive organs below place them in order starting from the organ closest to the mouth and ending with the organ closest to the anus. large intestine Stomach Rectum Esophagus
1. esophagus 2. stomach 3. large intestine 4. rectum
Place the steps of fat breakdown in order, putting step #1 with the step closest to eating the fat and step #4 next to the fat reaching the bloodstream. fat enters lumen of small intestine chylomicron is formed in the small intestine cell pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids bile helps emulsify fat
1. fat enters lumen of small intestine 2. bile helps emulsify fat 3. pancreatic lipase breaks triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids 4. chylomicron is formed in the small intestine cell
Ike eats out and consumes 1,500 calories. If the meal contained 100 g of carbs, 25 g of fat, and 35 g of protein, how many grams of alcohol did he consume with his meal?
105 grams
A standard serving of an alcoholic drink is defined as ________. Select all that apply. 12 oz beer (5% alcohol) 15 oz malt liquor (7% alcohol) 5 oz wine (12% alcohol) 1.5 oz hard liquor (40% alcohol)
12 oz beer (5% alcohol) 5 oz wine (12% alcohol) 1.5 oz hard liquor (40% alcohol)
The protein quality of a food can be measured by a scale called the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS). If a food has a PDCAAS of 0.80 how many grams of protein would be listed on the food label if the food contains 20 grams of total protein?
16
How many carbon dioxides are produced from one molecule of ethanol (the kind of alcohol that you drink)?
2
An NFL lineman might consume 5000 kcal/day. If the lineman needs 20% of his calories from protein, how many grams of protein does he need to eat each day?
250
Ike eats out and consumes 1,100 calories. If the meal contained 78 g of carbs, 16 g of protein, and 70 g of alcohol, how many grams of fat did he consume with his meal?
26 grams
Ike eats out and consumes 1,400 calories. If the meal contained 103 g of carbs, 22 g of fat, and 97 g of alcohol, how many grams of protein did he consume with his meal?
27.75 grams
If someone drinks 6 fl oz of an 80-proof vodka how many standard drink-equivalents did the person consume?
4
Which fat soluble vitamin is an antioxidant, is found in oils (like safflower), and deficiencies are rarely seen in humans?
E
The enzyme renin is released in response to low blood pressure and helps constrict blood vessels so that not as much water passes through the kidneys. What does renin do?
It catalyzes the formation of angiotensin I
Which vitamin below is involved in blood clotting? A D K
K
Which lipoprotein particle is derived from IDL as more triglycerides are removed?
LDL
Fiber is a form of carbohydrates that is not absorbed. But soluble fiber is actually broken down in the body. In which organ does the breakdown of fiber occur?
Large Intestine
A group of organic compounds that includes oils and fats is ________ .
Lipids
If you are experiencing negative energy balance you will probably _____ .
Lose weight
Which statement is closer to the truth. Taking extra antioxidants will help prevent cancer Many cancers seem to have no cause.
Many cancers seem to have no cause.
Which of the following correctly characterizes lipids? They do not dissolve in water. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. They dissolve in water. They are all classified as sterols.
They do not dissolve in water.
Usual symptoms of diabetes mellitus include ________.
abnormal regulation of glucose
The energy spent in maintaining all involuntary processes in the body at rest, awake, and in a non-absorptive state is called ________.
basal metabolism
Which trace mineral may enhance the action of insulin?
chromium
Which lipoprotein particles is produced by the small intestine?
chylomicron
The nucleotide units that represent a specific amino acid in protein synthesis are called ________. bonds peptides codons
codons
The major protein material that holds together various structures of the body and whose synthesis depends on adequate amounts of Vitamin C is ____________.
collagen
Which of the following contains the least amount of riboflavin?
cucumber
Much of the galactose in our diet is found in ________.
dairy products
The Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for nutrients are ________.
designed to meet the nutrient needs of 97 to 98% of individuals in a specific life stage
How is maltose characterized?
disaccharide
Most nutritionists recommend that you eat less saturated fat. Based on that criteria which would be a healthier food choice? Milk shake Iced Tea
iced tea
All of the following hormones function to increase blood glucose in response to a drop in blood glucose levels except: glucagon epinephrine cortisol insulin growth hormone
insulin
What mineral, beside Calcium, is most closely associated with bone health?
phosphorus
On a world wide basis where does most protein in the human diet come from?
plants
When over 10 amino acids are chemically linked by peptide bonds, the resulting product is known as ________. a dipeptide a tripeptide a polypeptide
polypeptide
For a teenage athlete who eats less protein than he or she actually needs, what state is the body in?
postive nitrogen balance
Vitamin D is technically a ________.
prohoromone
The main structural material of the body is ________.
protein
