OCE 1001 Exam 2

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How much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice? 8 calories of heat energy 80 calories of heat energy 800 calories of heat energy 8000 calories of heat energy

80 calories of heat energy

Hydrogen bond

Liquid

On the world ocean pie diagram below, match the percentage to the correct type of sediment. Abyssal clay

The Trade Winds are one type of prevailing wind pattern. How many other types of prevailing winds are there among earth's global wind patterns? 3 2 4 5 1

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s): 2 & 4. 2 & 3. 2, 3, 4, & 5. 2, 3, & 4. 1.

2, 3, & 4.

Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of _______ to the plane of the ecliptic: 90°. 180°. 23.5°. 0°. none of the above is correct.

23.5°.

What is the approximate depth of the calcite compensation depth (CCD) in the ocean? 0.6 mile (1 kilometer) 1.6 mile (2.5 kilometers) 2 miles (3.2 kilometers) 3 miles (4.5 kilometers) 4.3 miles (7 kilometers)

3 miles (4.5 kilometers)

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s): 2. 2 & 3. 4. 3 & 4. 1.

Examine the accompanying table. Calculate how much less water is contained in saturated air at a polar location with a temperature of -10°C compared to a tropical location with a temperature of 40°C.

How big can the diameter of a hurricane become? 5000 miles 5 miles 500 miles 50 miles

500 miles

How much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 100 degrees Celsius into water vapor? 5.4 calories of heat energy 54 calories of heat energy 540 calories of heat energy 5400 calories of heat energy

540 calories of heat energy

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth

550 Meters

The area of the globe (latitude) that is characterized by falling air masses and little precipitation is labeled number: 1. 2. 3. 5. 6.

The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter Abyssal clay

This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of calcareous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below Coccolithophores (multiple)

This composite photomicrograph image shows various types of siliceous marine microorganisms that are found in sediment. Match the correct letter to the name and correct description of each organism listed below Diatom, showing both halves of its test

This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below Calcareous ooze

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D. hydrogen ion

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts. True False

False

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation. True False

False

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. True False

False

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments. (T/F)

False

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water. True False

False

The maximum Coriolis effect occurs at the equator due to slower rotational velocity compared to higher latitudes. True False

False

The place traced by Earth's orbit is called the vernal equinox. True False

False

The trade winds can be found between 30° and 60°N and S latitudes. True False

False

Tropical cyclones derive their energy from the water's high latent heat of fusion. True False

False

Within the troposphere, the atmosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude. True False

False

Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary? Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal. Glacial fronts remain stationary when gravity forces exceed friction. Glacial fronts remain stationary when friction exceeds gravity forces. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are unequal

Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal.

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor. True False

True

Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity. True False

True

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater. True False

True

Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant. True False

True

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. True False

True

Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles. (T/F)

True

The angle at which direct sunlight strikes the ocean's surface is important in determining the amount of solar energy that is absorbed. True False

True

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. True False

True

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C. True False

True

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting. True False

True

Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor). True False

True

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion. True False

True

Why does water frozen in the cracks of a rock help to break down the rock? Water expands when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart. Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart. Water contracts when frozen and chemically forces the rock apart. Water contracts when frozen and physically forces the rock apart.

Water expands when frozen and physically forces the rock apart.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. change in state from liquid to gas condensation evaporation pycnocline sublimation halocline

evaporation

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale? stream runoff melting glaciers precipitation river discharge evaporation

evaporation

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. evaporation is much less than precipitation precipitation occurs only as snowfall both precipitation and evaporation rates are high evaporation is much greater than precipitation both precipitation and evaporation rates are low

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : sea ice melting. evaporation. precipitation. iceberg melting. river runoff.

evaporation.

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world. True False

false

What physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts? movement of water molecules polarity of water molecules covalent bonds of water molecules mass of water molecules

movement of water molecules

700 nanometers

visible light end of spectrum with less energetic protons

400 nanometers

visible light end of spectrum with more energetic protons

Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect. True False

False

Can you determine where each was sampled from based on salinity? Label the samples accordingly. Also, note the two locations for seasonal sea ice melt and seawater freezing and label those for salinity.

- increased salinity - decreased salinity - just east of the bahamas - of the west coast of africa, near the equator - from the red sea - from the baltic sea

Refer to the figure below and use the numbers that correspond to global wind belts and latitudes to answer the following question. The polar front is labeled number: 1. 2. 3. 5. 6.

This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below Siliceous ooze: diatom

Vaporization (evaporation/boiling)

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. doldrums B. northeast trade winds C. polar easterlies D. southeast trade winds E. westerlies

A. doldrums

The diagram below shows selected components of the hydrologic cycle. Match the correct letter to each process (arrow) indicated.

