Nutrition Final Exam
Which of the following is NOT true about water?
Water is necessary for immune function.
Which of the following statements about sphincters is false?
When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents.
The human body needs vitamin K to ________.
form active blood clotting factors
Which of the following foods is not a good source of calcium?
fried chicken
Which of the following foods is the richest source of zinc?
fried oysters
Lactose is a disaccharide in milk that's composed of what two monosaccharides?
glucose and fructose
When muscle cells have more glucose than they need for energy, they may store some of the excess as
glycogen
The introduction of iodized salt in the 1920s dramatically reduced rates of ________ in the United States.
goiter
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting our intake of _________ and replacing them with ________.
(Trans Fat and Saturated Fat), (Monounsaturated, Polyunsaturated, & Omega-3 Fats)
If you consumed a total of 1800 kcals (Calories) per day and 60% came from carbohydrates, how many KCALS of carbohydrate are you consuming?
1080 kcals
Your friend, Paul, is trying to gain weight at a healthy rate (1/2 - 2 lbs per week or 10% of initial weight in a 6 month period). His starting weight was 140 pounds and, 3 months later, he is right on track. In theory, what would you expect his weight to be at that point (3 months in)?
147lbs
Using the HAMMI equation (Rule of 5's and 6's), estimate the appropriate weight range for an adult male who is 5'10".
149 lbs - 183 lbs (median weight = 166 lbs)
What is the energy content of a meal that contains 5 grams of protein, 5 grams of carbohydrate, 10 grams of fat, and 10 grams of alcohol?
200 kcals
Bill recorded his food intake for a week and then used a computerized dietary analysis program to analyze his diet record. According to the results of the analysis, his average fat intake was ________% of total calories each day, which is within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
25
If you consumed a total of 1800 kcals (Calories) per day and 60% came from carbohydrates, how many GRAMS of carbohydrate are you consuming?
270 grams
A pound of body fat provides about ________ kcal.
3500
If you consumed a total of 2600 kcals (Calories) per day and 15% came from protein, how many KCALS of protein are you consuming?
390 Kcals
The Dietary Guidelines are updated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture about every ________ years.
5
If you consumed a total of 2200 kcals (Calories) per day and 25% came from fat, how many KCALS of fat are you consuming?
550 kcals
What is the desirable range for blood glucose?
70 - 99 mg/dl
If an average adult's RDA for protein is 65 grams, they would weigh approximately _____.
81 KILOGRAMS (178 POUNDS)
Suppose you eat a protein bar has a 180 kcals (calories) and 40 grams of protein. What percentage of the total kcals are coming from protein?
88%
If a small banana supplies 90,000 calories, it supplies _______ kilocalories.
90
In nutrition research, a placebo is
A control that mimics the intervention without causing an effect (i.e. a sugar pill)
A nutrient is considered essential if ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Good food sources of Vitamin A include
Apricots, Pumpkins, Spinach, Sweet Potatoes
Why are older adults at increased risk for vitamin B-12 deficiency compared to younger people?
As you age, your stomach produces less acid, which limits cleavage of vitamin B-12 from food. In addition, decreased production of intrinsic factor by the stomach limits vitamin B-12 absorption.
A macronutrient, provides 4 kcals per gram, does not contain nitrogen A macronutrient, provides 4 kcals per gram, does contain nitrogen A macronutrient, provides 9 kcals per gram, does not contain nitrogen A micronutrient, provides 0 kcals per gram, 13 are considered "essential" A micronutrient, provides 0 kcals per gram, 16 are considered "essential"
Carbohydrates Protein Lipids Vitamins Minerals
Jeanette is a vegan concerned about her iron intake. Which of the following practices would you recommend to Jeanette to increase her iron intake from plant foods?
Cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice
_____________ (or mental retardation) can result from a deficiency of __________ during pregnancy.
Cretinism, Iodine
Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's ________.
DNA
In order for proteins to be used for energy, amino acids must be _____________ .
Deaminated
In order, the segments of the small intestine are
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Compared to every other county in the nation, residents of Cache County have the longest life expectancy (seriously :)). Because of this, the National Institutes of Health awarded a grant to researchers at USU to determine relationships between age and certain lifestyle factors (diet, physical activity, genetics, etc). Since this type of study is retrospective and OBSERVATIONAL (no interventions are being introduced), it would be considered a / an
Epidemiological Study
Which of the following statements is true?
