Nutrition: Unit 3: Chapter 12:

Distinguish between hyperkalemia and hypokalemia.

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How many minerals are essential to body function?

14 of the 92 minerals are essential.

"Low sodium" means there is less than ____ milligrams of sodium per serving (make sure to look at the serving size!), while "sodium free" means the product contains up to ___ milligrams per serving. "Reduced sodium" means that the sodium content or the "regular" version has been reduced by ___ percent, and "light in sodium" means it has been reduced by ___ percent.

140, 5, 25, 50

The daily minimum amount of sodium needed for normal body function is ____ milligrams, or about enough to cover the face of a penny. However, planning a balanced diet with such a small amount of sodium is virtually impossible, so the DRI committee set an AI recommendation at a more realistic level: _____ milligrams daily for adults up to 51 years of age. Americans currently consume more than ____ the recommended amount or over _____ milligrams, of sodium daily on average.

180, 1,500, double, 3400, 1/2.

The bioavailability of magnesium in a typical diet is about ____. Diet high in ____ and _____, which are high in phytates, also ____ magnesium absorption.

50%, fiber, whole grain, lower.

Magnesium (Mg++) is the fourth most abundant cation (positively charged ion) in the body. About ____ percent is found in _____, 25 percent in ______, and the remainder inside various other cells.

60, bones, muscle.

Calcium (Ca++) is one of the most abundant divalent cation in nature. Calcium is also the most abundant mineral (electrolyte) in the body. Over ____percent of the body's calcium is located in the _____ and ____.

99, bones, teeth.

Define bioavailability and describe the factors that can affect it.

Bioavailability are the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from food and used in the body. Nutritional status, or the amount of the minerals stored in the body will influence how much is absorbed.

Other than dairy products, name 4 other excellent sources of calcium.

Bok Choy, broccoli, canned salmon with bones, and tofu are good sources of calcium.

What is the relationship between bone mineral density and osteoporosis?

Bone mineral density is the amount fo minerals, in particular calcium, per volume in an individual's bone. Osteoporosis is a condition where the bones are less dense, increasing the risk of fractures.

Define cofactor and distinguish between a cofactor and a coenzyme

Cofactors are similar to a coenzyme, a substance that binds to an enzyme to help catalyze a reaction. A cofactor refers to a metal ion, while a coenzyme is usually an organic molecule.

The bioavailability of calcium in various foods can be influenced by other food components. For example, vitamin ___ and ____ each improve the absorption of calcium. ______ intake may also influence the absorption of calcium from the meal. Low ____ intake reduces the amount of calcium absorbed through the intestines and high _____ intake increase the amount of calcium excreted in the urine.

D, lactose, protein, protein, protein.

What does the acronym DASH stand for? Is the DASH diet an effective diet for lowering high blood pressure? Explain.

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. Yes, the diet helped reduce blood pressure levels.

Potassium helps maintain ______ and acts as a ______ buffer. Potassium also helps with ______ and _____ conduction. Potassium can help lower ______ and plays a role in _____ health and reduces _______.

Fluid balance, blood, muscle contraction, nerve impulse, high blood pressure, bone, kidney stones

Name several foods high in potassium?

Fruits, veggies, especially bananas, watermelon, potatoes, leafy greens, and sweet potatoes are a good source of potassium.

Distinguish between hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

Hypercalcemia is abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. Hypocalcemia is abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood.

Distinguish between hypernatremia and hyponatremia?

Hypernatremia is an excessive amounts of sodium in the blood. Hyponatremia is abnormally low levels of sodium in the blood.

Compare and contrast minerals and vitamins.

Minerals are inorganic elements essential to the nutrition of humans, while vitamins are made up of thirteen essential, organic micronutrients that are needed by the body for normal functions.

Can minerals be toxic? How common is mineral toxicity, and what is most likely to cause it?

Minerals can be toxic if ingested in high amounts. It is rare since toxicity found in food are not that high. The most likely cause of toxicity is taking large amounts of supplements

The vast majority of sodium, a hefty 77 percent in American diets, comes from ______ foods such as _____ cured meats, and ______ or packaged meals. Comparing the amount of sodium in a fresh tomato (___ milligrams) to the amount found in a cup of canned tomatoes ( ____ milligrams) quickly illustrates just how much sodium is added by manufacturer's during processing.

Processed, canned goods, frozen, 11, 355

______ accounts for almost all the chloride you ingest daily.

Table salt

What is the peak bone mass and at what age is it generally reached?

The genetically determined maximum amount of bone mass an individual can build up.

Why is hypertension referred to as the "silent killer"? What symptoms may occur as the result of chronic hypertension?

There are no visible symptoms and people can be unaware that they have it.

List and briefly describe some controllable and some uncontrollable factors that influence your risk of hypertension.

Uncontrollable: family history, aging process, race. Controllable: diet, alcohol consumption, body weight and physical activity.

Phosphorus is part of the _______ molecule and thus helps store energy generated from metabolism. Phosphorus is also part of creatine phosphate, which is found in _____. Creatine phosphate can provide phosphorus to ADP when cells require more energy.

adenosine, muscle.

