OCE FINAL EXAM

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be over twice the height of the wave average.

23

What percent of marine debris is composed of plastic?

80%

What percentage of an icebergs mass is below the waterline?

90%

Why do the lengths of the arrows in the Ekman spiral get shorter and shorter as you move deeper into the water column? -There is less water in each progressive layer. -The Coriolis effect weakens as depth increases. -The temperature gets colder with depth. -Deeper water moves at a slower speed due to friction. -There is less light transmission with increased depth

DEEPER water moves at a slower speed due to friction.

The measurement of ocean depth and the charting of sea-floor topography is called

bathymetry

Which state contains mangrove swamps?

florida

What do we call the time that passes between two high tides?

tidal period

________ waves also known as side-to-side waves.

transverse

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution.

hydrogen

What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes?

hydrogen bonds

Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere?

in a clockwise direction

What is the Walker Circulation Cell? (It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure.....)

in the South Pacific under normal conditions.

Where are Hadley cells found?

in the atmosphere near the equator

How does air move near the top of a cyclone?

in the same direction as air in the upper atmosphere

The direction of motion along a seafloor transform fault is:

in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

For a deep-water wave, when the period increases, wavelength ____ and speed ____.

increases, increases

Phytoplankton use body size to keep afloat because a small body size ________ surface-area to volume ratio and ________ their frictional resistance.

increases; increases

How often do turbidity currents occur? somewhat frequently infrequently very frequently

infrequently

The group comprising the largest number of species on Earth is the __________. phytoplankton insects copepods fishes benthic organisms

insects

What is currently the largest oil spill in recorded history?

intentional release during the Persian Gulf War

Most marine species inhabit the benthic environment because it ________. is less stable than the terrestrial environment doesn't have any sunlight is more stable than the planktonic environment is a prime habitat for life is less stable than the planktonic environment

is less stable than the planktonic environment

The particle size on a beach: is a function of the type of bedrock underlying the coastal area. is related to whatever material is locally available. shows seasonal variation only on low energy coasts. varies only with storm intensity and duration.

is related to whatever material is locally available.

Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves.

Africa

Why are anticyclones not generally associated with clouds and rain?

Air in anticyclones undergoes warming as the air descends.

Why are cyclones generally associated with clouds and rain?

Air in cyclones undergoes cooling as it rises.

What is a seamount?

An active volcano that occurs along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge.

Peru's residents are familiar with ENSO as it brings a warm current that reduces populations of which animal? Eels Salmon Tuna Cod Anchovies

Anchovies

Which of the following mountain ranges are examples of continental arcs? East African Rift and Hawaii Andes and Hawaii Andes and Cascades East African Rift and Cascades

Andes and Cascades

In which kingdom do jellyfish belong?

Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans?

Animalia

Which of the following kingdoms contains the multicelled animals? Animalia Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Plantae

Animalia

Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth? South Equatorial Benguela Malvinas South Australian Antarctic Circumpolar

Antarctic Circumpolar

At what Beaufort number do whitecaps begin forming?

3

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

3 meters

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. 840 meters (2,756 feet) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet) 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

If you were the captain of a sailing ship, which of the following latitudes would you want to avoid MOST?

30 degrees

Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland? Thor Heyerdahl Leif Eriksson Bjarni Herjolfsson Erik Thorvaldson Prince Henry the Navigator

Bjarni Herjolfsson

If you had to navigate a ship into a shallow, rocky harbor with mixed tides, when would be the best time for you to do it?

Approaching the high slack water

Why do ships at sea tend not to notice tsunamis?

Tsunamis in deep water have small wave height and long wavelength.

How do turbidity currents affect canyons?

Turbidity currents ERODE material from canyons as currents move DOWNslope

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica? ***The surface ocean has no strong currents. ***The circulation of water around the Antarctic continent is driven by density differences. ***It is dominated by water flow directly away from the polar region toward the north. ***Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west. ***There is no connection with the southern hemisphere subtropical gyres.

Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west.

Which of the following countries has not yet banned disposable plastic grocery bags?

United States

What depth does Argo floats collect data?

Upper 2,000 meters

What is the greatest anthropogenic source of petroleum pollution to the ocean? Natural oil seeps Urban runoff and individual vehicle owners The Deepwater Horizon oil spill Extraction of petroleum from the sea floor Transport and distribution of oil in tanker ships

Urban runoff and individual vehicle owners

Which of the following actions can be done to help prevent marine pollution? Choose all that apply. Use a toothbrush with a replaceable head. Make a conscious effort to purchase items with reduced packaging .Fertilize your lawn regularly. Regularly use a plastic straw. Release balloons into the atmosphere. Leave waste from pets behind because it can serve as fertilizer.

Use a toothbrush with a replaceable head. Make a conscious effort to purchase items with reduced packaging

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by: Spain. Vikings of Scandinavia. France Italy Portugal.

Vikings of Scandinavia.

Why is water able to dissolve salt?

WATER MOLECULES are polar and are attracted to the electrically charged ions that form salts.

Between the Moon's full and third-quarter phases, it is a ________. Waxing crescent Waxing gibbous Waning gibbous Waning crescent

Waning gibbous

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Vernal equinox Autumnal equinox Ecliptic Westerlies Summer solstice

Westerlies

________ are ecosystems in which the water table is close to the surface, so they are typically saturated most of the time. Wetlands Mangrove swamps Swamps Salt marshes

Wetlands

The maximum tidal currents are reported: at low tide. about half way between high and low tides. at high tide. in the intertidal zone. during neap tides.

about half way between high and low tides.

The ocean floor of the ________ zone is covered by soft oceanic sediment, primarily clay. abyssal bathyal hadal littoral subneritic

abyssal

Which of the following is the most dominant sediment in the deepest ocean basin - the North Pacific?

abyssal clay

Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called: oceanic ridges. tablemounts. abyssal hills or seaknolls. seamounts. oceanic trenches.

abyssal hills or seaknolls.

The bathypelagic and ________ zones represent over 75% of the living space in the oceanic province. nektopelagic euphotic abyssopelagic epipelagic mesopelagic

abyssopelagic

An organism's response to environmental changes are called ________.

adaptations

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

age of rocks

The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________. ecliptic equinox solar footprint declination albedo

albedo

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________.

alkaline

The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________. all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud Earth's moon is an asteroid captured by the Earth's gravity galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang" the Moon is derived from a protoplanet

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

A small size is advantageous for marine organisms because it:

all of the above

If high tide is occurring along cotidal line 6, where is low tide occurring? Choose all that apply. along cotidal line 0 along cotidal line 4 at the amphidromic point along cotidal line 12 opposite of cotidal line 6 in the cell

along cotidal line 0 along cotidal line 12

Organisms with small bodies, extremely large mouths, and sharp teeth are likely to be found in the: bathypelagic zone. neritic province. intertidal zone. photic zone. epipelagic zone.

bathypelagic zone.

Beach joggers looking for the most compacted and smooth sand surface prefer to run on the

beach face

Which of the following domains is a group of simple, microscopic, bacteria-like creatures that includes methane producers and sulfur oxidizers that inhabit deep-sea vents and seeps?

Archaea

Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year? Southern Ocean Pacific Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Arctic

Arctic

Rank the four principle oceans from smallest to largest, in terms of size.

Arctic, Indian, Atlantic, Pacific

Wave refraction is

bending of waves

You are about to go out and harvest some Pismo clams. The environment you find them in will be __________. benthic, outer sublittoral pelagic, neritic benthic, suboceanic benthic, littoral pelagic, disphotic

benthic, littoral

Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago.

billion

Which layer of the Earth behaves in a plastic manner?

