Nutrition Study Guide #4

Match the following to their disease/deficiency state A) Iodide B) Zinc C) Iron D) Selenium A particular form of heart disease

D) Selenium

Which of the following individuals would be least likely to experience dehydration and not know it? A) Caleb, who has been ill with a fever B) Jed, an 85 year old widower C) Jen, a professional soccer player D) Trey, a 27 year old accountant

D) Trey, a 27 year old accountant

A deficiency of folate and vitamin _____ both result in ____________ _____________, formation of large immature red blood cells.

B12 megaloblastic anemia

"The amount of a substance (like a vitamin) that is absorbed into the bloodstream and is available to the body to use" is the definition of what word?

Bioavailability

Fat soluble vitamins have all of the following characteristics except: A) They are organic B) Are absorbed into the lymph system C) All are synthesized by the body D) Are stored in large quantities

C) All are synthesized by the body

Which vitamin(s) are produced by gut (intestinal) bacteria? Choose all that apply. A) Vitamin A B) Vitamin D C) Biotin D) Vitamin K

C) Biotin D) Vitamin K

Match the following minerals to their disease/deficiency A) Iron B) Selenium C) Iodide D) Calcium Congenital hypothyroidism in children

C) Iodide

Match the following to their disease/deficiency state A) Iodide B) Zinc C) Iron D) Selenium Low levels of hemoglobin

C) Iron

Fat soluble vitamins have all of the following characteristics except: A) They are organic B) Are absorbed into the lymph system C) Provide energy D) Are stored in large quantities

C) Provide energy

Which of the following are considered fat soluble vitamins? Choose all that apply A) Vitamin B B) Vitamin C C) Vitamin A D) Vitamin E

C) Vitamin A D) Vitamin E

The form of vitamin A found in plant sources is called ________________, whereas the form of vitamin A found in animal sources is called________________

Carotenoids, retinol/retinal

A deficiency of thiamin results in beriberi which translates to I can't I can't. Pellagra is a deficiency of niacin and the symptoms include diarrhea, dermatitis, _____________ and death.

Dementia

What are the symptoms of pellagra? What is a deficiency of?

Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death niacin

What does the acronym DASH stand for? When is it prescribed for a patient, and what is the focus of the diet?

Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) decreases sodium and lowers blood pressure. The diet focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low fat dairy products.

True or False: Minerals are destroyed by heat, light, and air during the cooking process

False

True or false. If false, explain why All essential vitamins are synthesized by the human body

False. Most essential vitamins can NOT be synthesized by the human body (they must be consumed in the diet)

During World War 1, inadequate intake of iodide resulted in an enlargement of the thyroid gland. The medical term for this is __________________.

Goiter

A friend recently had her annual physical, and her doctor informed her that her Vitamin A levels were too low. As a nurse, she comes to you for advice on what foods to consume to increase her vitamin A intake. Provide 4 examples of foods that are rich in preformed Vitamin A.

Liver, fish, fish oils, fortified milk, yogurt, eggs

Joy has come in for her annual physical. As you complete her physical you note that she appears tired and pale. Upon further discussion she shares that she has no appetite and is always cold. What mineral deficiency do you suspect?

Low iron levels (or anemia) would be appropriate answers

Match the vitamin to the deficiency Cheilosis

Riboflavin

What is bioavailability?

The degree to which a nutrient is absorbed and available to be used by the body

Match the mineral with the appropriate condition Hypogeusia

Zinc

Aldosterone is secreted from the __________ __________ to conserve sodium and water.

adrenal glands

The pituitary glands release ____________ __________ to decrease urine output

antidiuretic hormone

Like Vitamin A and E, it works as an ________________ scavenging free radicals. Combining iron with good sources of this vitamin will improve its absorption.

antioxidant

Are minerals considered essential or nonessential nutrients? The degree to which they can be absorbed is called their _____________________

essential nutrients bioavailability

__________________ important in the formation of collagen

vitamin C

An antioxidant found in cell membranes that decreases the risk for cancer and cell damage is _________.

vitamin E

Unlike _______________, minerals are not destroyed by _________, light, and exposure to air.

vitamins, heat

Match the following minerals to their disease/deficiency A) Iron B) Selenium C) Iodide D) Calcium Osteoporosis

D) Calcium

Match the following to their disease/deficiency state A) Iodide B) Zinc C) Iron D) Selenium Goiter

A) Iodide

Fat soluble vitamins have all the following characteristics except: A) They are inorganic B) They do not readily dissolve in water C) Are absorbed into the lymph system D) Are stored in large quantities

A) They are inorganic

Match the following minerals to their disease/deficiency A) Iron B) Selenium C) Iodide D) Calcium Anemia resulting from a low hematocrit and hemoglobin level

A) iron

To prevent dehydration two hormones are secreted. What are they?