Excessive thirst and frequent urination are signs of diabetes.
Riboflavin is easily destroyed by
Exposure to UV light
All energy-dense foods are considered sources of empty calories.
False
Lipase is an example of an enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion.
False
Secretin (a hormone) is stimulated by the presence of acidic chyme in the small intestine and triggers the liver to secrete cholecystokinin (CCK) until chyme is neutralized.
False
Which of the following statements is true?
Fat contributes to the flavor of foods.
Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosaccharide?
Fructose
Which of the following is a typical response of the body to changes in blood glucose?
GLUCAGON is triggered when blood glucose levels get too LOW
Which of the following statements about diabetes is MOST CORRECT?
In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin
Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?
In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
An impoverished child living in a developing country is at risk of suffering from protein-energy malnutrition. If this child consumes insufficient dietary protein, what is the physiological consequence?
Insufficient protein intake inhibits the body's ability to make immune antibodies, some hormones, and enzymes.
Which of the following is a micronutrient?
Iron
Which of the following is NOT true about Folate?
It must be bound to intrinsic factor (in the stomach) to be properly absorbed and utilized
The ________ is the second segment of the small intestine.
Jejunum
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
LDL
Suppose you go to your doctor and get the following values on a blood lipid profile. What can you conclude? LDL Cholesterol = 140 mg/dl Blood Glucose = 90 mg/dl Total Cholesterol = 210 mg/dl HDL Cholesterol = 34 mg/dl
LDL Cholesterol is high, Blood Glucose is good, Total Cholesterol is high, HDL Cholesterol is low
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?
Leafy greens
Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
Limit calories from added sugars and saturated fats and reduce sodium intake.
Elevated levels of this lipoprotein are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and atherosclerosis.
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
You are out of breakfast cereal and you're trying to decide between Cheerios, Grapenuts, Mini Wheats, and Fruit Loops. From your NutritionCalc Reports, you discovered that your diet is usually low in fiber. What would be the best cereal for your needs given the information below? Cheerios (2 g Fiber, 85 kcals) Grape Nuts (5 g Fiber, 197 kcals) Mini Wheats (6 g Fiber, 187 kcals) Fruit Loops (3 g Fiber, 150 kcals)
Mini wheats
________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Niacin
______ can be synthesized from tryptophan and _______ can be synthesized by bacteria in the GI tract.
Niacin, Vitamin K
This water-soluble vitamin is widely distributed in foods but destroyed by freezing. A deficiency is associated with Burning Foot Syndrome (a condition observed in WWII POW soldiers).
Pantothenic acid
Which of the following foods contains the most water by weight?
Peach
Which of the following statements is true?
People can have energy needs that are higher or lower than the Estimated Energy Requirement.
A person who is growing or pregnant would be expected to be in a state of __________.
Positive Nitrogen Balance
There are six standards included under the umbrella of the Dietary Reference Intakes. Which one is missing from this list? Tolerable Upper Intake Level Adequate Intake Estimated Energy Requirement Estimated Average Requirement Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Recommended Dietary Allowance
A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ________ study.
Retrospective
Food Sources Include Red Meat, Cheese, Chocolate Food Sources Include Olive Oil, Canola Oil, Avocados Food Sources Include Fish, Flaxseed, Nuts Food Sources Include Shortening, Pastries, Snack Foods Food Sources Include Eggs, Milk, Meat
Saturated Fat Monounsaturated Fat Polyunsaturated Fat Trans Fat (Processed) Dietary Cholesterol
Which of the following descriptions regarding dietary fats is mismatched (INCORRECT) below?
Saturated Fats = Raise LDL, Lower HDL. Food Sources = Meat, Eggs, Milk, Olive Oil.
Which of the following statements is true?
The FDA can recall a dietary supplement when there is evidence that it is harmful.
Which U.S. government agency regulates nutrition and health-related claims on product labels?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Which of the following is NOT a key nutrition concept?
The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.
Which of the following statements is true?
The human digestive tract does not produce enzymes that digest dietary fiber.
