Nutritional Foundations ch 3

An example of a problem caused by a sphincter muscle not operating properly is

Heart burn

Chemicals that act as messengers are called

Hormones

If a meal is eaten at noon, by 8 PM that evening, the food would probably be in the

Small intestine

Peristalsis is necessary to make it possible for people to _____ food.

Swallow

If peristalsis were to reverse direction, the result would be

Vomiting

Dehydration may occur after

Vomiting and diarrhea

People tend to feel full for longer after eating a high-fat meal rather than a low-fat meal because

fat in the duodenum causes release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide, which decreases peristalsis of the stomach.

Release of digestive secretions into the small intestine is caused by _____ that are released when _____.

hormones; enters the small intestine

The most important function of the villi of the small intestine is to

increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

The body process over which people have most conscious control is

ingestion

A person who complains of problems with gas, bloating, and diarrhea if he or she eats breakfast cereal with milk, but not if he or she eats pancakes or waffles, may have

lactose intolerance.

If the large intestine did not carry out its main function, feces would be

liquid.

The best description of an enzyme is a(n)

organic catalyst.

Nutrients are considered to have become part of the body only once they have

passed through the microvilli cells

An example of catabolism is the

the breakdown of glucose to provide energy

If the small intestine did not release secretin, the result would be that

the chyme entering the small intestine would be too acidic for digestive enzymes to work.

If pancreatic secretions were absent,

there would be no bicarbonate to buffer the acid in chyme entering the duodenum.

The adjectives mechanical and chemical describe two

types of action that result in digestion.

Examples of mechanical digestion include

churning and mixing of food in the stomach.

A busy and stressed person who eats very few fruits and vegetables and does not take time to exercise is likely to experience

constipation

The action of salivary amylase in the mouth is an example of

chemical digestion.

If the speed of peristalsis were to increase, the result would be

Diarrhea

Healing of a broken bone is an example of

anabolism

The most important functions of the small intestine are

digestion and absorption

What is the main difference between passive diffusion and active transport?

Active transport requires energy; passive diffusion does not.

The part of the digestive system that is easiest to live without is the

Appendix

The bloodstream carries nutrients to the liver soon after absorption because the liver

is an important site of metabolism and production of vital substances.

Most mechanical breakdown of food occurs in the

mouth and stomach.

The layer of the gastrointestinal tract that contributes most to mechanical digestion of food is the

muscularis

When someone walks by a bakery and smells the fresh bread, his or her mouth starts to water. As the person thinks about eating the fresh bread, another digestive function that starts to occur is

release of the hormone gastrin in the stomach.