Nutrition/Metabolism Review McGraw Hill Connect

A single "turn" of the Krebs cycle will yield __________.

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

The net yield of glycolysis from a single glucose molecule includes __________.

2 NADH and 2 ATP.

The initial reaction of the Krebs cycle involves the addition of a

2-carbon molecule to a 4-carbon molecule.

The Daily Values appearing on food labels are based on a ________ kilocalorie reference diet.

2000.

Aerobic respiration can produce around __________ ATP per glucose molecule and lactic acid fermentation produces __________ ATP.

32; 2

During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.

4; 2; 2.

When is NAD+ reduced to form NADH in glycolysis?

After cleavage of sugar.

Which of the following statements is true?

Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids.

Which of the following molecules has the most stored chemical energy?

C4H10.

Which of the following does not contribute to basal metabolism?

Exercise programs.

Fast-twitch muscle cells rely heavily on anaerobic respiration for their ATP production, whereas slow-twitch muscle cells rely on aerobic respiration. Considering this information, which of the following is true?

Fast-twitch muscle cells have a poor blood supply compared to slow-twitch muscle fibers.

Which of the following events takes place during the absorptive state?

Glucose is converted into energy, glycogen, or fats.

Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

Glycolysis.

As electrons are passed down the electron-transport chain, their energy decreases with each step. Where does their energy go?

It is in the form of potential energy in the H+ concentration gradient.

The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport system initially belonged to __________.

NADH and FADH2

When an amino acid undergoes oxidative deamination, ammonia, a keto acid, and NADH are produced. Considering this information, which of the following is true?

Oxidative deamination releases energy that is used to form NADH.

Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?

Vitamins.

Before entering the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is converted to __________.

acetyl-CoA.

Essential nutrients

cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.

When amino acids are linked together to form a protein, _____________.

energy from ATP is consumed.

When excess glucose is present, it is used to form glycogen through a process called _________.

glycogenesis.

The movement of protons through ATP synthase occurs from the

intermembrane space to the matrix.

With uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the increased lipid metabolism will cause an increase in formation of ______ .

ketone bodies.

Under anaerobic conditions, the end product of glycolysis is converted to __________.

lactic acid.

The transformation of acetyl-CoA to free fatty acids is a process called _______.

lipogenesis.

The _________ is the total amount of energy produced and used by the body per unit of time.

metabolic rate

In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.

oxaloacetic.

The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 32 molecules due to all of the following, except

production of lactic acid.

Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a __________ pump that removes H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and pumps it into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

proton.

In glycolysis, glucose is converted to __________

pyruvate.

The gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact is __________.

radiation.

If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, _______ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.

sweating

Cyanide prevents the fourth complex in the electron-transport chain from transferring electrons to oxygen, the final electron acceptor. This will prevent

the formation of water from the electron-transport chain.

Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism are called __________.

vitamins