Asthenosphere

Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean? Choose all that apply. Atlantic Indian Arctic Pacific Caspian Sea

Atlantic Indian Pacific

In the United States semidiurnal tides commonly occur along the: Gulf of Alaska. Gulf of Mexico coast. Florida Keys. Atlantic coast. Pacific coast.

Atlantic coast.

Which of the following is the smallest reservoir of the Earth's hydrologic cycle? Atmospheric water vapor Groundwater and soil moisture Ice caps, glaciers, and snow Streams and lakes World ocean

Atmospheric water vapor

The largest reef system in the world is the Great Barrier Reef. Where is it located? Africa Europe Australia Asia

Australia

Which of the following is the most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?

chloride

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Board surfers tend to avoid plunging breakers BECAUSE they break right at the shoreline

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

In general, what do beaches look like at the end of winter? Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar. Beaches tend to have wide berm and a prominent longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and a prominent longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar.

Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and a prominent longshore bar.

Which of the following organisms have a backbone? Choose all that apply. common dolphins bat stars giant kelp humans killer whales

common dolphins humans killer whales

What are turbidity currents?

dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at HIGH speeds DOWN submarine canyons

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ . bathymetry latitude wind density differences Earth's rotation

density differences

What type of feature is a barrier island? emergent depositional erosional permanent tectonic

depositional

In general, what do beaches look like at the end of summer? Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar. Beaches tend to have wide berm and a prominent longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and no longshore bar. Beaches tend to have a narrow berm and a prominent longshore bar.

Beaches tend to have a wide berm and no longshore bar.

Why are internal waves usually associated with a pycnocline? Because after an earthquake on the sea floor, a pycnocline is transmitted vertically from the deep ocean floor to the surface. Because a pycnocline always occurs near the ocean floor, even in deep water. Because marine life is concentrated along the pycnocline. Because a pycnocline is a boundary between two different water masses with different densities. Because a pycnocline always occurs at the ocean surface.

Because a pycnocline is a boundary between two different water masses with different densities.

Rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the ________. thermocline halocline pycnocline mixed layer

halocline

The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the:

hydrologic cycle.

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a(n)

hypothesis

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?

lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below.

lithosphere; asthenosphere

The zone between high and low tides coincides with the ________ zone. bathyal littoral abyssal hadal subneritic

littoral

Compared with a solar day, a lunar day is:

longer than a solar day.

Recent work by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species has eliminated how many previously listed species because they were duplicate identities?

Between 150,000 and 200,000

Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?

Earthquake-generated heat from friction

Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle? Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean East Africa

East Africa

The California Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Eastern Boundary Current

When the tides appear to move water away from shore it is called ________. Lunar tidal bulge Ebb tide Flood tide Solar tidal bulge

Ebb tide

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? Erik Thorvaldson Christopher Columbus Eratosthenes Claudius Ptolemy Pytheas

Eratosthenes

Consider an interdisciplinary study that is aimed at understanding how ocean currents affect the distribution of coral larvae. What two disciplines of oceanography would the researchers be focused on? Chemical and physical oceanography Biological and chemical oceanography Chemical and geological oceanography Biological and physical oceanography Geological and physical oceanography

Biological and physical oceanography

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: During low-oxygen conditions, such as decomposing algal blooms or pollution events, most marine animals with gills can survive BECAUSE they can simply breathe air at the surface.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The circular orbit of wave motion returns the floating object to its exact original position BECAUSE the half orbit in the trough is at the same velocity as the crest half of the orbit.

Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

Characteristics of passive continental margins include which of the following? Thin sediment accumulation Deep-sea trenches Broad continental shelves Volcanic and earthquake activity Chains of islands

Broad continental shelves

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest? Continent to atmosphere Continent to ocean Atmosphere to ocean Ocean to atmosphere Atmosphere to continent

Continent to ocean

Which of the following chemical pollutants can cause harmful algal blooms? Fertilizer Methyl mercury Prescription drugs Caffeine Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Fertilizer

Which of the following is a not a phytoplankton? Coccolithophores Diatoms Dinoflagellates Fish larva

Fish larva

When the tides appear to move water in toward the shore it is called ________. Flood tide Lunar tidal bulge Solar tidal bulge Ebb tide

Flood tide

In what direction do water molecules move through a semi-permeable membrane?

From areas of LOW SOLUTE concentration to areas of HIGH SOLUTE concentration

The prevailing westerly winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere? From northeast to southwest From northwest to southeast From southeast to northwest From southwest to northeast

From northwest to southeast

Which of the following kingdoms includes species that function primarily as decomposers in the marine ecosystem? Archaebacteria Fungi Eubacteria Animalia Protista

Fungi

What types of deposits do turbidity currents leave in deep sea fans?

GRADED bedding that begins as COARSE material and BECOMES FINER UPWARD

Which of the following is a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top that is to collect sediment samples? Gravity corer Rotary corer Long line Dredge Seiche disk

Gravity corer

The world's two main iceberg-producing regions are Iceland and Greenland Greenland and Asia North America and Asia Iceland and North America Greenland and Antarctica

Greenland and Antarctica

Where are the only two places in the world where continental ice sheets occur today? Antarctica and Asia Asia and Greenland Greenland and North America Greenland and Antarctica Antarctica and North America

Greenland and Antarctica

Which of the following currents contributes to the South Eastern United States being humid? Gulf Stream Brazil Current North Equatorial Current North Atlantic Current California Current

Gulf Stream

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is: Ca+2. Cl-. HCO3-. CO2. Na+.

HCO3-.

The first systematic bathymetric measurement of the oceans were made in 1872 about the ________.

HMS Challenger

Compared to the internal salinity of a fish in the ocean, the surrounding seawater would be considered: Hypotonic, and the fish would absorb water via osmosis Hypotonic, and the fish would lose water via osmosis Hypertonic, and the fish would lose water via osmosis Hypertonic, and the fish would absorb water via osmosis Isotonic, and the fish would lose water via osmosis

HYPERTONIC, and the fish would LOSE water via osmosis

Which of the following is an example of a nematath? Mariana Islands Iceland Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain Great Barrier Reef Aleutian Islands

Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain

Why are ocean basins continually being destroyed and created, rather than simply being redistributed around Earth's surface like continents?

High-density oceanic crust subducts beneath low-density continental crust where plates converge.

What happens to river runoff as it enters the ocean? It sinks to the bottom. It evaporates. It freezes. It floats on the surface. It mixes evenly with the ocean water.

It floats on the surface.

What makes water a polar molecule?

It has a positive hydrogen side and a negative oxygen side.

Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing density? Pycnocline Thermocline Halocline Mixed layer

Pycnocline

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by: Herodotus. Pytheas. Seneca. Ptolemy. Eratosthenes.

Pytheas.

Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly? Doppler flow meters Radar altimeters Radio-transmitting float bottles Pressure gradients Anchored buoys

Radio-transmitting float bottles

Which of the following sediments are biogenous? Radiolarian & diatom Radiolarian, diatom, calcareous ooze, & continental Radiolarian, diatom, & calcareous ooze Abyssal clay Radiolarian & calcareous ooze

Radiolarian, diatom, & calcareous ooze

Which of the following beach compartment-to-submarine canyon affiliations is incorrect? Oceanside: La Jolla Redondo: Mugu Santa Barbara: Hueneme and Mugu San Pedro: Newport Santa Monica: Redondo

Redondo: Mugu

Which of the following is the best way to limit the amount of pollution found in the marine environment?