A. greatest amount of evaporation B. greatest amount of precipitation C. smaller amount of precipitation D. runoff E. smaller amount of evaporation F. infiltration

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. siliceous ooze B. quartz sand C. rock fragments D. clay E. volcanic ash

A. siliceous ooze

On the lower pie diagram shown below, match the abundance of each dissolved component in seawater with its correct slice of the pie.

A. sulfate B. sodium C. chloride D. calcium E. magnesium F. potassium

This diagram shows how seawater temperature varies with depth. Match the correct letter to the items indicated below.

A. thermocline B. mixed layer C. layer with the highest density D. curve for low latitudes E. curve for high latitudes

Of the following statements about the doldrums, which is/are true?

ALL

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? On the pH scale, 7 is neutral, the low numbers indicate highly alkaline substances, and the high numbers indicate highly acidic substances. Seawater is slightly acidic. Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3.

Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3.

Why is warm, moist air considered the "fuel" for a hurricane? Air warms as it rises. As air warms, liquid water will evaporate out as water vapor. Evaporation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane. Air cools as it rises. As air cools, liquid water will evaporate out as water vapor. Evaporation absorbs heat, providing energy to the hurricane. Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane. Air warms as it rises. As air warms, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation absorbs heat, providing energy to the hurricane. Air cools as it rises. As air cools, liquid water will evaporate out as water vapor. Evaporation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane.

Air cools as it rises. As air cools, water vapor will condense out as liquid water. Condensation releases heat, providing energy to the hurricane.

Why are anticyclones not generally associated with clouds and rain? Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends. Air in anticyclones undergoes cooling as the air descends. Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air rises. Air in anticyclones undergoes cooling as the air rises.

Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends.

Why are cyclones generally associated with clouds and rain? Air in cyclones undergoes warming as it rises. Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it rises. Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it falls. Air in cyclones undergoes warming as it falls.

Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it rises.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water molecules have polarity. Snowflakes form six-sided crystals. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds.

All

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat.

All EXCEPT In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Melt recently frozen seawater. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it.

All EXCEPT Melt recently frozen seawater.

How much of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans? Three-quarters of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. Half of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. Almost none of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans. One-quarter of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

Almost all of Earth's surface water exists in the oceans.

Of the following statements about the tilt of Earth's axis, which one is true? Select only one answer. An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and colder summers. A decrease in Earth's tilt would cause warmer winters and warmer summers. An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers. A decrease in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and colder summers. A decrease in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers. An increase in Earth's tilt would cause warmer winters and colder summers.

An increase in Earth's tilt would cause colder winters and warmer summers.

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. None of the listed choices is correct; seawater density is independent of salinity and temperature changes. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density.

An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density.

All the following statements regarding pH are true except : A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. pH will be buffered in deeper water where organisms with calcite shells sink.

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which is/are true? As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats. Water's maximum density is at 4ºC. As the temperature of water decreases from 20ºC to 4ºC, its density also decreases.

As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats. Water's maximum density is at 4ºC.

Melting

On the world ocean pie diagram below, match the percentage to the correct type of sediment. Calcareous ooze

Oxygen atom

Solid

The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter Calcareous ooze

This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below Abyssal clay

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. biogenous B. calcareous C. cosmogenous D. hydrogenous E. lithogenous

B calcareous

Why does calcareous material dissolve below the CCD? Deep-ocean marine organisms exude chemicals that cause calcareous material to dissolve. The higher salinity at depth reacts with calcareous material and causes it to dissolve. The lack of light in the deep ocean causes chemical reactions to occur that dissolve calcareous material. Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

Below the CCD, weak acid is formed, which dissolves calcareous material.

What do freeze-thaw and salt weathering have in common? Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only salt weathering forces rocks apart physically. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only salt weathering requires rain. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain. Only freeze-thaw weathering forces rocks apart physically. Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering force rocks apart physically. Only freeze-thaw weathering requires rain.

Both freeze-thaw and salt weathering require rain and force rocks apart physically.

Condensation

Gas

Hydrogen atom

On the world ocean pie diagram below, match the percentage to the correct type of sediment. Siliceous ooze

The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter Mid-ocean ridge

This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below Neritic continental lithogenous

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. desalination B. solar distillation C. pycnocline D. electrolysis E. reverse osmosis

C. pycnocline

What would happen if the depth of the CCD were above the top of the mid-ocean ridge? Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD. Non-calcareous sediment on the mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. The mid-ocean ridge would dissolve. Calcareous ooze would be found below the CCD.

Calcareous ooze would not be found below the CCD.

