Nutrition Mastering Chapter 6 - Exam 2

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins -Liver

-Amino acids can be converted into glucose here -Amino acids that enter the bloodstream from the small intestine travel to here

Essential and nonessential amino acids

-Can be broken own by the body to provide energy -used for protein production in the body -contain nitrogen

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins -Small intestine

-Single amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides are absorbed here

How does your body use the protein once it has been ingested? Consider the following statements and select the correct ones regarding protein use.

-The liver uses amino acids to create glucose. - If calorie intake is inadequate, amino acids can be used for production of energy. -Amino acids are used to create new proteins.

Currently, _____ levels of protein structure have been identified.

4

The recommended protein intake for a 110-pound (50-kg) adult is _______.

40 g

Once amino acids have entered the amino acid pool, their primary metabolic fate is to become part of a protein produced within individual cells. But this is not the only possible metabolic fate for amino acids. Which of the following could not be a metabolic fate for an amino acid after it becomes part of the amino acid pool?

A. It could be stored intact to be used for protein production another day. B. It could be used to produce glucose. C. It could be used to make body fat. D. It could be used for energy production. Answer:A

The structure in the cell that contains DNA is called the nucleus.

DNA contains all of the instructions for building the hundreds of thousands of proteins that are found in the human body. To begin the translation stage, mRNA binds to a ribosome with the help of rRNA.

Symptoms such as edema, distention of the belly, loss of appetite, skin problems, and retarded growth and development are often associated with _______.

kwashiorkor

Tend to have wide ranges of rates of absorption into the body (varying bioavailability).

minerals Absorption of minerals from your foods can vary depending upon their bioavailability. For example, the mineral content of plants reflects the soil in which they are grown, as plants must derive nutrients from the soil through their roots. Some minerals compete with each other for absorption in your intestinal tract, and too much of one can cause an imbalance of another. Minerals are sometimes bound to other substances and your body cannot absorb them, they are instead eliminated from your body in your stool.

classified as inorganic

minerals Minerals are inorganic substances that play a role in body processes and are key to the structure of some tissues, such as bone.

Essential amino acids

must be consumed in the diet

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins -Pancreas

Proteases are produced here and delivered via a duct to the small intestine

gastrin is a hormone that controls the release of pepsin and the production of hydrochloric acid.

Protein is digested in the small intestine by enzymes called proteases.

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between amino acids and protein?

Protein is made of essential and nonessential amino acids.

Complete protein (High-quality)

-Chicken -Salmon fillet -Eggs -Cheese -Milk -Quinoa

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins -Stomach

-Hydrochloric acid denatures protein here -Pepsin is formed from pepsinogen here

mRNA role

-It carries a copy of the DNA instructions that dictate the sequence of amino acids for making a specific protein -The ribosome moves along this and reads the encoded information

Ribosome role

-It releases the amino acid chain once the chain is complete -It reads the nucleotide sequence and helps build the corresponding sequence of amino acids

Incomplete protein (Low-quality)

-rice -corn -peanut butter

_____ foods are sources of fat-soluble vitamins.

Fat-containing

Digestion and Absorption of Proteins -Mouth

Food containing proteins is crushed and moistened here

Which of the following groups of amino acids are essential?

Methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan

Which of the following is a characteristic of minerals but NOT vitamins?

Minerals are inorganic molecules, while vitamins are organic.

denaturation occurs when a protein is exposed to heat, acid, bases, or mechanical agitation resulting in unfolding of the protein, though the peptide bonds remain intact.

Single amino acids that are absorbed in the small intestine travel to the liver via the portal vein.

A segment of DNA that encodes for the production of a specific protein is called a(n) gene.

The ribosome reads the mRNA strand, and with the help of tRNA, builds the corresponding amino acid chain.

The 20 different amino acids are the building blocks used for protein synthesis.

The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, which denatures protein.

The body uses two types of amino acids: essential and nonessential. Which of the following statements about essential and nonessential amino acids is correct?

There are 11 nonessential amino acids

Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamins but NOT minerals?

They can be either water or fat soluble.

An amino acid chain made up of three amino acids joined together is called a tripeptide.

dipeptide describes an amino acid chain made up of two amino acids joined together.

The structure of each protein molecule is dictated by _________.

genetic material

Unlike lipids and carbohydrates, proteins are _______.

nitrogen containing

The link between beriberi and thiamin was first found through _____.

observation

When amino acids join together, they form _____.

peptides

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a disease in which the body cannot metabolize _____.

phenylalanine

Minerals are ________ elements.

inorganic

DNA role

instructions on how to build all proteins are stored in this molecule's nucleotide sequence

tRNA role

it transfers specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain

Toxicity from water-soluble vitamins is _____.

rare

An example of mutual supplementation would be ___.

red beans and rice

Water-soluble vitamins need to be consumed _____.

regularly

Which of the following vegetarian foods is almost identical in quality to meat?

soybeans

Chemical digestion of protein begins in the ______.

stomach

Overall, it is easier to develop a _______ nutrients from supplements than from foods.

toxic overload of

pepsin is the active form of the digestive enzyme pepsinogen.