Reduce the amount of waste entering the ocean

Which of the following is responsible for generating Earth's magnetic field? Convection currents in the mantle The bar magnet that extends from pole to pole Spinning of the metal cores Volcanoes erupting rocks that include magnetite Hot spots

Spinning of the metal cores

If you are standing at 28 degrees north latitude, you will experience a high tide when the Moon is directly overhead. When will low tide occur?

Six lunar hours later

Which of the following techniques are the best options for cleaning up after an oil spill when considering the whole environment affected? Choose all that apply. Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill. Pressure-wash the coastline with super hot water. Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation. Introduce chemical dispersants to break up the spill.

Skim floating oil off the surface immediately after the spill. Introduce microbes to begin the process of bioremediation.

The largest unexplored potential for metallic minerals in offshore sand deposits may exist along the west coast of ________. Africa South America Asia Australia North America

South America

The West Wind Drift is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Southern Boundary Current

The deepest and densest water mass in the world ocean is formed in the __________________. Southern Ocean North Atlantic Arctic Ocean North Pacific Indian Ocean

Southern Ocean

Which of the following best defines temperature?

THE DIRECT MEASURE of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules

Will Sumatra experience another tsunami like the destructive one of December 2004?

This is LIKELY, because Sumatra is NEAR many ocean trenches.

A close friend of yours announces that she is newly pregnant and wants to go out for a nice seafood dinner to celebrate! You agree, but using your newfound knowledge on ocean pollution, you strongly advise her that in order to protect her baby from birth defects, she should avoid eating ________.

tuna...

Spring tide occurs about:

twice per month

What is the pattern of tides in areas classified to have semidiurnal tides?

two high tides and two low tides of roughly EQUAL heights per tidal day

How many spring and neap tides occur each month?

two spring tides and two neap tides

How many diurnal tides would you expect during one tidal period?

two tides

What are tropical cyclones called in the western North Pacific Ocean?

typhoons

What is the Southern Oscillation? (the swapping of high and low pressure zones in the South Pacific under...)

under El Niño conditions

The time it takes one full wave to pass a fixed position is called the

wave period

How is a cave created in a cliff face along a sea coast?

wave...

The longer the ________, the faster a deep-water wave travels.

wavelength

The New Moon is immediately followed by the ________ phase of the Lunar Cycle.

waxing crescent

Which of the following processes is responsible for the movement of sand down the beach? rip current backwash ebb current longshore transport swash

longshore transport

Which sphere of the Earth protects life on Earth from solar storms? biosphere lithosphere magnetosphere asthenosphere mesosphere

magnetosphere

What did the surface of Earth look like 600 million years ago?

one large continent surrounded by ocean

Abyssal plains are large, flat features that cover about ________ of the planet.

one-third

Imagine you arrive at a beach in the morning, just as the water was reaching high tide. You build a sandcastle just above the high tide mark. The next day, you come back and find your sandcastle has washed away. What tidal pattern occurs along this beach?

spring

There is constructive interference between the lunar and solar tidal bulges during ________ tides.

spring

What do we call the tide that occurs when constructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a large tidal range?

spring tide

The correct order of substances from most acidic to most alkaline is (comparing seawater, rainwater, and pure water)

rainwater, pure water, sea water

Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________. -solar energy interacting with the ionosphere -re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation -solar energy interacting with the stratosphere -latent heat of condensation in storms -conduction of heat from Earth's surface

re-radiation of solar energy from Earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

The method that is used most frequently to investigate sediment and rock layers of the sea floor is: -light waves. -sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling). -direct observation. -satellite observation. -drilling.

sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling)

In the Southern Hemisphere, the coastal geostrophic current curves ________ on the western coast. westward northward southward eastward

southward

The longshore current generally flows which direction along both the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of the United States?

southward

Which of the following categories of taxonomic classification is most specific? order species family phylum kingdom

species

If a surfer wishes to have a really long ride, what type of wave should he or she look for?

spilling breakers

The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to:

storm surge

Which of the following is responsible for 90% of the deaths associated with hurricanes?

storm surge

What disturbing force is responsible for most ocean waves that eventually break on shore?

storm-generated winds that blow across the surface

The inner ________ zone extends to the depth at which marine algae no longer grow attached to the ocean bottom. littoral bathyal sublittoral supralittoral subneritic

sublittoral

The ________ province approximately encompasses the continental shelf. bathyal littoral sublittoral subneritic supralittoral

subneritic

Most marginal seas result from which of the following? River erosion Tectonic events Ocean currents Geostrophic flow Glacial erosion

tectonic events

The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered.

temperature

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature

What causes variation in Earth's tides over time?

the elliptical orbits of the Moon around Earth, and Earth around the Sun

The prevailing westerlies occur in which of the following regions?

30 to 60 degrees

How many wave energy sites are currently being developed around the world?

50

Where does the Davidson Current develop?

Along the coast of Washington and Oregon

Why does the Moon generate larger tidal forces than the Sun?

Although the Sun is bigger, the Moon is much closer.

The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following? Blue-green algae Anaerobic bacteria Land plants Dinosaurs

Anaerobic bacteria

What is the difference between a barrier reef and an atoll?

Barrier reefs surround an inactive volcano.......

Which of the following can help prevent beach starvation? Disrupting longshore transport Damming a river Beach replenishment Lining a river with concrete Sand and gravel mining

Beach replenishment

Which type of marine sediments include siliceous and calcareous oozes? Cosmogenous Lithogenous Biogenous Hydrogenous

Biogenous

Which type of sediment deposit has an average rate of deposition (per 1000 years) of 1 centimeter (0.4 inch)? Coarse lithogenous sediment, neritic deposit Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit Abyssal clay, pelagic deposit Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit

Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit

What is the biggest single source of mercury? Weathering of mountains Burning of fossil fuels Human activities Volcanic eruptions

Burning of fossil fuels

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? Ordovician Cambrian Jurassic Devonian Permian

Cambrian

Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges? Fracture zone Continental rise Continental shelf Submarine canyon Continental slope

Fracture zone

Which is the correct order of coral reef development near seamounts? -Fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll -Barrier reef, atoll, fringing reef -Fringing reef, atoll, barrier reef -Atoll, fringing reef, barrier reef -Barrier reef, fringing reef, atoll

Fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll

The San Andreas Fault in California cuts through which two plates? Juan de Fuca Plate and Pacific Plate Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate North American Plate and Gorda Plate Pacific Plate and North American Plate

Pacific Plate and North American Plate

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? The fit of the continents Past glacial activity Paleomagnetic reversals Matching sequences of rocks The distribution of organisms

Paleomagnetic reversals

What happens during radioactive decay?

Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.

Tidal ranges will be greatest when the Earth and the Moon are at ________. Aphelion Proxigean Perihelion Apogee Perigee

Perigee

What is the difference between perihelion and aphelion?

Perihelion is when Earth is CLOSEST to the SUN, and aphelion is when it is FARTHEST from the SUN.

Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct? Weaker covalent bonds occur within water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. Stronger covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form within water molecules. Weaker covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form within water molecules.

Stronger covalent bonds occur WITHIN water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.

The observation of a hill of water within all subtropical gyres is an example of which of the following? Western intensification Subtropical convergence Equatorial upwelling Geostrophic current Eastern intensification

Subtropical convergence

Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult? Estuaries and lagoons Continental shelf The deep-ocean floor Marine sediments on land

The deep-ocean floor

Why are high tides found simultaneously on opposite sides of Earth? The ocean water experiencing low tide rotates around Earth on a 12-hour cycle. The ocean water experiencing high tide rotates around Earth on a 12-hour cycle. The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are perpendicular to the tide-generating body. The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tide-generating body.