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? Foraminifers Coccolithophores Diatoms Radiolarians

Coccolithophores Diatoms

Why does wind between the equator and 30 degrees south come out of the southeast? Cooled air moves north toward the equator and is deflected toward the west by the Coriolis effect. Cooled air moves east toward the equator and is deflected toward the north by the Coriolis effect. Cooled air moves west toward the equator and is deflected toward the south by the Coriolis effect. Cooled air moves north toward the equator and is deflected toward the east by the Coriolis effect. Cooled air moves south toward the equator and is deflected toward the west by the Coriolis effect.

Cooled air moves north toward the equator and is deflected toward the west by the Coriolis effect.

The apparent deflection of air masses to the right or left (depending on latitude) as they move from one latitude to another is called the: Saffir-Simpson scale. Cyclonic effect. Hadley cell. Ekman spiral. Coriolis effect.

Coriolis effect.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. ecliptic B. vernal equinox C. autumnal equinox D. westerlies E. summer solstice

Freezing

Positively charged side of the water molecule

The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter Calcite compensation depth (CCD)

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? Coccolithophores Diatoms Radiolarians Foraminifers

Diatoms Radiolarians

Negatively charged side of the water molecule

The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter Siliceous ooze

This global map shows the distribution of different types of marine sediment (different colors). Match the correct letter to the sediment type listed below

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E. distillation

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. halite and other salts B. manganese nodules C. metal sulfides D. phosphates E. tektites

E. tektites

Why does air tend to rise in equatorial regions? Equatorial regions receive more indirect sunlight than other areas. Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas. Equatorial regions receive less direct sunlight than other areas. Equatorial regions receive less indirect sunlight than other areas.

Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas.

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater? Precipitation sea ice melting Evaporation the formation of sea ice glaciers calving into the ocean, producing icebergs that melt Runoff

Evaporation the formation of sea ice

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment. True False

The cross-section below shows an area of the sea floor that is accumulating sediments. Match the type of sediment/feature with the correct letter Upwelling, cool water

A maritime polar air mass is likely to be dry and cold. True False

False

An iceberg is a variety of sea ice. True False

False

At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity. True False

False

Cool, dense air causes low pressure at the surface, whereas warm, less dense air causes high pressure. True False

False

Under what conditions will the front of a glacier remain stationary? Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are unequal. Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal. Glacial fronts remain stationary when gravitational forces exceed friction. Glacial fronts remain stationary when friction exceeds gravitational forces.

Glacial fronts remain stationary when melting and snow accumulation are equal.

Now consider how atmospheric absorption would be different if the electromagnetic spectrum absorption capability were flipped in such a way that the areas of the chart that are now transparent were made opaque and the areas of the chart that are now opaque were made transparent. Indicate which of the following statements would be true for this scenario. Select all that apply. Humans would be subject to more x-ray radiation from space because our atmosphere would not block it. Increased exposure to UV radiation. Radio transmissions would be an effective way of conveying information. We would still be able to see the same way we do now.

Humans would be subject to more x-ray radiation from space because our atmosphere would not block it. Increased exposure to UV radiation.

The image below shows that about 30 percent of the Sun's energy is reflected and scattered back into space. How would a 50 percent increase in Earth's albedo impact average surface temperatures? A higher albedo means more of the Sun's radiation is absorbed by Earth's surface. Ice sheets would advance, thereby increasing Earth's overall albedo and further cooling Earth's surface. Higher albedo would result in cooler temperatures on Earth. Surface temperatures would increase, causing a decrease in surface water and/or ice on Earth, and would thus cause a further increase in albedo.

Ice sheets would advance, thereby increasing Earth's overall albedo and further cooling Earth's surface. Higher albedo would result in cooler temperatures on Earth.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It immediately begins to rise slowly. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. It rises rapidly as the ice melts.

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

The accompanying image depicts the three states of water and the processes by which water changes from one state to another. Use this information to match the correct state to each of the statements below.

Liquid - state of mater in which water is densest Gas- molecules are most energetic Gas- water is compressible Gas- steam rising from a hot cup of coffee Solid- molecules vibrate about fixed locations Solid- frost on grass

How does water get from the oceans onto land? Ocean water evaporates to form solid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water condenses to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it evaporates into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water evaporates to form liquid water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain. Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into gaseous water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

Ocean water evaporates to form gaseous water and moves into the atmosphere, where it condenses into liquid water and falls out of the atmosphere to land as rain.

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Observe the clarity of the water. Pass electrical current through the water. Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. Record the temperature of the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Measure ocean depth.

Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out.

How does an end moraine form? Pieces of rock are pushed in front of a glacier as the glacier moves. Pieces of rock are transported to the front of a glacier as water within the glacier moves. Pieces of rock are transported to the front of a glacier as ice within the glacier moves. Pieces of rock are pushed in front of a glacier as the glacier melts.

Pieces of rock are transported to the front of a glacier as ice within the glacier moves.