Beri-Beri (deficiency) Can be Synthesized (made) in the Body Maintains Myelin Sheath around Nerve Cells Electrolytes, Required for Fluid Balance Broccoli, Potatoes, Kiwi, Strawberries, Peppers
Thiamin (B1) Niacin, Biotin, Vitamin K, Vitamin D Vitamin B12 Sodium, Chloride, Potassium Vitamin C
Eating a diet high in trans fatty acids has been shown to increase circulating levels of LDL. Why do food manufacturers use trans fatty acids like partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in packaged and processed foods?
Trans fatty acids increase a food's shelf life.
Regarding protein synthesis, the process of transferring protein-making instructions from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) is called
Transcription (occurs in Nucleus)
Harmless bacteria (called intestinal flora or microflora) exist and thrive in the GI tract of healthy individuals.
True
It is possible to be overweight and malnourished.
True
Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb ________.
Vitamin B12
Scurvy results with a deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin.
Vitamin C
This water-soluble vitamin is an example of an antioxidant.
Vitamin C
This fat-soluble vitamin is often referred to as the "Sunshine Vitamin".
Vitamin D
Rickets, Osteomalacia, and Osteoporosis are all associated with a
Vitamin D deficiency
This fat-soluble vitamin acts as an antioxidant in the body. It is also needed for wound healing.
Vitamin E
This fat-soluble vitamin is found in wheat germ and vegetable oils.
Vitamin E
If Kara's body weight is 120 POUNDS, her RDA for protein is approximately
about 44 grams
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true?
all answers are correct
Hyponatremia ________.
all of the answers are corrct
insulin ________
allows cells to take in glucose
________ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells.
antioxidants
Which of the following is NOT a complete protein source?
apples
The liver uses cholesterol to make ________.
bile
Richard is a body-builder who consumes a "raw egg shake" every morning that contains one to two dozen raw eggs. Consuming raw egg whites puts Richard at risk for a _______ deficiency.
biotin
The human body can absorb some ________ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.
biotin
Vitamin A plays a critical role in all of the following functions EXCEPT _______.
blood clotting
In a person with type 2 diabetes, the blood sugar level remains high after a meal because ________.
cells do not respond to insulin
Which of the following is not a typical sign or symptom of food-borne illness?
chest pain
The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called __________.
coenzymes
Having a control group enables researchers to
compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group.
Parathyroid hormone ________.
enhances the body's ability to retain calcium
A refined grain product that has iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid added to replace amounts lost during processing has been
enriched
A medical doctor is always a reputable source for nutrition information.
false
Carbohydrates are sometimes found in meat.
false
Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids.
false
Insulin
helps gluose enter cells
Which form of iron is more readily absorbed in the human intestinal tract?
heme iron
________ is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen.
hemoglobin
Layla has a high risk of cardiovascular disease, because of her family history and ________.
high blood levels of LDL cholesterol
The risk of dehydration in older adults compared to younger adults is
higher
When a person's blood glucose level drops too low to provide enough energy for cells they have a condition called ________.
hypoglycemia
This sphincter is situated between the small intestine and colon.
ileocecal valve
Which of the following is the best dietary recommendation for improving GI transit time and preventing or treating constipation?
increase fiber and fluid
The body absorbs and uses ________ for synthesizing thyroid hormone.
iodide
A goiter may develop as a result of
iodine deficiency
In the United States, ________ deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency.
iron
Duncan's diet contains high amounts of protein and fat, but it is very low in carbohydrates. As a result of following this diet, Duncan's body forms more ________ than normal.
ketone bodies
Babies are given an oral dose or injection of this fat-soluble vitamin shortly after birth.
learnsmart=vitamin D real life= vitamin K
The synthesis of fatty acids is known as _____________.
lipogenesis
A chylomicron is a type of ________.
lipoprotein
Following absorption, galactose and fructose are converted to glucose in the
liver
Bile is produced in the _________ and stored in the _________.
liver, gallbladder
The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus.
lower esophageal
The ________ sphincter closes after a bolus has been swallowed and enters the stomach. This sphincter is essential to prevent the contents of the stomach reentering the esophagus.
lower esophogeal
The cardiac sphincter is also known as the ________.
lower esophogeal sphincter
This sphincter is situated between the esophagus and stomach.
lower esophogeal sphincter
Which of the following is NOT classified as a complex carbohydrate?
maltose
A deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin is characterized by "the 4 D's" (dermatitis, dimentia, diarrhea, and death) are characteristics of a deficiency of this water-soluble vitamin.