The tidal bulges occur on both sides of Earth that are aligned with the tide-generating body.

What two factors explain why the prevailing westerlies blow toward the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and the southwest in the Southern Hemisphere?

The two factors are the direction of circulation in the Ferrel cell and the Coriolis effect.

The barycenter follows: the Earth's declination. a smooth orbit around the Sun a pattern that parallels the Moon's orbit. a wavy path around the Sun a path that is perpendicular to the Earth's ecliptic.

a smooth orbit around the Sun

The thermocline is -a steep gradient in the ocean that separates deeper saltier water from less salty upper water -a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper cold water from warmer upper water -a steep gradient in the ocean that separates deeper less salty water from saltier upper water. -a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper warm water from colder upper water

a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper cold water from warmer upper water

What was Pangea?

a supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago

The average slope of the continental shelf is approximately

a tenth of a degree

In the Northern Hemisphere, September 23 is known as winter solstice summer solstice autumnal equinox vernal equinox

autumnal equinox

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive

bacteria

In which area of a barrier island would you expect to find a woodland or forest? dune ocean beach barrier flat low salt marsh high salt marsh

barrier flat

The area of the barrier island complex that would contain thickets and woodlands would be the: low marsh. lagoon. dune. barrier flat .high marsh.

barrier flat

The center of mass of the Earth-Moon system is called the: perigee. perihelion. apogee. aphelion. barycenter.

barycenter

The mid-ocean ridge is entirely volcanic and is composed of ________ lavas characteristic of the oceanic crust. andesitic basaltic granitic rhyolitic

basaltic

The ________ zone corresponds generally to the continental slope. abyssal bathyal hadal littoral subneritic

bathyal

Phytoplankton have a small body size and a large surface-to-volume ratio. What is/are the advantages of these features? Choose all that apply. buoyancy allows for a more complex respiratory system ease of nutrient absorption ease of waste expulsion allows for a more complex circulatory system

buoyancy ease of nutrient absorption ease of waste expulsion

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the thermocline lysocline pycnocline halocline calcite compensation depth or CCD

calcite compensation depth or CCD

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________. quartz sand calcium carbonate volcanic ash silica metal sulfides

calcium carbonate

The color pattern in which marine organisms are light on the bottom and dark on the top of their bodies, camouflaging them against the water-air interface is: warning coloration. countershading. defensive coloration. cryptic coloration. disruptive coloration.

countershading.

The angular distance of the Sun or the Moon above or below the Earth's equatorial plane is called the: apogee. ecliptic. perihelion. declination. syzygy.

declination.

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. declining terminal suturing juvenile mature

declining

What causes melting of material under divergent plate boundaries? recompression of rock melting of rock freezing of rock decompression of rock

decompression of rock

The salinity curve for high latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. Whereas, the salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

decreased; increased; increased; decreased

Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Northern Hemisphere?

down, and in a clockwise direction

Equatorial currents that are part of the subtropical gyres flow ___. Equatorial counter currents between the gyres flow ___ . east to west; west to east west to east; west to east east to west; east to west west to east; east to west

east to west; west to east

Which direction do ocean currents in the South Pacific move under El Niño conditions?

eastward

A boat is most likely to be carried out to sea from a harbor by a(n) __________.

ebb current

Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called

electrons

The majority of tsunami are caused by underwater

fault movement

Tamu Massif, the largest single volcano on Earth occurs in which of the following oceans?

pacific

The majority of ocean trenches are along the margins of which ocean?

pacific

What are submarine canyons?

steep-sided valleys cut into the continental slope

Most ocean waves form as a result of: winds blowing across the ocean surface. landslides. density differences between water layers. Earth's rotation. seismic events.

winds blowing across the ocean surface.

Larger, high-energy waves scour sand from the berm and create a summertime beach autumn time beach springtime beach wintertime beach

wintertime beach

Where do most divergent boundaries originate? at mid-ocean ridges at subduction zones at continental margins within continents at transform boundaries

within continents

A blue moon occurs once every few ________.

years

Tectonic plates move about as fast as ________. your fingernails grow a snail crawls a child crawls a river flows grass grows in the summer

your fingernails grow

What is the pH of pure water?

7.0

The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of the Earth's surface. 70 50 90 80 60

70

What is the relationship between the crust and lithosphere? -The crust is part of the lithosphere. -The crust is a special type of lithosphere. -The lithosphere is part of the crust. -The lithosphere is a special type of crust

-The crust is part of the lithosphere.

Of the following statements about the location of the barycenter of the Earth-Moon system, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. It is located in space between Earth and the Moon, but it is closer to Earth. It is located in space exactly halfway between Earth and the Moon. It is located at the exact center of Earth. It is located at a point beneath Earth's surface within the mantle. It is located in space between the Sun and the Earth-Moon system. It is located at the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system.

-It is located at a point beneath Earth's surface within the mantle. -It is located at the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system.

Which institution is not associated with JOIDES? -Columbia University in New York -Scripps Institution of Oceanography in California -University of Miami, Florida -Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts -National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration

-National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding neap tides? Choose all that apply. -Neap tides occur when solar tides and lunar tides are additive. -Neap tides occur when there is a small tidal range. -High tides are low. -Low tides are low. -Neap tides occur during first quarter moon and third quarter moon.

-Neap tides occur when there is a small tidal range. High tides are low. -Neap tides occur during first quarter moon and third quarter moon.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true?Choose all that apply. -Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. -Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. -Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean. -An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity. -The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride.

-Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. -Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. -The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride.

On a west coast in the Northern Hemisphere, what happens to surface waters when winds blow from the SOUTH? Choose all that apply. -Surface waters move northward, causing a strong coastal current. -Surface waters move offshore. -Surface waters move onshore. -Downwelling occurs. -Upwelling occurs.

-Surface waters move onshore. -Downwelling occurs.

On a west coast in the Northern Hemisphere, what happens to surface waters when winds blow from the NORTH? Choose all that apply. -Surface waters move southward, causing a strong coastal current. -Upwelling occurs. -Surface waters move offshore. -Downwelling occurs. -Surface waters move onshore.

-Upwelling occurs. -Surface waters move offshore

Which of the following statements is true of water in a solid state? Choose all that apply. Water molecules in ice remain in a relatively fixed position and are not as mobile as they are in the liquid state, where there are fewer hydrogen bonds. Water molecules in ice do not interact with each other very often. It is rigid and forms a three-dimensional crystalline shape. Solid water conforms to the shape of its container. There are covalent bonds between each water molecule.

-Water molecules in ice remain in a relatively fixed position and are not as mobile as they are in the liquid state, where there are fewer hydrogen bonds. -It is rigid and forms a three-dimensional crystalline shape.

Of the following locations, where would upwelling be expected to occur? Choose all that apply. -In areas of converging surface currents -In regions with a well-developed pycnocline -Where there is a sharp bend in a coastline -In areas of diverging surface currents

-Where there is a sharp bend in a coastline -In areas of diverging surface currents -Where seamounts or tablemounts are present

Warm ocean currents ___. -generally flow along the west coasts of continents -are warmer than 15 degrees Celsius -are warmer than the surrounding water -generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator

-are warmer than the surrounding water

Why must organisms that rely on nutrient diffusion remain very small? Choose all that apply. Nutrients are small in size, so organisms must be small enough to absorb them. As surface area increases, volume increases even more, prohibiting nutrients from reaching vital tissues through diffusion. Diffusion can only occur across small cell membranes. As surface area-to-volume ratio decreases, the ability for nutrients to reach an organism's tissues through diffusion decreases. There are a limited amount of nutrients in the ocean, and organisms that are small need fewer nutrients.