How are rain patterns different near warm and cold fronts? Rain near a cold front occurs over a wider spatial area and is more intense than near a warm front. Rain near a cold front occurs over a smaller spatial area and is more intense than near a warm front. Rain near a cold front occurs over a smaller spatial area and is less intense than near a warm front. Rain near a cold front occurs over a wider spatial area and is less intense than near a warm front.

Rain near a cold front occurs over a smaller spatial area and is more intense than near a warm front.

Where does rain occur in a cold front? Rain occurs along and behind a cold front. Rain occurs along and in front of a cold front. Rain occurs along and to the left of a cold front. Rain occurs along and to the right of a cold front.

Rain occurs along and behind a cold front.

Where does rain occur in a warm front? Rain occurs along and to the right of a warm front. Rain occurs along and to the left of a warm front. Rain occurs along and in front of a warm front. Rain occurs along and behind a warm front.

Rain occurs along and in front of a warm front.

Why does rain occur near a cold front? Falling cold air warms, resulting in cloud formation and rain. Rising warm air warms, resulting in cloud formation and rain. Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. Falling cold air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.

Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.

Why does rain occur near a warm front? Falling cold air warms, resulting in cloud formation and rain. Rising warm air warms, resulting in cloud formation and rain. Falling cold air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain. Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.

Rising warm air cools, resulting in cloud formation and rain.

Why is heavy rain associated with hurricane formation? Rising, dry air cools. As air cools, water is collected and eventually falls. Rising, moist air warms. As air warms, water is collected and eventually falls. Rising, moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls. Rising, dry air warms. As air warms, water condenses and eventually falls. Rising, moist air warms. As air warms, water condenses and eventually falls.

Rising, moist air cools. As air cools, water condenses and eventually falls.

The intensity of tropical cyclones is measured by meteorologists using the __________ scale. Mercali Saffir-Simpson Wentworth Mohs Beaufort

Saffir-Simpson

How does the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) change over time? The ITCZ migrates north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer. The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in winter and north of the equator in summer. The ITCZ migrates north of the equator in winter and south of the equator in summer. The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer.

The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer.

What is the air that sinks at latitudes of 30 degrees north and south like? This air is cool and wet. This air is warm and dry. This air is cool and dry. This air is warm and wet.

This air is cool and dry.

Why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt? The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds within water molecules. The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules. The added energy is used to form hydrogen bonds within water molecules.

The added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

What would happen to atmospheric water if Earth were mostly covered with land? The atmosphere would contain more water. The atmosphere would contain colder water. The atmosphere would contain warmer water. The atmosphere would contain less water.

The atmosphere would contain less water.

What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of the following layers: siliceous ooze (youngest layer) calcareous ooze basalt rock (oldest layer) The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters. The core was collected from the mid-ocean ridge in water shallower than 4,000 meters. The core was collected in a warm-water region in water deeper than 4,500 meters. The core was collected from a region where the seafloor is shallower than the calcite compensation depth (CCD). The core was collected beneath a region of low-productivity at a depth greater than the calcite compensation depth (CCD).

The core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4,500 meters.

Why do ionic compounds dissolve readily in water? The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the latent heat of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the specific heat of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the surface tension of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water. The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the cohesive properties of water.

The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water.

What is salt weathering? The formation of ice in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart. The formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart. The formation of ice in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart. The formation of minerals in rock cracks during the condensation of salty water, forcing rock apart.

The formation of minerals in rock cracks during the evaporation of salty water, forcing rock apart.

How would you expect the front of a glacier to move if it undergoes a period of net accumulation, followed by net wastage, and finally a period of net accumulation? The glacier's front would move forward, backward, and then forward again. The glacier's front would move backward. We have no way of knowing without more information. The glacier's front would move forward. The glacier's front would move backward, forward, and then backward again.

The glacier's front would move forward, backward, and then forward again.

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline. True False

True

What does the hydrologic cycle describe? The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. The hydrologic cycle describes how solid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and rivers. The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land. The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and solid water move between the ocean, atmosphere and rivers.

The hydrologic cycle describes how liquid and gaseous water move between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

What would happen to the oceans if surface runoff and groundwater flow did NOT occur? The oceans would become smaller. The oceans would become bigger. The oceans would stay the same size

The oceans would become smaller.

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to be found beneath the CCD? Select only one answer. The deposit undergoes slow burial. The deposit is mixed with hydrogenous sediment. The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading. Conditions of high salinity are present. The calcareous ooze accumulates faster than it dissolves.

The ooze accumulates above the CCD and then is covered before being transported to deeper depths by sea floor spreading.

How would a snow line on a glacier move as a glacial front is advancing? The snow line would move upslope. The snow line would remain in approximately the same place. The snow line would move downslope.

The snow line would move downslope.

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true? There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a thermocline in high latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes. There is a pycnocline in high latitudes.

There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes.