niacin
Every amino acid has ________ in its chemical structure.
nitrogen
What element is found in proteins but NOT in carbohydrates or lipids?
nitrogen
Zane had his blood pressure measured at a health fair. The blood pressure reading was 116/76. This is considered ________.
normal
According to the MyPlate guidelines, fruits and vegetables should account for about ________ of the food on a person's plate.
one-half
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called ________.
osmosis
________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.
osteomalacia
Gabe's elderly neighbor told him that when he was growing up, the milkman would deliver glass bottles of milk to his family's doorstep. He wonders why milk is not available in glass bottles anymore. Gabe explains to him that light destroys certain water-soluble vitamins in milk and milk is now stored in opaque containers to protect _______ from destruction.
riboflavin
Painful cracks at the corners of the mouth and a swollen, red tongue are signs of a deficiency of _______.
riboflavin
This organelle resides in the cytoplasm of living cells and helps carry out protein synthesis by "translating" the mRNA strand.
ribosome
Suppose you want to have a salad with fresh fruits and vegetables. To help reduce reduce the risk of food-borne illness, you should
rinse them under cold running water
Regina's pregnant sister is interested in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two essential fatty acids that can be made from alpha-linolenic acid. She has heard that EPA and DHA are important for cancer prevention, brain health, cardiovascular disease prevention, and immune function. Which food is the best source of EPA and DHA?
salmon
Which of the following foods is NOT a significant source of carbohydrate?
salmon (fish)
Chyme is the
semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.
Which of the following substances is a complex carbohydrate?
starch
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that ________.
stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the small intestine
Regarding protein synthesis, _____ retrieves specific free amino acids in cytoplasm of cell and delivers to ribosomes along the mRNA strand.
t-RNA
A food-borne illness is a sickness caused by pathogens or their toxins in food.
true
ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration.
true
High-protein diets are associated with high urinary losses of calcium.
true
If Kara's body weight is 120 pounds, her RDA for protein is approximately 44 g.
true
In general, phosphorus from animal foods is more bioavailable than phosphorus from plant foods.
true
It is generally safe to eat food a day or two after the Sell-By Date.
true
Which of the following populations is at the greatest risk for a vitamin B-12 deficiency?
vegans
The GREEN section of MyPlate resents which food group?
vegestables
The GREEN section of MyPlate resents which food group?
vegetables
Today, Sean only ate three sandwiches made with whole-grain buns, 3 slices of cheese, and 10 ounces of roast beef. He also drank 3 cups of orange juice. According to MyPlate, he ate nothing from the food group that includes
vegetables.
Vegans are at risk for a deficiency of this vitamin because it is only found in animal products.
vitamin B12
This fat-soluble vitamin can be synthesized (made) in the GI tract
vitamin K
This hormone ( ______________ ) is stimulated by the presence of food and triggers this organ (____________ ) to secrete ________________ until food forms a semi-solid liquid.
Gastrin, Stomach, Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
LDL is often called the "good" cholesterol because it shuttles cholesterol from the tissues to the liver, where cholesterol can be processed or excreted.
false
In the near future, dietitians may have the ability to make dietary recommendations based on an analysis of a person's genetic makeup in addition to traditional forms of health assessment.
true
You are trying to decide what kind of sandwich to have for lunch. From your NutritionCalc Reports, you have discovered that your diet is often low in protein. Which of the following would give you the most protein per kcal? Turkey = 31 g Protein (310 kcals) Roast Beef = 27 g Protein (341 kcals) Ham = 24 g Protein (320 kcals) Tuna = 14 g Protein (290 kcals)
turkey
This sphincter is situated at the top of the esophagus.
upper esophogeal sphincter
A small flap of skin (called the epiglottis) folds over the trachea to direct food down the esophagus and prevent it from going to the lungs.
True
Lipids (dietary fats) are considered a nutrient.
True
One gram of protein provides 4 kilocalories (kcals) of energy.
True
This water-soluble vitamin is only found in animal products and is sensitive to microwave heating.
Vitamin B12
Stored in Muscle, Supports Immune System The Standard Nutrients Added to Enriched Foods Rickets, Osteomalacia, Osteoporosis Antioxidants AND Aid with Would Healing Broccoli, Potatoes, Kiwi, Strawberries, Peppers
Vitamin B6 Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Folate, Iron Vitamin D Vitamin A (beta-carotene), Vitamin C, Vitamin E Vitamin C
Vitamins that are involved in bone health include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Vitamin E
Which of the following is NOT one of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)?