-as surface... -as surface...

Diurnal tides have a tidal period of ________.

24 hours 50 minutes

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the cleanup of oil spills? Choose all that apply. Cleanup efforts can create new hazards. Chemicals used in the cleanup leave the ocean cleaner than it was before the spill. Cleaning up oil spills is expensive. Cleaning up oil spills is difficult. Due to advanced technologies, cleanup of oil spills is 100% effective.

-cleanup -cleaning up -cleaning up

Downwelling can result from __________. -strong offshore winds -Ekman transport away from a coast -converging surface currents -an ocean current flowing over submerged banks or seamounts -diverging surface currents

-converging surface currents

Which of the following are true of western boundary currents? Choose all that apply. -weak, as compared to eastern boundary currents -deep, as compared to eastern boundary currents -fast, as compared to eastern boundary currents -wide, as compared to eastern boundary currents -they flow along the more gradual slope of the hill of water

-deep... -fast...

During winter months, monsoon winds over the Indian Ocean ________. -flow from sea to land and are dry -flow from land to sea and are wet -flow from land to sea and are dry -flow from sea to land and are wet -The direction of airflow is unchanged but precipitation increases.

-flow from land to sea and are dry

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding organism size? Choose all that apply. For an organism with a surface-to-volume ratio of 6, 95% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen through diffusion across the skin. Doubling the size of an organism's side cuts the surface-to-volume ratio by one-third. The surface area-to-volume ratio generally decreases with increasing size. For an organism with a surface-to-volume ratio of 1.5, 5% of the body tissues can be supplied with oxygen through diffusion across the skin. An average amphipod has a surface area-to-volume ratio of 6.

-for -the surface -for

Cool ocean currents ___. -generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator -generally flow along the east coasts of continents -are cooler than 15 degrees C -are still warmer than the surrounding water

-generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator

A spring tide: -has very high high tides and very low low tides -occurs at the vernal equinox. -has very little difference between high and low tides. -occurs at a blue moon. -has moderate high and low tides.

-has very high high tides and very low low tides

In which area(s) of a barrier island is peat formed?Choose all that apply. ocean beach high salt marsh dune low salt marsh barrier flat

-high -low

Why does the west coast of South Africa have high biological productivity?Choose all that apply. -winds blowing away from shore -high concentrations of nutrients in the surface -water -lots of coastal upwelling -lots of coastal downwelling -low concentrations of phytoplankton

-high concentrations of nutrients in the surface water -lots of coastal upwelling

A lunar day is __________ in duration.

24 hours and 50 minutes

A lunar day is:

24 hours and 50 minutes in duration

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere: -increases in proportion to the distance. -is unrelated to the distance from the ridge. -decreases in proportion to the distance. -remains the same. -randomly varies.

-increases in proportion to the distance.

The majority of marine invertebrates are: -adapted to life in the pelagic zone. -hypertonic with respect to their environment. -estuarine. -found only in benthic environments. -isotonic with respect to their environment.

-isotonic with respect to their environment.

In terms of erosion protection from wave action, seawalls: -lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides. -are permanent and thus never need to be replaced. -result in a more gradual seaward slope of beaches -require very little maintenance -are cost effective.

-lead to erosion of sediment on their seaward sides.

Which of the following marine pollutants will bioaccumulate or biomagnify in the food web? Choose all that apply. Mercury Nurdles DDTs Fertilizer PCBs

-mercury -DDTs -PCBs

What are some of the challenges that wave power plants face?Choose all that apply. must withstand high levels of acidity must operate in a corrosive environment must withstand high temperatures must withstand high wave energy must maintain the beauty of the coastline

-must operate in a corrosive ENVIRONMENT -must withstand high wave ENERGY -must maintain the beauty of the COASTLINE

Why do dissolved oxygen concentrations increase at depths greater than about 1000 meters at high and low latitudes? Choose all that apply. -deeper water is colder -oxygen is more soluble at these depths -it is deeper and darker, so less oxygen is photodegraded by sunlight -there are more organisms producing oxygen at these depths -there are fewer marine organisms at these depths

-oxygen is more soluble at these depths -deeper water is colder -there are fewer marine organisms at these depths

Why was the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami so deadly? People did not recognize the signs of an approaching tsunami. Indian Ocean tsunami are relatively rare. Wave heights exceeded 200 meters (656 feet). The largest crest of the wave arrived first. People did not immediately evacuate following the offshore earthquake.

-people -indian -people

Which of the following items is/are illegal to dump within 3 to 12 miles of the shore? Choose all that apply. plastic, ground to less than 1 inch food, ground to less than 1 inch glass, ground to less than 1 inch metal, ground to less than 1 inch dunnage, ground to less than 1 inch

-plastic -dunnage

The subtropical gyres ___. -play a large role in climate -are only important because the currents affect ships crossing them -result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content) -drive the trade winds

-play a large role in climate

What happens to a barrier island as sea level rises? Choose all that apply. The elevation of the barrier flat increases as sand is pushed up higher. Structures on the island are at risk due to increased erosion. Peat deposits are exposed on the ocean beach side of the barrier island. Erosion on the lagoon side increases, and erosion on the ocean beach side decreases. The island moves farther away from land.

-structures -peat

The proportion of sediment types in thePacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Atlantic Ocean varies. Choose the statement that offers the best explanation for the differences in sediment abundance between the North Atlantic and North Pacific basins. Calcareous oozes are more abundant in the North Atlantic than the North Pacific because the seawater is warmer on average in the Atlantic Ocean. Abyssal clays are more abundant in the North Pacific than the North Atlantic because clays can be deposited far from their terrestrial origin. Abyssal clays are more abundant in the North Pacific than the North Atlantic because calcareous oozes dissolve before reaching the sea floor in the North Atlantic ocean basin .Calcareous oozes are more abundant in the North Atlantic than the North Pacific because biological productivity is greater. Siliceous oozes are rare in both basins because they both have an average depth of approximately 4000 meters.

-the longer of the two abyssal clay answers Abyssal clays are more abundant in the North Pacific than the North Atlantic because calcareous oozes dissolve before reaching the sea floor in the North Atlantic ocean basin

Which of the following correctly describes the impacts of known biological pollutants? Choose all that apply. The seaweed Caulerpa has smothered ecosystems where it was introduced. The Atlantic comb jelly has damaged fisheries in the Black Sea. Large predatory fish have bioaccumulated high levels of mercury. Fungi that are introduced into an oil spill biodegrade the petroleum. Zebra mussels have outcompeted native mussels in the Great Lakes region.

-the seaweed... -the Atlantic comb... -zerba...

How are saltwater fish adapted to their saltwater surroundings? Choose all that apply. They absorb water through their skin. They store excess salt in their bodies in a specialized organ called the salt bladder. They excrete a small volume of very salty urine. They excrete salt through specialized cells. They do not drink saltwater.

-they excrete... -they excrete...

As a result of the Coriolis effect in the northern hemisphere, winds always are deflected: -at a 45° angle from their original direction. -to the left of their original direction. -to the east of their original direction. -to the right of their original direction. -at a 90° angle from their original direction.

-to the right of their original direction.

What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots? -volcanoes near tectonic plates -volcanoes at the edges of tectonic plates -volcanoes within tectonic plates -volcanoes above tectonic plates

-volcanoes within tectonic plates

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?