Chlorine assists in the removal of CO from the _____, helping maintain a _______ pH range, and participates in digestion as part of hydrochloric acid.

blood, normal.

Calcium helps build strong ____ and _____, plays a role in muscle contraction and stimulates the release of neurotransmitters that help transmit impulses. Also, calcium may help ____ high blood pressure and prevent _____ cancer. Calcium may reduce the risk of ______ and the risk of _____.

bones, teeth, lower, colon, kidney stones, obesity.

If blood becomes too acidic or too basic, phosphorus can act as a ____. Phosphorus is also part of the backbone of ____ and ____ molecules.

buffer, DNA, RNA

In the body, sodium is a major _____ and cation (positive ion) found primarily in the ____ and _____ fluid surrounding the cells. Its location in these two compartments plays a key role in regulating _____ volume.

electrolyte, blood, extracellular, blood.

In addition to the roles of some minerals in _____ and _____ minerals frequently work together to perform other important functions in the body, such as forming ______ (iron and copper), building healthy ____ (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride) and maintaining a healthy _____ system (zinc). Minerals can also be part of enzymes, participate in ______, and play an invaluable role in ____ growth.

fluid, electrolyte balance, blood, bones, immune, energy production, structural.

Sodium plays an important role in regulating _____ balance. Sodium also plays a role in transmission of ________, participates in ______ and helps ________ some nutrients. In addition, sodium _______ food and _____flavor.

fluid, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, transport, affects the taste, used to preserve.

What are the major food sources of magnesium in Americans' diets? What beverages contain magnesium?

green leafy veggies, whole grains, nuts, legumes, and fruits. the beverages are coffee, tea, and cocoa.

many people know that a diet too high in sodium is often linked to one of the nation's biggest health problems: _______. Fewer people know that consuming too much sodium can also contribute to calcium deficiency _______,_______, ________, ________, and _______.

high blood pressure, osteoporosis, fluid retention, weight gain, stomach ulcers, stomach cancer.

Define hypertension.

high blood pressure.

Potassium (K) is the major cation (positively charged ion) found in the _____ fluid.

intracellular

The more calcium consumed at one time, the _____ the rate of absorption. Therefore, consuming a calcium- containing food in _____ portions will increase the amount of calcium you absorb overall.

lower, smaller.

Consuming large amounts of magnesium, especially from supplements, has been shown to cause intestinal problems such as diarrhea, cramps, and nausea. In fact, some laxatives (such as milk of _____) contain magnesium becusae of its known cathartic effect.

magnesium

Vitamin D enhances its bioavailability. Other mineral including ______, ______, and ______, will decrease the absorption of phosphorus.

magnesium, calcium, aluminum.

Minerals are classified into two groups. The _____ or _____, are major because humans need to consume them in amounts greater than ____ milligrams per day. The second group is the ______ are also known as ________, because they are needed in amounts less than ___ milligrams per day, and the body contains less than 5 grams total.

major minerals, macrominerals, 100, trace minerals, microminerals, 20.

Magnesium is needed for ______ and to maintain healthy _____, _____, _____, and _____.

metabolism, muscles, nerves, bones, heart.

The _____ charged of CI balances the _____ charge of Na+ in the _______ fluid to maintain ______ balance.

negative, positive, extracellular, fluid.

Sodium and chloride are mainly located _____ of cells, and potassium is primarily found _____ of cells. These minerals or electrolytes primarily control fluid balance

outside, inside.

The best way to reduce sodium intake is to limit consumption of _______ and bypass the salt shaker at the table. When cooking, season foods with ______, or other flavorings such as ______ pepper, _______ sauce, ______ juice, or a no-salt seasoning blend instead of salt.

processed foods, a variety of herbs, black, tabasco, lemon.

Phosphorus is the _____ most abundant mineral in the body. The majority of phosphorus--about 85 percent-- is found in _____ tissue and bound to calcium. The remainder is in the ____, _____, and ______ fluid.

second, bone, cell membrane, extracellular.

Chloride is an anion (negative ion) almost always attached to ______ as sodium chloride (salt) in foods. Within the body, this major _______ is found mostly in the ______ (88%) and the remainder (12%) found in the ______ fluid as part of hydrochloric acid (HCI) in the stomach.

sodium, electrolyte, blood, intracellular

Sulfur- based substances called ____ are used as _____ by food manufacturers. They help prevent food spoilage and ______ in foods such as dried fruits. People who are sensitive to _____ may experience headache, sneezing, swelling of the throat, or haves and should avoid sufite- containing foods and beverages.

sulfites, preservatives, discoloration, sulfites.

Sulfate (SO4) is the oxidized form of the mineral _____ that is found in plants and occurs naturally in drinking water. In the body, sulfate is usually found as part of other compounds, mostly protiens. It is also part of two important B vitamins, thiamin and biotin.

sulfur

The amino acids methionine and cysteine both contain sulfur. These tow amino acids are incorporated into the body proteins and help give proteins their _______ shape. This enables the protein to perform effectively as enzymes and hormones and provide structure to the body.

three-dimensional