What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites all have in common? They all form at deep-ocean sites where lithogenous sediments are rare. They all contain commercially valuable metals that are collected from the sea floor. They all are restricted to regions of high evaporation overlying the continental shelf. They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals. They all form from chemical reactions modified by living organisms.

They all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals.

How can water vapor become ice? Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the addition of heat energy. Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the release of heat energy. Water vapor can become liquid water through the addition of heat energy, and then become ice through the addition of more heat energy. Water vapor cannot become ice directly through the addition of heat energy. Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy.

Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy.

Of the following statements about the transfer of heat on Earth, which is/are true? Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas. Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes. Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes. Earth's albedo reflects back into space all of the sunlight hitting Earth. The same side of Earth always remains in the Sun and keeps getting hotter while the other, nighttime, side keeps getting cooler

Water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas. Ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes. Air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes.

In which direction would winds move at the poles if Earth rotated in the opposite direction? Wind near the north pole would move to the northwest, and the wind near the south pole would move to the southwest. Wind near the north pole would move to the northeast, and the wind near the south pole would move to the southeast. Wind would move toward the southeast at both poles. Wind would move toward the northeast at both poles.

Wind near the north pole would move to the northeast, and the wind near the south pole would move to the southeast.

Will plucking occur if a glacier is not advancing? No, because glacial ice is still moving inside the glacier even if the glacier's front is not advancing. Yes, because glacial ice is still moving inside the glacier even if the glacier's front is not advancing. No, because snow accumulation and snow melting are equal when a glacier's front is not advancing. Yes, because snow accumulation and snow melting are equal when a glacier's front is not advancing.

Yes, because glacial ice is still moving inside the glacier even if the glacier's front is not advancing.

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________. neutral alkaline acidic

alkaline

What is an anticylone? a center of high atmospheric temperature a center of high atmospheric pressure a center of low atmospheric temperature a center of low atmospheric pressure

a center of high atmospheric pressure

What is a cyclone? a center of low atmospheric temperature a center of low atmospheric pressure a center of high atmospheric pressure a center of high atmospheric temperature

a center of low atmospheric pressure

What is calcareous ooze? a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of ooze-secreting microbes a coarse-grained, deep-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes a fine-grained, shallow-ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

a fine-grained, deep ocean sediment containing the skeletal remains of calcite-secreting microbes

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by: a volcanic eruption. the wind. a glacier. organisms a river delta.

a glacier

What is a tropical cyclone? a high-pressure disturbance that develops over cold, tropical waters a low-pressure disturbance that develops over cold, tropical waters a low-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters a high-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters

a low-pressure disturbance that develops over warm, tropical waters

What is an end moraine? a ridge of debris deposited by glacial meltwater a flat plain of debris deposited at the end of a glacier a flat plain of debris deposited by glacial meltwater a ridge of debris deposited at the end of a glacier

a ridge of debris deposited at the end of a glacier

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are generally related to the formation or movement of hurricanes? water's latent heat of condensation the trade winds a latitude of 0 degrees warm air with lots of water vapor warm ocean water

all EXCEPT a latitude of 0 degrees

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________. are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar have a high heat capacity have no latent heat are smaller than water molecules are organic

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation? areas near the ITCZ areas near the polar front areas near the subtropical highs

areas near the ITCZ

Where is most of Earth's freshwater found? as liquid at Earth's surface as ice at Earth's surface as liquid below Earth's surface as ice below Earth's surface

as ice at Earth's surface

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. ice rafting associated with glacial deposits particle size classification associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve

associated with glacial deposits

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. basic building blocks of all matter atoms ions covalent bonds hydrogen bonds electrons

atoms

What are the three types of loads carried by streams? bed load, bouncing load, suspended load bed load, sliding load, rolling load bed load, bouncing load, dissolved load bed load, suspended load, dissolved load sliding load, rolling load, bouncing load

bed load, suspended load, dissolved load

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. coccolithophores biogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment hydrogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment

biogenous sediment

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________. halocline pycnocline thermocline lysocline calcite compensation depth or CCD

calcite compensation depth or CCD

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________. volcanic ash metal sulfides calcium carbonate silica quartz sand

calcium carbonate

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: latent heat of condensation. thermal capacity. boiling point elevation. latent heat of evaporation. calorie.

calorie

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________. calcium carbonate (CaCO3) bicarbonate ions (HCO3 −) hydrogen ions (H−) carbonate ions (CO3 −2) carbonic acid (H2CO3)

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth? tektites micrometeorites chondrites spherules oolites

chondrites

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean—and likely the world—in the form of ______________. phosphorites crude oil clathrates coal halites

clathrates

Complete this analogy: Bouncing is to sand as suspension is to_____________. sand ions gravel clay

clay

Ocean sediments provide all the following mineral resources except : sand and gravel. coal. petroleum. manganese nodules. methane hydrates.

coal.