25 atoms

What is the longshore current? -water forced by waves to move away from the shore -water forced by longshore drift to move away from the shore -water forced by longshore drift to move along the shore -water forced by waves to move along the shore

-water forced by waves to move along the shore

Which of the following are true of eastern boundary currents? Choose all that apply. -weak, as compared to western boundary currents -deep, as compared to western boundary currents -they flow along the more gradual slope of the hill of water -wide, as compared to western boundary currents -fast, as compared to western boundary currents

-wide... -weak... -they flow...

What factor(s) drive(s) Ekman transport? Choose all that apply. wind boat movement water temperature Coriolis effect water salinity

-wind -Coriolis effect

Surface ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ and modified by ________. -density differences; the Coriolis effect and land -wind; the Coriolis effect and land -density differences; differences in salinity and temperature -wind; gravity and density -latitude; differences in salinity and land

-wind; the Coriolis effect and land

Waters of the continental shelf are generally __________. Choose all that apply. -aphotic -within the neritic province -highly productive waters -within the epipelagic zone -within the abyssopelagic zone -depleted in oxygen

-within the NERITIC province -highly productive waters -within the EPIPELAGIC zone

At what latitude(s) on Earth is the speed of rotation the greatest?

0 degrees

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A and Sea B have wave heights of 3 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?

0 meters

What is the concentration of DDT in seawater?

0.000003 parts per million Submit

What is the density of pure water?

1.0 g/cm3

Ocean surface currents transfer about ________ of the total amount of heat from the tropics to the poles.

1/3

You live on an island in the Pacific. An earthquake of magnitude 8.5 off the coast of Japan, 8000 km away, generates a tsunami with a wavelength of 200 km. The average water depth between your island and Japan is 4900 m. If a tsunami warning is issued for your island, how many hours will you have before the waves arrive?

10.14 hours

A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?

100

In the open ocean, 1 wave in ________ will be three times as high as the height of the wave average.

1175

Approximately how long does it take the tide wave in each cell to complete one rotation?

12 hours

Mixed tides have a period of ________.

12 hours 25 minutes

Semidiurnal tides have a period of ________.

12 hours and 25 minutes

The current number of documented marine species represent about ________ of all known species on Earth.

13%

The BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill was approximately ________ times larger than the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.

18

When was DDT banned in the United States

1972

It is Thursday and an angler is planning a fishing trip in two days on Saturday. The angler knows from experience that the fishing is best at a particular location at the beginning of high tide. He does not have a tide table, but the angler noted that the high tide on Thursday was at 12:15 PM. At what time on Saturday should he plan to arrive to start fishing, assuming that this location has a diurnal tide type?

1:55 PM

How many spring and neap tides will a tide-recording station experience in a given month?

2 spring tides and 2 neap tides

What is the speed in meters per second of a deep water wave with a wavelength of 3.5 meters?

2.34 meters per second

How much oil was released by the Deepwater Horizon spill?

2.4 million gallons per day for more than three months

Oxygen comprises about ________ percent of the Earth's present atmosphere.

20

Recall that the speed of sound in water is 1507 meters/second (4944 feet/second). If a sonar sounding had a total travel time of 5 seconds, what is the water depth?

3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

In a semidiurnal tidal pattern, if a low tide occurs at 9:00 am, approximately when would the next high tide occur?

3:12 pm

In a diurnal tidal pattern, if a high tide occurs at 3:00 pm, approximately when would the next high tide occur?

3:50 pm, the next day

Most fish need a minimum of ________ parts per million of dissolved oxygen in seawater to survive for long periods.

4

The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________.

4*C

In which direction does the surface current move in relation to the wind in the Southern Hemisphere? in the same direction 90 degrees to the left 45 degrees to the left 90 degrees to the right 45 degrees to the right

45 degrees to the left

Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 1.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from constructive interference?

5 meters

The flipping of Earth's magnetic field takes an average of about ________ years. 12,000 2,000 5,000 1,000 10,000

5,000

When did the great mountain ranges of southern Europe and Asia begin to form?

50 million years ago

An environmental bioassay is used to determine the concentration of a pollutant that causes ________ mortality among a specific group of organisms within a specific time period.

50%

A ship's fathometer (an echo sounder) transmits a sound pulse and records the return of an echo 7.4 seconds later. If the speed of sound in water is 1500 m/second, what is the water depth in meters?

5550 meters

The distance of 1 fathom was standardized to equal exactly ________ feet.

6

Future sea level rise estimates that approximately ________ of existing U.S. coastal wetlands will be lost.

60%

At what Beaufort number do well-marked streaks of foam begin to form on the ocean surface?

7

What percent of volcanic activity takes place on the sea floor?

85

At what Beaufort number does the sea surface begin to roll?

9

A recent poll indicates more than ________ of the American public consider themselves scientifically illiterate.

90%

About what percent of the world fishery is obtained within 320 kilometers (200 miles) of shore?

95%

How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?

> 20,000

Which of the following will cause the lowest air pressure at the surface? A column of cool, dense air A column of warm, less dense air A column of warm, dense air A column of cool, less dense air

A column of warm, less dense air

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination?

A current is run through positive...

What is a tablemount?

A seamount that grew above sea level, experienced wave erosion, and is now inactive.

How does a sea stack form?

A stack forms when a sea arch collapses....

What condition would create a weak longshore current? A high-frequency wave set A set of large swells Waves breaking on a headland A steep beach face A wave set approaching head-on to the shore

A wave set approaching head-on to the shore

What results when two waves, in phase and with the same wavelength, interact?

A wave with an amplitude that is the sum of the amplitudes of the initial two waves.

What can cause a tsunami? Choose all that apply. an extreme spring tide an undersea earthquake an undersea landslide an undersea volcanic eruption a meteor impact on the ocean

ALL EXCEPT: an extreme spring tide

The speed of sound in seawater varies with ________. salinity temperature pressure All of the answers

ALL

Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction? Choose all that apply. Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre South Pacific Subtropical Gyre Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre North Pacific Subtropical Gyre North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

ALL EXCEPT North Pacific Subtropical Gyre North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

Which of the following are benefits of wave power? Choose all that apply. has a minimal impact on marine life creates renewable energy creates clean energy large supply of energy from waves uses simple technology

ALL EXCEPT has a minimal impact on marine life

What happens after a surface oil spill? Choose all that apply. -Photooxidation occurs. -Emulsification occurs. -An oil slick is created. -The carbon dioxide in the oil evaporates into the atmosphere. -The oil sinks to the ocean floor within the first day.

ALL EXCEPT: -the carbon... -the oil...

Based on the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution, which of the following is/are considered to be a form of marine pollution? Choose all that apply. Warmer-than-normal water created by outflow from a coastal power plant Raw sewage released onto the floor of the deep ocean Biodegradable food items dumped overboard from a cruise ship Sound from cargo ships traversing the ocean A natural oil seep on the ocean floor that is discharging oil directly into the ocean Sulfuric acid seeping into marine waters from a volcanic vent area

ALL EXCEPT: a natural oil.. sulfuric acid...

Which of the following statements about tidal patterns and tidal charts is/are true? Choose all that apply. A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of about equal height and two highs of about equal height every tidal day. A semidiurnal tidal pattern has two low tides every tidal day. A tidal day is 24 hours and 50 minutes long. The tidal range is the difference in height between a high tide and a low tide. A diurnal tidal pattern has two high tides every tidal day. A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of unequal height and two highs of unequal height every tidal day.

ALL EXCEPT: A mixed tidal pattern has two lows of about EQUAL... A diurnal tidal pattern...

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply. Water density is greatest when solid. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water molecules hydrate other ions.

ALL EXCEPT: Water density is greatest when solid.