Aldosterone and ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

The bioavailability (absorption) of minerals can be affected by several types of interactions. (1) State the interaction from the list that best describes what is occurring in the situation below. (2) List whether the interaction increases or decreases bioavailability. Phil uses an iron skillet to cook meat with stewed tomatoes or another vitamin C source. A. Mineral-mineral interaction B. Vitamin-mineral interaction C. Fiber-mineral interaction

(1) B. Vitamin-mineral interaction. (2) Bioavailability will increase.

Night blindness is an early sign of a deficiency of this vitamin: ________

A

Briefly explain the term hyposmia and state the mineral deficiency

A reduced sense of smell related to a zinc deficiency

What two hormones help prevent dehydration and how do they function?

Antiduretic hormone is released by the pituitary gland to signal the kidney to conserve water. Aldosterone is released from the adrenal glands signaling the kidneys to retain sodium which also leads to water retention

Which of the following individuals would be more likely to be dehydrated and not recognize that they are thirsty? A) Frank, a 40 year old, who walks 30 minutes daily B) Shelby, a 55 year old, who currently has the flu C) Jill, a young mom and a writer D) Kay, a high school student who is on the golf team

B) Shelby, a 55 year old, who currently has the flu

Match the following to their disease/deficiency state A) Iodide B) Zinc C) Iron D) Selenium Hyposmia

B) Zinc

Calcium is necessary for each of the following except: A) muscle contractions B) fluid control C) blood clotting D) nerve impulse transmission

B) fluid control

A deficiency of folate and vitamin ____________ both result in megaloblastic anemia, formation of large immature red blood cells.

B-12

Match the mineral to its function Chloride Phosphorus Potassium Magnesium Important for extracellular A key component in the production of ATP, DNA, and RNA Important for blood clotting, teeth, and bone structure Nerve impulse and muscle contractions

Chloride: Important for extracellular Phosphorus: Important for blood clotting, teeth, and bone structure Potassium: Nerve impulse and muscle contractions Magnesium: A key component in the productive of ATP, DNA, and RNA

Match the mineral with the appropriate condition Type 2 diabetes

Chromium

A deficiency results in scurvy which can be prevented by consuming ____________________.

Citrus fruits

Vitamin C is important is the formation of _______________

Collagen

List the four major functions of Vitamin C

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity, assisting in iron absorption, and boosting immune functions

What can be done to help the body absorb more iron?

Combining nonheme iron with heme iron or vitamin C with nonheme iron can aid in absorption.

Fat soluble vitamins have all the following characteristics except: A) They are organic B) They are dependent on fat intake C) Are absorbed into the lymph system D) All are synthesized by the body

D) All are synthesized by the body

Fat soluble vitamins have all the following characteristics except: A) They are organic B) They are dependent on fat intake C) Are absorbed into the lymph system D) Are vulnerable to cooking losses

D) Are vulnerable to cooking losses

True or false. If false, explain why The water soluble vitamins have a high likelihood of being toxic

False. The water soluble vitamins have a LOW likelihood of being toxic fat-soluble vitamins have a high likelihood of being toxic

True or False. If false, explain why. Vitamins help to regulate and support a variety of processes including digestive processes, absorption, and being an energy source.

False. Vitamins help to regulate and support a variety of processes including digestive processes, absorption, and *metabolism*. OR Vitamins are not an energy source for cells.

A friend recently had her annual physical, and her doctor informed her that her Vitamin D levels were too low. As a nurse, she comes to you for advice on what foods to consume to increase her vitamin D intake. Provide 4 examples of foods that are rich in Vitamin D.

Fatty fish, fortified cereals, eggs, butter, fortified milk, and yogurt

Jill enjoys walking and some group activities on the weekend. Jill wants to know how much water she should be consuming to stay hydrated. Explain to Jill the general recommendations for total fluid intake and the amount from fluids alone for females.

Females require 11 cups of total fluid a day and 9 cups from fluids alone.

The bioavailability (absorption) of minerals can be affected by several types of interactions. (1) State the interaction from the list that best describes what is occurring in the situation below. (2) List whether the interaction increases or decreases bioavailability. Jess is a vegetarian and always has fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains to ensure adequate fiber intake. To ensure that she is getting all her nutrients, she takes an iron supplement with dinner. A. Mineral-mineral interaction B. Fiber-mineral interaction C. Vitamin-mineral interaction

Fiber-mineral interaction Bioavailability will decrease

Match the mineral with the appropriate condition Mottling

Fluoride

A deficiency of _________ and vitamin B12 both result in megaloblastic anemia, formation of large immature red blood cells.