Cleavage of proteins by pepsin in the stomach results in formation of shorter polypeptides, which get broken down further in the small intestine.

Small family farming is a more _________form of raising livestock.

environmentally friendly

A pescovegetarian would include _____ in their diet.

fish

A serious protein-energy malnutrition disease is ______.

marasmus

Are only water soluble.

minerals Minerals and water are essential for maintaining fluid balance inside your body, along with performing many other structural and functional roles in your body.

High protein intake may contribute to ______.

calcium excretion

Pregnant women are in ____ nitrogen balance.

postive

Frequently function as coenzymes in energy metabolism.

vitamins The B vitamins function as coenzymes in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.

no protein

butter and honey

Nonessential amino acids

can be made by the body

Trace minerals are those we need to consume in amounts less than _____ mg per day.

100

The body can make ______ nonessential amino acids.

11

Which of the following is a protein?

enzymes

select the correct statements regarding the role of DNA in protein synthesis.

- Nuclear DNA cannot leave the nucleus. -The DNA unwinds in order for a copy in the form of an mRNA molecule to be made of a gene.

To find gram of protein requirments

1. convert body weight from pounds to kilograms by 1 kilogram is 2.2 pounds -lb weight and divide by 2.2 2. RDA requirement 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram -take weight and multiply it by 0.8

Take a bite of peanut butter sandwich

1. food containing protein is crushed and moistened with saliva 2. Proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid, and pepsinogen is activated. 3. Pepsin breaks down proteins into single amino acids and polypeptides. 4. Proteases from the pancreas are secreted into the small intestine 5. Proteases break down polypeptides into mostly tripeptides and dipeptides 6. Tripeptides and dipeptides are broken down into single amino acids 7. Amino acids entering the circulatory system

Protein in the Body: From Food Protein to the Amino Acid Pool

1. normal protein 2. denatured protein 3. small peptide chains 4. amino acids

DNA does not build or synthesize a protein it encodes for; instead, DNA contains information that is copied by an enzyme to make mRNA, which leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome where the protein is built.

A type of RNA that plays the important role of transferring specific amino acids to the growing amino acid chain in the ribosomes is called tRNA.

When variations, also called mutations, occur within genes, the proteins that are encoded by those genes are modified. Many times, mutations occurring in genes do not result in noticeable effects on the proteins synthesized from them, and are, therefore, harmless. Other times, however, a certain genetic mutation may affect the final structure and function of a protein enough to result in disease. Which of the following statements correctly applies to the genetic disorders sickle-cell anemia and phenylketonuria?

The mutation that causes sickle-cell results in production of hemoglobin proteins which are misshapen; some of them look like half-moons.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of ALL vitamins and minerals?

They provide no kcalories for the body.

Most minerals are better absorbed from _____ sources than they are from supplements.

animal food

Minerals can undergo minor modifications and change their _____ structure.

atomic

High-protein intake is associated with high _______.

blood cholesterol

_____ is often a nutrient of concern in vegetarian diets.

vitamin D

Can be either water or fat soluble

vitamins A vitamin's chemical structure classifies whether it is fat soluble or water soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins need dietary fat to be properly absorbed in your body, whereas water-soluble vitamins are absorbed with water and typically are not stored for extended periods. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble; the B vitamins and vitamin C are water soluble.

Made up of organic molecules.

vitamins Vitamins are made up of organic compounds that usually have to be obtained from your foods.

Can be destroyed by cooking, heat, acid, oxygen, and UV light.

vitamins Water-soluble vitamins are more vulnerable to getting destroyed than fat-soluble vitamins. To preserve the vitamins in your produce, limit its exposure to air, keep it cool, use less water in cooking it, and reduce cooking time.

Are essential nutrients. They must be consumed for life.

vitamins and minerals A deficiency of any one will cause physiological symptoms. Balance is always best when it comes to meeting your vitamin and mineral needs.

Excessive intake can lead to toxicity.

vitamins and minerals Vitamin toxicity and mineral toxicity are very rare. Large quantities of stored fat-soluble vitamins, particularly A and D, can build up to the point of toxicity, causing harmful symptoms and conditions. In addition, consuming large amounts of trace minerals, including iron and copper, can have toxic effects. Toxicity can also happen when individuals consume megadose levels of supplements. In general, it is best to try and eat a variety of foods to meet your daily needs.

Provides no calories for the body.

vitamins and minerals Vitamins and minerals do not provide energy (calories) for your body.

Needed in very small amounts.

vitamins and minerals You only need small amounts for growth, reproduction, and overall good health.

Vitamin C and the B vitamins are all _________ vitamins.

water-soluble