Of the following conditions, which is/are related to strong El Niño events? Choose all that apply. *Increase in primary productivity along coastal South America *Higher sea levels in the eastern Pacific Ocean associated with warmer water *Increase in sea-surface temperatures and destruction of coral reefs in the eastern Pacific Ocean *Increased abundance of hurricanes in the eastern Pacific Ocean *Increase in the strength and consistency of the trade winds

ALL EXCEPT: *Increase in PRIMARY... productivity along coastal South America *Increase in the STRENGTH... and consistency of the trade winds

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding groins? Choose all that apply. Groins are hard-stabilization structures that are always built perpendicular to shore. Groins slow the movement of sand along the beach. Groins add sand to the beach. Groins increase erosion on the downcurrent side. Groins are natural features on the landscape.

ALL EXCEPT: Groins add sand to the beach. Groins are natural...

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water. Seawater is slightly acidic. An increase in the pH of seawater means it is becoming more acidic. The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater. Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater

ALL EXCEPT: seawater... an increase...

Of the following characteristics or features, which is/are associated with depositional shores? Choose all that apply. A location near a large delta Bay-mouth bars The formation of barrier islands High sediment supply Active tectonic uplift A large sand spit

ALL EXCEPT: Active tectonic uplift

Which of the following characteristics of Earth's relationship to the Sun explains the existence of Earth's seasons? -Earth spins on its axis, completing one rotation each day. -Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane. -Earth has a satellite called the Moon, which rotates around Earth. -Earth orbits around the Sun, completing one orbit each year. -Earth's axis always points in the same direction relative to the stars.

ALL EXCEPT: Earth has a satellite called the Moon, which rotates around Earth.

How do hydrogen bonds define the three states of matter in water? Choose all that apply. In liquid water, there are some hydrogen bonds between water molecules that form and break repeatedly. Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds and are responsible for water's high heat capacity and latent heats. Water will be a solid if there are hydrogen bonds between all water molecules. There are no hydrogen bonds when water is in a gas phase. Ice has more hydrogen bonds than water vapor does.

ALL EXCEPT: Hydrogen bonds are.....

Many zooplankton participate in diel vertical migration. What are the benefits of this? Choose all that apply. Reduced nighttime predation To feed on phytoplankton Reduced daytime predation Reduced metabolism Increased food availability

ALL EXCEPT: Increased food availability

As climate change causes global rises in temperature, which of the following processes affecting sea surface salinity are likely to occur? Choose all that apply. Higher levels of precipitation and runoff will decrease sea surface salinity. Decreased sea ice formation will decrease sea surface salinity. Higher levels of evaporation from the ocean will increase sea surface salinity. Increased sea ice formation will increase sea surface salinity. Increased melting of glacial ice and sea ice will decrease sea surface salinity

ALL EXCEPT: Increased sea ice formation will increase sea surface salinity.

Why is DDT still a concern today, even though it has now been banned in the United States for decades? Choose all that apply. It is still found throughout the world's oceans. Even a small amount of DDT has an extremely detrimental impact on marine organisms. It lasts a long time in the environment without breaking down. It is very toxic. It breaks down into arsenic, which has been known to poison groundwater reservoirs.

ALL EXCEPT: It breaks down into arsenic...

Which of the following organisms are classified as benthos? Choose all that apply. -Sand dollars just beneath the sand -Larval marine snails in the pelagic zone -Sponges growing on a substrate -Crabs that crawl across the sea floor -Sea anemones in the rocky intertidal zone -Clams living in burrows

ALL EXCEPT: Larval marine snails in the pelagic zone

Of the following statements about the physical characteristics of coastal oceans, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Onshore wind and coastal runoff create geostrophic currents that flow northward along western North America. In middle-latitude coastal oceans where evaporation is high, a halocline can develop. In low-latitude areas where there is no mixing, surface water temperatures can be very high. Most coastal waters have very high salinity due to freshwater runoff. In high-latitude areas, the coastal ocean is isothermal (has a uniformly low temperature from surface to deeper waters).

ALL EXCEPT: Most coastal waters have very high salinity due to freshwater runoff.

Which of the following are viable options for reducing the amount of plastic in the ocean? Choose all that apply. Dispose of plastics properly and recycle when possible. Support proposals that ban or regulate the use or sale of single-use plastics and their improper disposal at sea. People can reduce their consumption of single-use plastics. Educate people so they understand the impacts of their choices on the environment. Skim the ocean surface water for floating trash.

ALL EXCEPT: Skim the ocean surface water for floating trash.

Which of the following statements regarding the causes of oil and natural (methane) gas seeps and spills is/are correct? Choose all that apply. Some oil slicks are caused by tarballs that rise to the surface and mix with seawater. Some oil slicks are caused by oil spills on the ocean surface. Some natural (methane) gas is released into the atmosphere via photooxidation of surface oil slicks. Some oil slicks are caused by natural oil seeps on the ocean floor. Some natural (methane) gas is released into the atmosphere via natural gas seeps on the ocean floor.

ALL EXCEPT: Some oil slicks are caused by tarballs....

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food .The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over geologic time.

ALL EXCEPT: The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food

Which of the following is/are responsible for releasing oil into the ocean? Choose all that apply. spills during transport by shipleaks during offshore drilling fissure eruptions natural seeps purposeful release by humans

ALL EXCEPT: fissure eruptions

What is/are the advantage(s) of a multibeam sounder compared to traditional echo sounding? Choose all that apply. -less expensive -more detailed -provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor -more accurate -provides information about seafloor composition

ALL EXCEPT: less expensive

Of the following statements about the tides, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The Sun, because of its larger size, has more effect on Earth's tides than the Moon does. The tides are caused by an imbalance between the centripetal force and the gravitational force of the Moon and the Sun. There are two tidal bulges on Earth caused by the Moon: one facing the Moon and the other facing away from the Moon. Both Earth and the Moon orbit around their common center of mass, called the barycenter. Although we observe the tides coming in and going out, in reality, Earth is rotating into and out of various tidal bulges, which produces changing tides.

ALL EXCEPT: the sun....

Which of the following statements is/are true concerning waves? Choose all that apply. A floating object on a wave will move up and back, up and forward, down and forward, and down and backward, ending up in the same place it started. Molecules of water move in a wave motion from one place to another in the same direction that the wave is traveling. Waves are orbital. Molecules of water move in a wave motion from one place to another in the opposite direction that the wave is traveling. Waves can travel long distances across the ocean.

ALL EXCEPT: the two answers that start with molecules

Why is plastic debris such a big problem in the ocean? Choose all that apply. Plastics float and are not readily biodegradable. It photodegrades into small pieces that are ingested by marine organisms and birds. Plastics absorb and concentrate toxins from the seawater and poison marine life when ingested. Marine organisms and birds become entangled in plastic debris. There is so much plastic in the ocean that it is creating a new island in the Pacific Ocean called the East Pacific Garbage Patch.

ALL EXCEPT: there is so much plastic...

Surface ocean currents ___. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. are driven by winds form large rotating gyres in the major ocean basins are influenced by Coriolis effect transfer large amounts of heat from the high latitudes toward the equator

ALL EXCEPT: transfer large amounts of heat from the high latitudes toward the equator

What feature(s) can be recognized using multibeam sonar? Choose all that apply. seamount shipwreck ridge axis tablemount transform fault on land

ALL EXCEPT: transform fault on land

Western intensification causes: the center of the gyre to be shift to the west. very swift western boundary currents. a steeper slope of surface water in the western section of the gyre as compared to the eastern section of the gyre. a large volume of water to flow within western boundary currents. All the above effects are the result of western intensification.