Folate

Match the vitamin to the deficiency Spina Bifida

Folate

What vitamin should a woman consider supplementing prior to conception and why?

Folate- to prevent neural tube defects that occur early in pregnancy

Explain the process of fortification

Fortification is the process of supplementing a product with vitamins that would not normally be in the food product.

Name and describe the two major types of iron. Which is more easily absorbed by the body?

Heme iron: Iron found in animal flesh in the form of hemoglobin or myoglobin Nonheme iron: elemental iron Heme iron is more readily absorbed by the body.

Name three factors that may negatively affect iron absorption

High fiber intake, Pica, and Zinc supplements interfere

It is important for women who may be pregnant or who are planning on becoming pregnant to discuss their folate intake with their doctor. Why or why not?

In pregnant women a deficiency of folate can result in neural tube defects.

Match the mineral with the appropriate condition Goiter

Iodide

What are ions?

Ions are minerals that have an electrical charge are are called electrolytes

Combining __________ with good sources of Vitamin C will improve its absorption

Iron

A deficiency of what mineral leads to anemia? Name three clinical symptoms of anemia.

Iron Clinical symptoms of anemia include pale skin, poor temperature regulation, fatigue, and loss of appetite.

Name the food sources that are good sources of heme iron

Iron found in animal flesh is in the form of hemoglobin or myoglobin (found in muscle cells) is referred to as heme iron and is easily absorbed

Chad had his hemoglobin and hematocrit levels checked at his latest doctor visit. What mineral is part of the hemoglobin?

Iron is the part of the hemoglobin in red blood cells

Choose two minerals, one from each major class. Describe the symptoms of a deficiency in the mineral and suggest a way in which the deficiency may be avoided.

Magnesium (Mg) is a major mineral. If Mg is deficient, it can result in seizures, muscle pain, irregular heartbeats, overall weakness. To avoid this symptoms, introduce more dairy products, plants and meat into your diet. Iron (Fe) is a trace mineral. If Fe is deficient, it can result in anemia and symptoms related to anemia such as fatigue and poor temp regulation. To avoid or less symptoms eat more iron-fortified cereals.

What are the two main classes of minerals and what determines which class a mineral is assigned?

Major minerals (minerals which are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day) and Trace minerals (minerals which are needed in amounts less than 100 mg/day)

A friend of yours is a weight lifter. He just purchased a supplement of Vitamin B-6. What are the side effects of mega doses of this vitamin? Why would he consider taking this?

Megadoses of B-6 can cause hand and foot numbness as well as irreversible nerve damage Weight lifters use large amounts to build muscle mass

_____________ are essential nutrients. The degree to which they can be absorbed is called their ________________.

Minerals bioavailability

Emma has noticed white and yellow spots on her teeth. This condition is known as _________________. State the final that is causing the spots

Mottling which is caused by excess fluoride

Match the vitamin to the deficiency Pellagra

Niacin

Choose one B vitamin. Describe in your own words the symptoms of the deficiency of that vitamin and which foods you'd recommend adding to a diet to prevent those symptoms.

Niacin (B-3). Symptoms of a B3 deficiency include dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis. The foods that would prevent those symptoms would be fish, peanuts, nuts, chicken, and enriched breakfast cereals.

Explain the process of Enrichment and why it is necessary during food processing

Nutrients are lost in the milling process. Enrichment is the process of adding them back to the final food product

What form of vitamin A is Beta-carotene considered to be?

Provitamin A or Carotenoids

What two ions control the extracellular water volume?

Sodium and chloride

There are six ions that are important in fluid regulation. Name 4.

Sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, calcium,

How does one's iron status impact the absorption of iron? Provide an example of an individual who would experience increased iron absorption.

Someone who is deficient in iron will have increased absorption. An individual who is going through a period of growth (infants, children and teens), an individual who is anemic (low iron levels) and pregnancy.

True or False. If false, explain why The B complex vitamins and vitamin C have minimal storage in the body and must be consumed daily

True

True or False. If false, explain why Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered fat soluble vitamins

True

True or false: The B complex vitamins and vitamin C have minimal storage in the body and must be consumed daily

True

True or false? If false, explain why The majority of the essential vitamins are not synthesized by the body and must be consumed in the diet

True

Carotenoids and retinal are two forms of what vitamin?