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? abyssal clay tests of foraminifers coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers radiolarian ooze black volcanic beach sand manganese nodules

coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers manganese nodules

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs. diatoms; foraminifers coccolithophores; radiolarians coccolithophores; foraminifers diatoms; radiolarians

coccolithophores; foraminifers

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a/an: low pressure system. cold front. warm front. high pressure system. occluded front.

cold front.

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________. abyssal plain abyssal hills province mid-ocean ridge tropical reef or bank continental rise

continental rise

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. rising and sinking air masses moving in a circular fashion water vapor tropopause troposphere nitrogen (N2) convection cell

convection cell

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called: biogenous. cosmogenous. hydrogenous. volcanogenic. lithogenous.

cosmogenous.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms hydrogen bonds covalent bonds atoms ions electrons

covalent bonds

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans. True False

true

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. precipitation increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity

decreases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. river input decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

decreases seawater salinity

What three steps are required for calcareous ooze to exist below the CCD? deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a calcareous material, and stability of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years deposition of calcite shells below the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

deposition of calcite shells above the CCD, cover of these shells by a non-calcareous material, and movement of the sea floor over millions of years

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. CCD associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans associated with glacial deposits depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved) particle size classification depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve

depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except : diatom ooze. volcanic particles. beach sand. glacial deposits. clays.

diatom ooze

Forams, which are composed of calcium carbonate, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. dissolve; do not dissolve dissolve; dissolve do not dissolve; dissolve do not dissolve; do not dissolve

do not dissolve; dissolve

Diatomaceous earth, which is composed of silica, __________ above the CCD and __________ below the CCD. does not dissolve; does not dissolve dissolves; does not dissolve does not dissolve; dissolves dissolves; dissolves

does not dissolve; does not dissolve

Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? up, and in a clockwise direction down, and in a clockwise direction down, and in a counterclockwise direction up, and in a counterclockwise direction

down, and in a clockwise direction

Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? down, and in a clockwise direction up, and in a counterclockwise direction down, and in a counterclockwise direction up, and in a clockwise direction

down, and in a counterclockwise direction

Which way does ice flow in a glacier retreating uphill? Ice does not flow in a glacier. both upslope and downslope downslope upslope

downslope

When would you expect the low-pressure cell over the North Pole to be most developed? during the Northern Hemisphere summer during the Northern Hemisphere spring during the Northern Hemisphere fall during the Northern Hemisphere winter

during the Northern Hemisphere winter

Surface winds in the tropics generally blow _______________. from the east from the west either from the east or west and either toward or away from the equator, depending on local conditions away from the equator toward the equator

from the east toward the equator

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth halocline evaporation condensation sublimation pycnocline

halocline

What drives Hadley cell circulation? pressure from air systems heating from the Sun heating from volcanism pressure from wind patterns

heating from the Sun

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? low viscosity high salinity high viscosity high heat capacity low heat capacity

high heat capacity

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to: high viscosity. strong covalent bonds. low viscosity. low surface tension. high surface tension.

high surface tension.

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is: about the same as other liquids. higher than other liquids. a function of salinity. lower than other liquids. related to solvent concentration.

higher than other liquids.

Which of the following names mean "tropical cyclone"? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. cyclone typhoon monsoon hurricane tornado

hurricane cyclone typhoon

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution. hydroxide carbonic acid carbonate bicarbonate hydrogen

hydrogen

What must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas? covalent bonds between water molecules hydrogen bonds within water molecules ionic bonds within water molecules hydrogen bonds between water molecules covalent bonds within water molecules

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. manganese nodules cosmogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

hydrogenous sediment

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. metal sulfides lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment hydrogenous sediment biogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment

hydrogenous sediment

Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere? in a clockwise direction in a counterclockwise direction toward the South Pole toward the equator toward the North Pole

in a clockwise direction

Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere? toward the equator toward the North Pole in a clockwise direction toward the South Pole in a counterclockwise direction

in a counterclockwise direction

Of the following environments, where would you expect to find large amounts of lithogenous sediment? in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf on the continental slope on coral reefs that exist just below the water surface along the mid-ocean ridge

in deep trenches not far offshore on the continental shelf

Where do glaciers form? in places where more snow falls in the summer than melts away in the winter in places where more snow falls in the winter than falls in the summer in places where more snow falls in the winter than melts away in the summer in places where more snow melts away in the winter than melts away in the summer

in places where more snow falls in the winter than melts away in the summer

Where are Hadley cells found? in the atmosphere near the equator in the atmosphere near the poles in the water near the equator in the water near the poles

in the atmosphere near the equator

How does air move near the top of a cyclone? in the opposite direction to air in the upper atmosphere in the same direction as air in the upper atmosphere in the opposite direction to air in the lower atmosphere in the same direction as air in the lower atmosphere

in the same direction as air in the upper atmosphere

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. high temperature decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity

increases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. sea ice formation increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity

increases seawater salinity

The doldrums refer to the same region as the: inter-tropical convergence zone. subtropical jet stream. trade winds. jet stream. subtropics.

inter-tropical convergence zone.