Vitamins = 20 - 30% of kcals
Which of the following typically acts as a probiotic?
yogurt
Which of the following minerals is associated with taste acuity (taste perception) and normal growth and development?
zinc
Proteins ________.
are comprised of amino acids
If someone consumes excess energy (kcals) from protein, the extra protein is ultimately
converted into body fat and stored
If your diet supplies more sugar and starch than you need, the excess can be
converted into fat and stored.
Green leafy vegetables and orange juice are rich sources of ________.
folate
In the United States, salt is fortified with _____ to help prevent cretinism.
iodine
A child with protein-energy malnutrition has a high risk of dying from ________.
measels
The process of digesting food begins in the
mouth
The carbohydrate "family" includes sugars, starch, and fiber.
true
A kilocalorie is a unit of energy used to describe the amount of energy in a food or beverage. Which definition best describes how much energy is in one kilocalorie?
A kilocalorie is the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1° Celsius.
What is a "limiting" amino acid (in terms of protein synthesis)?
An essential amino acid present in insufficient quantity for body protein synthesis to take place
Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes, and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.
Case-control
This hormone ( ______________ ) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the small intestine and triggers this organ ( ____________ ) to secrete ________________ into the duodenum. This helps slow stomach motility and allows fat to be digested.
Cholecystokinin (CCK), Gallbladder, Bile
An "umbrella term" that includes all nutrient recommendations A "minimum" recommendation developed to meet the needs of 50% of a healthy population Recommendations for nutrients, developed to cover the needs of 98% of a healthy population A recommendation that's used when there's insufficient research to establish a more specific value A "maximum" nutrient recommendation set to guard against over-consumption
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) Adequate Intake (AI) Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Preliminary results of the Freshman Health Study at USU show a 50% decrease in vegetable consumption during the first semester of college (compared to the last 6 months of high school). Several participants in this study also gained weight during the same period of time. Which of the following conclusions would be MOST APPROPRIATE to make?
Eating fewer vegetables in college appears to be associated with weight gain.
Scientists would like to conduct a study to identify lifestyle factors that are associated with delayed physical growth among a group of low-income American children. Which of the following research designs would be the best for the researchers to use when designing their study?
Epidemiological
The pyloric sphincter is located at the top of the esophagus. And, like all sphincters, it is a circular muscle that opens and closes to regulate the movement of food particles.
False
Which of the following nutrient sources yields more than 4 kcals per gram?
Fat found in Plant Sources
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?
Fat-free milk
Which of the following foods is a natural source of vitamin D?
Fatty fish and fish oils
400 micrograms (mcg) 75 milligrams (mg) 1300 milligrams (mg) 4700 milligrams (mg) 125 milligrams (mg)
Folate Vitamin C (Female) Calcium (Teen) Potassium Vitamin C (Male Smoker)
Which of the following measurement techniques is a convenient, practical, and inexpensive way to determine if a person has an unhealthy distribution of body fat?
Measuring the person's waist circumference
Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?
Methionine
Over a 2-year period, a team of scientists records the eating behaviors and physical activity patterns of a group of healthy 8-year-old children to determine whether these factors are associated with weight gain. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.
Prospective
Which of the following substances is a macronutrient?
Protein
The ________ sphincter is located between the stomach and small intestine.
Pyloric
A double-blind study with a large sample size will produce more scientific results than a blind study with a small sample size.
True
After absorption, amino acids travel to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
True
This vitamin is stored in muscle tissue and is required for the synthesis of heme and nucleic acids.