Vitamin A

Match the following vitamins withe correct statement or deficiency: Yellowing of the hang_____

Vitamin A

Xeropthalmia is a result of a deficiency in _________________

Vitamin A

Xeropthalmia is a result of a deficiency of _____________

Vitamin A

For each fat soluble vitamin, provide the following information: the common forms of the vitamin, whether or not the body can produce the vitamin, what the vitamin does within the body, what are the results of a deficiency of the vitamin, whether or not an overabundance of the vitamin may be harmful, and what foods are rich in the vitamin? Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E

Vitamin A: The body cannot produce this; it comes from animals sources and carotenoids in plants. It assists with vision and skin health. A deficiency in vitamin A leads to vision loss and stunted growth. Too much vitamin A can leads to an increased risk in liver toxicity, hip fractures, and birth defects. Good sources of vitamin A include dairy, fish oils, and dark green leafy vegetables Vitamin D: The body can produce this, especially in the skin. Vitamin D assists with blood pressure, muscle health, skin growth, and bone metabolism and calcium regulation. Overabundance of Vitamin D can result in toxicity. A deficiency can lead to porous bones, increased risk of cancer, infections, and autoimmune disease. Take a Vitamin D supplement to prevent this. Vitamin E: The body can produce this. It assists in saving cell membranes from being hurt by free radicals, decreases cancer risk, and increases heart health. Overabundance can be toxic to the body, while deficiencies can result in the breakdown of cells and hemolysis. To prevent this, eat sources of food high in Vitamin E like nuts, cereals, oils, and eggs.

Match the vitamin to the deficiency Pernicious Anemia

Vitamin B12

Name the vitamin that iron absorption and immunity are dependent upon

Vitamin C

A deficiency in ______________ results in _________ which can be prevented by consuming citrus fruits. This vitamin is often marketed as a cure for the common cold.

Vitamin C scurvy

Lack of this vitamin can lead to rickets in children and osteoporosis in adults

Vitamin D

Match the following vitamins withe correct statement or deficiency: Individuals need to li

Vitamin K

Provide two examples of Essential Vitamins that can be synthesized by our bodies.

Vitamin K, Vitamin D, biotin, and niacin (vitamin D is produced when the skin is exposed to sunlight; niacin can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan; and vitamin K and biotin are synthesized by bacteria living in the gut.)

Match the following vitamins with the correct statement or deficiency Vitamin K Vitamin D Vitamin E Retinal Small amounts of this vi Osteomalacia is the re The chemical name of th Helps the eye adjust from

Vitamin K: Small amounts of this vi Vitamin D: Osteomalacia is the re Vitamin E: The chemical name of th Retinal: Helps the eye adjust from

Would vitamins or minerals be more likely to be destroyed during the cooking process?

Vitamins

_________________ are essential nutrients. The degree to which they can be absorbed is called their bioavailability

Vitamins and/or minerals

What is intracellular fluid?

Water found inside the cell (cell membranes)

Jeff is a wrestler and has been trying to lose weight, he has restricted his intake of protein, sodium and especially fluids. Recently he noticed a change in the color of his urine and is dehydrated. State how Jeff's urine color has changed and explain why it has occurred.

When there is inadequate fluid intake the urine becomes concentrated and appears darker in color. (Urine color should be pale to clear yellow.)

Plant pigments that play an important role in preventing cardiovascular disease: _________.

cartenoids

Vitamin C is important in the formation of ___________ a connective tissue. Like Vitamin ____ and ____, it works as an antioxidant scavenging free radicals. Combining ________ with good sources of this vitamin will improve its absorption.

collagen E, A Iron

Pellagra is a deficiency of niacin and the symptoms include diarrhea, dermatitis, _____________ and death.

dementia

When water is outside of a cell it is part of the _________________ fluid

extracellular

When water is inside of a cell it is part of the ________________ fluid

intracellular

Minerals needed in amounts > 100 mg per day are called ___________ ____________ while those needed in quantities < 100 mg daily are ______ ____________

major minerals trace minerals.

When water moves from inside the cell to outside the cell it does so by which process?

osmosis

The _________ _________ release antidiuretic hormone to decrease urine output.

pituitary glands

Ariboflavinosis results from a ___________ deficiency leading to an inflamed tongue known as glossitis and ___________, cracks around the mouth.

riboflavin, cheilosis

What six ions are listed as being responsible for your body's water balance?

sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium and calcium

A deficiency in __________ results in beriberi which translates to I can't I can't

thiamin

What are the eight B vitamins?

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, folate and vitamin B-12