Phosphate-rich nodules form in: hydrothermal vent areas. mid-ocean ridges. estuaries. intermediate to shallow depth water. abyssal plains.

intermediate to shallow depth water.

Complete this analogy: Sliding is to gravel as dissolution is to_____________. sand ions clay gravel

ions

The surface tension of water: is relatively low. is very similar in other liquids. is related to salinity. is relatively high. increases as density decreases.

is relatively high.

The strength of a hurricane stems from water's: latent heat of melting. latent heat of deposition. latent heat of sublimation. latent heat of fusion. latent heat of condensation.

latent heat of condensation.

What do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water? latent heat of water latent energy of water latent energy of ice latent heat of ice

latent heat of water

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are: less than 30% biogenous material. less than 30% neritic material. more than 30% biogenous material. more than 30% neritic material. more than 30% hydrogenous material

less than 30% biogenous material.

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. abyssal clay biogenous sediment hydrogenous sediment cosmogenous sediment lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called: cosmogenous. hydrogenous. lithogenous. volcanogenic. biogenous.

lithogenous.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Tropic of Cancer prevailing wind pattern at polar latitudes prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes located at 23.5° N latitude area where warm, moist air rises close to the equator

located at 23.5° N latitude

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristic? high carbon dioxide concentration high oxygen concentration low salinity low oxygen concentration low carbon dioxide concentration

low salinity

Where are tropical cyclones found? middle latitudes lower latitudes lower and middle latitudes middle and upper latitudes lower and upper latitudes

lower and middle latitudes

The atmosphere is ____________ to gamma rays.

mostly opaque.

The atmosphere is ________________ visible light.

mostly transparent

The atmosphere is _____________________ to radio waves with a wavelength of one meter.

mostly transparent

All the following statements are true of ocean sediments except : ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor. ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges. ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life. ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide. ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin.

ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean in the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Washington and Oregon in the Persian Gulf in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. coccolithophores B. diatoms C. foraminiferans D. oolites E. radiolarians

oolites

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________. clathrate oolite mud ooze slime

ooze

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Wentworth Scale particle size classification associated with glacial deposits associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)

particle size classification

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Westerlies prevailing wind pattern at polar latitudes located at 23.5° N latitude prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes area where warm, moist air rises close to the equator

prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. Trade winds prevailing wind pattern at polar latitudes located at 23.5° N latitude prevailing wind pattern at temperate latitudes area where warm, moist air rises close to the equator prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes

prevailing wind pattern at tropical latitudes

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a: halocline. barocline. pycnocline. isocline. thermocline.

pycnocline

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in density with depth condensation sublimation halocline pycnocline evaporation

pycnocline

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________. calcite quartz aragonite halite gypsum

quartz

Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? coccolithophores corals phosphorites radiolarians foraminiferans

radiolarians

Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________. latent heat of condensation in storms re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation conduction of heat from Earth's surface solar energy interacting with the ionosphere solar energy interacting with the stratosphere

re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

How can pieces of rock in contact with a stream bed move? rolling, sliding, dissolution rolling, sliding, bouncing rolling, sliding, suspension bouncing, sliding, dissolution bouncing, suspension, twisting

rolling, sliding, bouncing

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________. grab sampling gravity coring dredging rotary drilling instrumented probes

rotary drilling

Which of the following are part of the bed load? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. ions sand clay gravel

sand gravel

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. red clay sand, silt, and gravel biogenic ooze basalt fragments and metallic sulfides halite, gypsum, and anhydrite

sand, silt, and gravel

Which way would wind travel in the region between 30 and 60 degrees latitude if Earth stopped rotating? south in the Southern Hemisphere and east in the Northern Hemisphere west in the Southern Hemisphere and north in the Northern Hemisphere south in the Southern Hemisphere and north in the Northern Hemisphere north in the Southern Hemisphere and south in the Northern Hemisphere

south in the Southern Hemisphere and north in the Northern Hemisphere

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to: low atmospheric pressure. storm surge. high winds. intense precipitation. none of the above.

storm surge

All the following are examples of hydrogenous sediment except : stromatolites. phosphates. halites. evaporites. manganese nodule

stromatolites.