Vitamin B6
If someone weighed 100 KILOGRAMS, what would their daily protein needs be (based on weight)?
about 80 grams
Dennis wants to gain weight, primarily as lean tissue. In addition to performing resistance exercise regularly, he should ________.
add nutrient-dense, healthy sources of energy to his diet, including fatty fish, whole-grain cereals, nuts, peanut butter, and olive oil
A common role of B vitamins is that they ________.
are important in energy metabolism as part of coenzymes
Which of the following is not one of the 9 essential amino acids?
arginine
Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?
avacado
Which of the following sources of oils would be recommended as part of a healthy diet?
avocado
Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he
avoid overeating at meals
Which of the following would have the LEAST amount of protein?
baby carrots
Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?
boiling in a saucepan of water
Which of the following symptoms is not associated with hypokalemia?
bone pain
Which of the following minerals is necessary for proper muscle contraction?
calcium
Plants make _______ by using the sun's energy to combine carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms from carbon dioxide and water.
carbohydrates
Eric's waist circumference is 42 inches. Based on this information, he has a high risk of ________.
cardiovascular disease
Consuela is an overweight young woman who wants to lose 10 pounds. The most reliable and safe way for her to lose this weight is to ________.
decrease her usual daily energy intake
Scientists conduct a study in which 100 adults with chronic diarrhea are divided into 2 groups with 50 people per group. One group is given a supply of yogurt that contains a certain kind of bacteria, and the other group is given yogurt that is bacteria-free. The study's participants and researchers do not know which group of subjects has the bacteria in the yogurt and which group does not. The scientists instruct the participants to eat the entire 8 ounces of yogurt once a day for a month and record their bowel habits. This is an example of a(n) ________ study. double-blind
double-blind
This segment of the small intestine is connected to the stomach and is where bile, bicarbonate, and other digestive juice enter the small intestine.
duodenum
If a diet does not provide adequate carbohydrate to meet immediate energy needs, the body compensates by altering its metabolism of other nutrients. Insufficient dietary carbohydrate can lead to elevated levels of ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are the by-products of partial breakdown of ________.
fat
Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?
flouride
This water-vitamin helps prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida and anencephaly.
folate
Megaloblastic anemia may occur as a result of a deficiency in ________.
folate or vitamin B-12
Betty is constipated; she generally has bowel movements only twice a week. To help relieve her constipation without taking medications, Betty should
increase her intake of foods that contain insoluble fiber.
This hormone is required for for glucose to enter body cells. It also transports excess carbohydrate back to the liver where it is either converted to glycogen or stored as fat.
insulin
________ must be added to grains during the enrichment process.
iron
This major mineral is required for bone mineralization and nerve transmission. Food sources include nuts, legumes, whole grains, and dark green vegetables.
magnesium
Goblet cells produce
mucus
In the body, Vitamin A plays important roles in all of the following EXCEPT
muscle contraction
Long-term vitamin B-12 deficiency results in nerve damage, because of the vitamin's role in the maintenance of _______.
myelin sheaths
Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?
parathyroid hormone
The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a ________.
peptide bond
Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called
peristalsis
Which of the following functions as an emulsifier in the body and is required for cell membrane structure?
phospholipids
________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes.
phospholipids
Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.
positive
Bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, milk, and other dairy products are all excellent food sources of this mineral (which is also an electrolyte).
potassium
Which of the following nutrients helps the body maintain normal fluid balance?
potassium
Which of the following foods would contain the LEAST amount of dietary fiber?
pudding
This sphincter is situated between the stomach and small intestine.
pyloric sphincter
A scientist has isolated a fatty acid that has 26 carbons bonded together. All of the carbon atoms in the chain are connected by single bonds. The only other elements in the compound are hydrogen and oxygen. Based on this information, the compound is a(n) ________ fatty acid.
saturated
During an online interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement, "Most Americans suffer from nutritional-deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________.
scare tactic
Carbohydrate absorption occurs almost exclusively in the ________.
small intestine
Lola doesn't like to cook, so she eats fast food at least three times a week. When she doesn't eat fast food, she opens a can of soup and makes a ham and cheese sandwich. For snacks, she prefers processed cheese cubes, potato chips, and pretzels. Based on this information, her diet is very high in ________.
sodium
A(n) ______ is circular muscle that opens and closes to regulate the movement of food particles during digestion.
sphincter
Mr. Stockton is a 64-year-old man who was admitted to the emergency room with extreme weakness, poor coordination, back-and-forth eye movements, and mental confusion. He had a CT scan to check for signs of stroke, but his results came back normal. After speaking with his family, his doctor learned that Mr. Stockton has a history of alcohol abuse. Based on this information, the physician should test the patient for a deficiency of _______.
thiamin
A person who has a BMI of 17.0 has a greater risk of infections than a person who has a BMI of 21.0.
true
Calcium-rich diets may protect against heart disease.
true
Carbohydrates are created via photosynthesis in plants.
