OBHR 330 Exam 2

What is personality? What are features of personality?

structures inside a person that explain their thoughts, emotions, behavior.

What is motivation? What is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

A set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee. Intrinsic: Motivated because work is contributing to larger purpose. Extrinsic: Motivated because of award or avoid punishment.

Is personality driven by nature or by nurture? The change pattern of personality over the lifespan.

Both nature and nurture. Personality remains mostly the same throughout lifetime.

What is bounded rationality? Which biases did we discuss that hinder our ability to make good decisions? Understand selective perception, projection, stereotyping, heuristics (representativeness, availability, anchoring and adjustment, framing, confirmation bias), attribution error, self-serving bias, and escalation of commitment.

Cannot make optimal decision because of limited information. Selective perception: see environment like it only affects them. Projection: Project our own thoughts and motives on others. Stereotyping: Make assumptions of others based on their social group

What is expectancy theory, and what are the three beliefs that help determine how work effort is directed?

Describes cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different variable responses. Work effort is directed by= Expectancy: effort results in performance. Instrumentality: Performance will result in outcomes. Valence: Outcomes will be valuable.

What is the effect of conscientiousness on job performance and organizational commitment?

Conscientiousness: greatest influence on job performance, strongly correlated with longevity

In what three sources can trust be rooted? Know the differences between them. Understand the relationship between time and source.

Disposition: generally accept people to be truthful. Cognition: characteristics of trustee that inspires trust. Affect: trust because you have feelings for them.

What dimensions can be used to describe the fairness of an authority's decision making? Know the differences between them. Understand the interaction between distributive justice and procedural justice.

Distributive: perceived fairness of outcome. Procedural: perceived fairness of decision-making process. Interpersonal: perceived treatment of employees from employers. Informational: perceived fairness of info given to employees.

What does it mean for rewards to be "equitable," and how are perceptions of equity determined? How do employees feel and respond when they feel a sense of inequity?

Employees feel angry and envious when there is no equity.

What types of knowledge can employees gain as they learn and build expertise?

Explicit knowledge: Easy to teach. Tacit knowledge: More difficult to teach, learned from experience

What is psychological empowerment? What four beliefs help create a sense of empowerment among employees?

Intrinsic motivation that believes you are contributing to a larger purpose. Four beliefs: Meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and impact.

How does trust affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Moderate correlation to job performance. Strong correlation to organizational commitment.

How does learning affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Learning has moderate correlation with Job performance. Learning has weak correlation with organizational commitment

What steps can organizations take to increase employee motivation?

Manage equity, etc.

What are integrity tests? Why are they still valid tests when there are faking?

Measures of integrity. Everyone fakes, so they're still valid

What is the four-component model of ethical decision making?

Moral awareness > Moral judgment > Moral intent > ethical behavior

What are the "Big Five?" Understand the meaning and example for each dimension.

Openness: Doesn't matter for job performance. Conscientiousness: Greatest influence on job performance. Extroversion: Not necessarily related to job performance, they like to strive. Agreeableness: Not related to job performance, can sometimes backfire. Neuroticism: moody, insecure. second most predictor, less happy with job.

Understand social learning theory.

People learn by observing actions of others

What is learning, and how does it affect decision making?

Permanent change's in employees knowledge resulting from experience. Learning has significant impact on decision making

What is conditional reinforcement? What are the types of contingencies and the different types of timing options in implementing reinforcement for learning?

Positive reinforcement: If you do desired behavior, you get positive outcome. Negative reinforcement: If you do desired behavior, negative outcome is removed. Punishment: If you do undesired behavior, negative outcome will be added. Extinction: If you do undesired behavior, positive outcome removed.

What is goal orientation? What are the three kinds of goal orientations? How do they relate to job performance?

Predisposition toward learning and performance that influence how you learn. Learning: building is more important than demonstrating. Performance-prove: wants to show others their competence so they think highly of them. Performance-avoid: demonstrate competence so others don't think low of them. Learning has positive effects, performance-avoid is not good, and performance-prove is mixed.

What is self-efficacy? What are predictors of self-efficacy? How does self-efficacy play a role in expectancy theory?

Self Efficacy: Belief that person has capabilities needed to execute behaviors required for task success. Low self-efficacy will hinder employees expectancy.

What are trust, justice, and ethics?

Trust: willingness to be vulnerable with authority. Justice: the perceived fairness of an authorities decision making. Ethics: The degree to which an authorities actions are within accepted norms

What is goal setting theory? What two qualities make goals strong predictors of task performance? How and when do those effects occur?

Views goals as primary drivers for persistency and effort. Strong indicator if specific and difficult.