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: chlorinity. density. temperature. salinity. pH.

temperature

What term is used to describe the effect on air movement produced by Earth's rotation? the air-Coriolis effect the rotation effect the rotation-Coriolis effect the Coriolis effect the air-rotation effect

the Coriolis effect

Which ocean is Earth's largest? the Arctic Ocean the Atlantic Ocean the Indian Ocean the Pacific Ocean

the Pacific Ocean

What is a front? the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures the boundary between two land masses of different temperatures the boundary between two water masses of different temperatures the boundary between two air masses of different size the boundary between two

the boundary between two air masses of different temperatures

What is the Coriolis Effect? the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere the deflection of moving objects to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere the deflection of moving objects to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

the deflection of moving objects to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

What is the snow line? the elevation above which snow persists throughout the year the latitude above which snow persists throughout the year the line marking the edge of a glacier and snow-free land the elevation below which snow persists throughout the year

the elevation above which snow persists throughout the year

What is suspended load? the ions that travel in the water column above the stream bed the ions that travel along stream bed the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed the fine-grained particles that travel along the stream bed

the fine-grained particles that travel in the water column above the stream bed

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with middle latitude storms, such as those that originate in the North Pacific Ocean between 40 and 60 degrees latitude? the jet stream contrasting air masses the polar front the prevailing westerlies movement from east to west

the jet stream contrasting air masses the polar front the prevailing westerlies

Calcareous shells generally will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet). True False

true

The large atmospheric circulation cells that occur between the equator and 30° latitude in each hemisphere are called Hadley cells. True False

true

Which is the best definition of glacial snow line? the line of latitude dividing zones of melting snow and zones of glacial snow the line of latitude dividing zones of snowfall and zones of glacial ice formation the line dividing zones of accumulation and melting of ice at the surface of a glacier the line dividing zones of snow and zones of rock at the base of a glacier

the line dividing zones of accumulation and melting of ice at the surface of a glacier

What is the calcite compensation depth, or CCD? the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly the ocean depth below which calcite is stable and will deposit quickly the ocean depth above which calcite is unstable and will deposit quickly

the ocean depth below which calcite is unstable and will dissolve quickly

What is the zone of wastage? the part of a glacier where snow melting exceeds snow accumulation the part of a glacier where snow melting exceeds water freezing the part of a glacier where snow accumulation exceeds snow melting the part of a glacier where water freezing exceeds snow melting

the part of a glacier where snow melting exceeds snow accumulation

By measuring only chlorinity (concentration of the chloride ion, Cl-) in seawater, we can then calculate the total salinity. This is an application of _________. the principle of constant proportions the salinity equilibrium constant chemical residence time the marine effect hydrodynamic equilibrium

the principle of constant proportions

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. ocean salinity varies as a function of season. the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. ocean salinity varies with geographical location.

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

The Coriolis effect is caused by __________. the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) the rotation of Earth Earth's magnetic field the curvature of Earth changes in Earth's rotational velocity

the rotation of Earth

What two features are many of Earth's deserts associated with? the subtropical lows and warm ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents the subtropical lows and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents the subtropical highs and warm ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents

the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: pycnocline. barocline. isocline. thermocline. halocline.

thermocline.

How would a moving object in Earth's atmosphere be deflected as a result of Earth's rotation? to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the right in the Southern Hemisphere to the left in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

to the right in the Northern Hemisphere, and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere

Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the South Pole toward the equator? toward the right toward the South Pole toward the left toward the equator

toward the left

Which direction would an airplane deflect if flying across South Africa from the west coast to the east coast? toward the north toward the east toward the south toward the west

toward the north

Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the East Coast of the United States toward the West Coast of the United States? toward the east toward the north toward the west toward the south

toward the north

Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator? toward the North Pole toward the right toward the equator toward the left

toward the right

Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the West Coast of the United States toward the East Coast of the United States? toward the south toward the east toward the west toward the north

toward the south

Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the east coast of South Africa toward the west coast of South Africa? toward the east toward the north toward the south toward the west

toward the south

Which way would an airplane deflect if flying from the North Pole toward the equator? toward the east toward the north toward the south toward the west

toward the west

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. lowermost portion of Earth's atmosphere where most weather occurs convection cell troposphere nitrogen (N2) tropopause water vapor

troposphere

The lowermost portion of the atmosphere where most weather occurs is called the: ozone layer. troposphere. stratosphere. upper atmosphere. tropopause.

troposphere.

All the following are true of the movement of Earth's atmosphere except : a column of cool, dense air produces high pressure at the Earth's surface. warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface. cool air is denser than warm air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface. the movement of air within the atmospheric convection cells generates the Earth's major wind belts. a column of warm, less dense air produces low pressure at the Earth's surface.

warm air is less dense than cool air so it tends to sink toward the Earth's surface.

The temperate regions are characterized by: easterly winds. westerly winds. trade winds. high pressure. tropical cyclones.

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