true
Consumers of regular soft drinks are likely to have excessive energy intakes that contribute to weight gain.
true
Enzymatic digestion of proteins begins in the stomach.
true
Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of ________, the precursor for niacin.
tryptophan
A deficiency of _______ contributes to the development of osteomalacia and osteoporosis.
vitamin D
Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does NOT supply any energy for the human body?
vitamin D
Significant amounts of this nutrient can be found in vegetable oils and wheat germ.
vitamin E
Babies are given an oral dose or injection of this fat-soluble vitamin shortly after birth.
vitamin K
Which of the following is not a water-soluble vitamin?
vitamin K
This water-soluble vitamin is only found in animal products and is sensitive to microwave heating.
vitamin b12
People with low dietary consumption of vitamin K are at increased risk of bone fractures.
True
Taking excessive dietary supplements that contain vitamin E may lead to uncontrolled bleeding.
True
The term "appetite" describes a biological need for food.
false
Obesity increases the risk of sleep apnea.
true
Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?
vitamin c
Which of the following is a condition caused by protein-energy malnutrition and characterized by stunted growth, sparse and brittle hair, patches of skin discoloration, edema and swelling, a distended abdomen, infections, and poor wound healing?
Kwashiorkor
Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?
Observational study
Use of certain medications may increase an individual's nutrient needs.
True
Which of the following conditions is NOT a leading cause of death in the United States?
Tuberculosis
Which of the following Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) recommendations were developed to guard against overconsumption?
UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Levels)
People are likely to develop pellagra when they consume diets that are low in niacin and animal protein.
true
Plants make glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
true
Raw meats should be packed in separate plastic bags at the market or grocery store.
true
The vitamin content of vegetables is determined by growing conditions, including soil and sunlight.
true
This photo shows a woman washing fresh produce in the kithen sink. She is showing the proper washing technique by holding the carrot under fresh running water to remove dirt and bacteria that may be clinging to the surface.
true
To calculate body mass index, divide weight in kilograms by height in meters, squared.
true
Which of the following foods is a good source of zinc?
turkey
Vegans are at risk for a deficiency of this vitamin because it is only found in animal products.
vitamin b12
Which of the following body fat assessment techniques relies on the principle that water and electrolytes conduct electricity?
Bioelectrical impedance
Regarding protein synthesis, __________ is transcribed (copied) from a DNA template in the nucleus and serves as a "blueprint" for protein synthesis. After it enters the cytoplasm of a cell, it is "read" or decoded by ribosomes.
the m-RNA Strand
Three days after eating an undercooked hamburger patty at a picnic, Grace experienced intestinal cramps and bloody diarrhea. When Grace became too weak to walk, her roommate took her to the emergency room of a hospital. Grace required treatment for kidney failure. Based on this information, which of the following food-borne pathogens was most likely responsible for Grace's serious illness?
E coli
Alyssa is trying to become pregnant, and she wants to increase her dietary intake of folate. Which of the following key recommendations from the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans will help to improve Alyssa's folate intake?
Eat a variety of vegetables, especially dark-green, and red and orange vegetables, and beans and peas.
An amino acid consists of a "central carbon" and 4 "attachments". Which of the following is NOT part of an amino acid's chemical structure?
Helium (He)
The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) is responsible for defining serving sizes and Percent Daily Values (%DV) of nutrients listed on the Nutrition Facts Label.
True
The process of adding vitamins A and D to milk is called fortification.
True
_______ occurs when the normal shape of a protein is disrupted by exposure to heat or acid.
denaturation
________ is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein and, as a result, the molecule loses its usual function.
denaturation
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for Protein is 10 - 35% of kcals.
true
Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of ________ to be digested in the mouth.
starch
Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle information about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than participants who ate fewer than 5 servings of these foods daily. This study is an example of a(n) ________ study.
prospective
Consuming a diet rich in potassium has been associated with ________ blood pressure.
a reduction in
Which of the following foods contains a protein that decreases the bioavailability of Biotin?
raw eggs
A young man in a rural Iranian village eats very little meat and dairy products, but his diet contains a lot of unleavened whole-grain flat bread. He is very short for his age; his sexual organs are not fully developed; his intelligence is lower than normal; and he suffers from iron-deficiency anemia. Based on this information, the man probably has a(n) ________ deficiency.
zinc
