nutrition test 2
What deficiency would you suspect if a person has flaky and itchy skin, diarrhea, and poor wound healing with infections?
Essential fatty acids
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
Lipoprotein
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream as a part of:
Lipoproteins
______ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.
Lipoproteins
Which lipoprotein can be taken up by scavenger cells, leading to a buildup of cholesterol in the blood vessels?
Low-density lipoprotein
As very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) circulate through the bloodstream, they deliver triglycerides to cells throughout the body. After most of the triglycerides have been removed from a VLDL, the remaining lipoprotein is called a
Low-density lipoproteins
What are some of the positive attributes of fat in the diet?
Many flavors are fat-soluble, so fat enhances the flavor of foods. Fat imparts a creamy texture to foods.
A greater intake of fish above two servings per week results in ______.
5-6% total kilocalories
Which fatty acid increases and which decreases blood clotting?
Omega-3 decreases and Omega-6 increases blood clotting
Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?
They are energy dense. They are chemically stable.
Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?
They keep mixtures of oil and water from separating.
Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?
They keep mixtures of oil and water from seperating
In the small intestine, lipase breaks down ______ to produce a mixture of fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides.
Triglycerides
True or false: HDL removes cholesterol from cells and returns to the liver for excretion.
True
What is a triglyceride?
a molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
The body can make ______ of the cholesterol it needs.
all
omega-3
alpha-linolenic acid
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
alpha-linolenic acid linoleic acid
Where does lipoprotein lipase break down triglycerides?
bloodstream
How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
by the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbons on the fatty acid. by whether they are saturated or unsaturated.
Plaque is a cholesterol-rich substance that contains ______.
calcium white blood cells various proteins
What's true about high-fat foods in our diet?
can be included in a healthy eating pattern if they are balanced with low-fat foods.
About half of the energy used by the body at rest and during light activity comes from fat, the remainder comes from ______.
carbohydrates
If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider ______.
changes in the flavor of the food product. changes in the texture of the food product.
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
chicken eggs ice cream
Atherosclerotic plaque buildup begins in ______.
childhood
Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?
cholesterol
Which fat is used to make bile acids?
cholesterol
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.
cholesterol
Whats a Monounsaturated fatty acid?`
contains one carbon-carbon double bond
Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?
contributes to plaque in arteries
Which symptom of a heart attack is common among men but not seen as often in women?
crushing pain or squeezing pressure in the chest
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
insulation transport of fat-soluble vitamins energy storage
Typical warning signs of a heart attack include
irregular heartbeat. intense, prolonged chest pain or pressure, sometimes radiating to other parts of the upper body. shortness of breath.
The phosphate heads located in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane are ______.
lined up so they face the watery environments on the inside and outside of the cell They are also water-soluble
omega-6
linoleic acid
Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ______ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.
lipids
Which nutrient is an important source of fuel for the body, a regulator of chemical processes in the body, and a structural component of all cells?
lipids
Fat located just below the surface of the skin (subcutaneous fat) insulates the body and keeps it warm. This is because fat's ______ water content does not conduct heat well.
low
______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.
low
The products of fat digestion in the small intestine are: monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol
monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol
When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because
more sugar has been added
Which of the following is a leading source of fat in the Mediterranean diet?
olive oil
Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of
omega-3
People who eat fish at least twice a week have lower risks for heart attacks. This protection is attributable to ______, which reduces blood clotting.
omega-3 fatty acids
Linoleic acid is an ______.
omega-6 fatty acid
What are some food sources that contain 50% of total calories or more from fat?
peanut butter milk chocolate bar avocados
A ______ is a type of lipid that contains a glycerol backbone, two fatty acids, and a phosphorus group.
phospholipid
What is the function of an emulsifier?
suspends fats in water
The complexity of the different fatty acids found in a triglyceride contributes to a food's unique ______.
taste and smell
Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ______ fatty acids.
unsaturated
Which lipoproteins are made by the liver?
very low density lipoproteins
Triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles
when the body is at rest. during low-intensity physical activity.
Heart disease is the ______ leading cause of death among North American adults.
#1
Arrange the following foods from lowest percentage of kcal from fat (at the top of the list) to highest percentage of kcal from fat (at the bottom of the list).
1. Bread 2. Whole milk 3. Cheddar cheese 4. Canola oil
For adults, the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for fat is ______% to _______%
20-35% total kilocalories
What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for lipids according to the Food and Nutrition Board?
20% to 35% of total calories
Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?
Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources
Which of the following are functions of phospholipids in the body?
Formation of cell membranes Absorption and transport of nutrients Digestion of fats
What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids?
Growth restriction Impaired wound healing Flaky/itchy skin
What is the latest recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for dietary cholesterol?
Keep dietary cholesterol as low as possible while still meeting your needs for essential nutrients.
Which of the following are components of phospholipids?
Phosphate Fatty acids Glycerol
Choose a function of fat tissue.
Protect organs from injuryq
______ occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen.
Rancidity
______ fatty acids contain no carbon-carbon double bonds.
Saturated
The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to ______.
decrease saturated fat intake
The AHA have set no specific limits on dietary cholesterol because ______.
dietary cholesterol has little impact on blood cholesterol levels
Typical warning signs of a heart attack in women include
dizziness. nausea and vomiting. jaw, neck, and shoulder pain.
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
do not readily dissolve in water.
Unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature because their ______ prevent them from packing closely together.
double bonds
A major function of phospholipids (e.g., lecithin) in foods is to act as (a)n
emulsifier
True or false: High-fat foods cannot be included in a healthy, well-balanced dietary pattern.
false
A molecule with a long chain of carbons bonded together and flanked by hydrogens with an acid group on one end and a methyl group on the other end is called a
fatty acid.
Lipoprotein lipase breaks triglycerides into ______.
free fatty acids glycerol
The three-carbon alcohol that forms the backbone of a triglyceride is
glycerol
A myocardial infarction is also known as a(n)
heart attack.
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
ice cream chicken eggs
The American Heart Association's recommendation to limit saturated fat intake to no more than 5% to 6% of total calories is intended for
individuals at risk for heart disease.
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
salad oils avocado butter whole milk
Which type of fatty acid is able to stack its fatty acids closely, producing a fat that is solid at room temperature?
saturated
Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels?
saturated fat intake trans fat intake
What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?
stomach salivary glands pancreas
A cerebrovascular accident is also called a
stroke
When fat is removed from a food product, ______ is often added in its place.
sugar
Salivary and gastric lipase digest primarily ______.
triglycerides butterfat short-chain fats
Lipids in foods and in the body are mostly in the form of
triglycerols
True or false: Dietary fats consist of a complex mixture of several different types of fatty acids.
true
True or false: Lipids are composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
true
True or false: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature.
true