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Sediment is supplied to the coastal zone by: rivers. coastal erosion .local biological activity. All of the above are sources of sediment in the coastal zone. Only A and B are sources of sediment in the coastal zone.

ALL of the above are sources of sediment in the coastal zone.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the problems with plastics in the marine environment? Choose all that apply. Plastics photodegrade into smaller fragments, ultimately becoming microplastics. Plastics do not biodegrade. Accumulating plastic debris acts as an artificial habitat for marine life in the open ocean. Microbeads bind chemical pollutants like PCBs and DDTs. Drifting plastics can be ingested by animals that mistake them for their natural gelatinous prey. Large durable pieces of plastic can entangle marine animals.

ALLL EXCEPT: accumulating...

In locations where North Atlantic Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water, and Antarctic Intermediate Water are all found, how would they be arranged vertically in the water column?

ANTARCTIC Bottom Water would be on the bottom, NORTH ATLANTIC

What is a tsunami? a series of water waves that travel....

AWAY from a fault in all directions at HIGH speed

Which of the following is the deepest part of the ocean? Shelf Abyssal plain Slope Rise

Abyssal plain

Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE? The Pacific Ocean is the second largest geographic feature on the planet. The Pacific Ocean covers more than two-thirds of the ocean surface area on Earth. The Pacific Ocean is about three times larger than the next largest ocean. The Pacific Ocean spans more than one-half of Earth's entire surface. All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean

What is the relationship between the crust and the lithosphere? -The crust lies below a larger layer called the lithosphere. -Some of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere. -The crust lies on top of a larger layer called the lithosphere. -All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.

All of the crust is contained within a larger layer called the lithosphere.

When looking at the world ocean totals combined, which is the most dominant sediment worldwide? Siliceous ooze Abyssal clay Calcareous ooze Other (gravel, sand, silt, mud)

Calcareous ooze

Which of the following currents contributes to the South Western United States being arid? California Current Canary Current Brazil Current North Pacific Current North Equatorial Current

California Current

Which of the following is true for downwelling? Carries nutrients to the deep-sea floor Carries cold water to the deep-sea floor Creates high productivity Carries dissolved oxygen to the deep-sea floor

Carries dissolved oxygen to the deep-sea floor

Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the low latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at low latitudes?

Compared to high latitudes, there is HIGHER salinity due to higher evaporation......

Which of the following contributed to the salinity of the ocean? Choose all that apply. The differences in oceanic and continental crust. Chlorine gas from the atmosphere was dissolved in the water. The creation of acid rain from volcanic outgassing The evolution of life on Earth. Runoff caused dissolved elements to enter the ocean.

Chlorine gas from the atmosphere was dissolved in the water. The creation of acid rain from volcanic outgassing Runoff caused dissolved elements to enter the ocean.

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by humans and common dolphins? Family Order Genus Phylum Class

Class

Which of the following estuaries forms when sea level rises and floods an existing river valley? Coastal Plain Estuary Delta System Tectonic Estuary Bar-Built Estuary Fjord

Coastal Plain Estuary

Why is Greenland currently an area of active seafloor research? Choose all that apply. Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented. Deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt. Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form. Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean. Deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented. Deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

Water with which of the following characteristics would be the densest? Warm water with high salinity would be the densest. Warm water with low salinity would be the densest Cold water with low salinity would be the densest. Cold water with high salinity would be the densest.

Cold water with high salinity would be the densest.

Which conditions in the ocean promote high productivity? Warm water, poor nutrients Warm water, rich nutrients Cold water, rich nutrients Cold water, poor nutrients

Cold water, rich nutrients

The densest water found in the ocean has what characteristics? Cold, fresh, deep Warm, fresh, deep Cold, salty, shallow Warm, salty, shallow Cold, salty, and deep

Cold, salty, and deep

What part of the continent(s) create the best fit when trying to piece them back together like a puzzle into the supercontinent Pangaea? Continental shelf Continental rise Shoreline Continental margin Continental slope

Continental margin

Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following? Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

Where does the deep-ocean basin begin along a passive continental margin? Continental slope Abyssal plain Continental rise Shoreline Continental shelf

Continental slope

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? The solid iron-nickel inner core spins in the same direction as Earth, but much faster. The Sun has such a powerful magnetic field that it creates a magnetic field on Earth. Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field. The solid inner core spins rapidly in the opposite direction as Earth rotates. Convection of the silicate materials in the asthenosphere generates a magnetic field.

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

The Himalayan Mountains and Alps are geographic examples of which type of plate boundary? Convergent Divergent Transform

Convergent

Which of the following kinds of ocean pollution is an example of point source pollution? Trash that is washed down storm drains Fertilizers from suburban lawns Pesticides from agriculture Road oil residue from automobiles Cooling water from a shoreline power plant

Cooling water from a shoreline power plant

Which of the following statements about coral reefs and seamounts is most accurate? Seamounts at the ocean surface grow towards coral reefs over time. Seamounts at the ocean surface grow away from coral reefs over time. Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow towards seamounts over time. Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time.

Coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time.

Which type of marine sediments include space dust and meteors? Hydrogenous Lithogenous Cosmogenous Biogenous

Cosmogenous

Which of the following marine pollutants are biodegradable? Choose all that apply. Crude oil The seaweed Caulerpa Mercury Petroleum Microplastics DDTs

Crude oil The seaweed Caulerpa Petroleum

Why does the crust subside slightly on either side of a melting glacier?

Crust under the glacier rises as the ice melts. This allows mantle....

The pollutant responsible for major declines in the populations of pelicans, ospreys, and other marine birds was __________. mercury plastics sewage sludge PCBs DDT

DDT

All of the following are oceanographic sampling activities that are completed on board the ship, EXCEPT: vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature) identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time navigation to determine the position of the ship DNA analysis of marine organisms

DNA analysis of marine organisms

Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle? Declining Mature Suturing Juvenile Terminal

Declining

What reason best explains the decrease in oxygen levels beneath the epipelagic zone? Lack of algae Lack of atmospheric mixing Decomposition of organic material Increased concentration of nutrients Absence of photosynthesis

Decomposition of organic material

What does DART stand for?

Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

Active continental margins are characterized by which of the following? Shallow coastal waters Broad continental shelves No sediment accumulation Deep-sea trenches Sparse earthquake activity

Deep-sea trenches

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved.....

Which of the following was used during early exploration of the oceans to collect sediment samples? Seiche disk Rotary corer Dredge Long line Gravity corer

Dredge

Which method would be most appropriate for directly measuring the flow rate of the Gulf Stream? Radar altimeter Doppler flow meter Radioactive tracers Drift bottles Argo floats

Drift bottles

What is the most obvious difference between summertime and wintertime beaches?

During summertime, there is much more sand on the beach.

Of the following methods, which are indirect methods for measuring currents? Choose all that apply. Dynamic topography Pressure gradients Propeller flow meter Doppler flow meter Radio-transmitting float

Dynamic topography Pressure gradients Doppler flow meter

Which of the following items is/are illegal to dump within 3 miles of the shore?

EVERY ANSWER

Which of the following kingdoms includes the blue-green algae? Archaebacteria Eubacteria Fungi Plantae Protista

Eubacteria

Which of the following domains has cells that house DNA in a discrete nucleus and contain structures that supply energy to build the cell and maintain its functions? Archaea Archaeabacteria Bacteria Ediacaria Eukarya

Eukarya

Which of the following is not considered a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)? Toluene Xylenes Benzene Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Which gas is being emitted from hydrothermal vents? Hydrogen sulfide Nitrogen Oxygen Hydrogen sulfate

Hydrogen sulfide

Dissolved ions are removed from the ocean through which of these processes? Volcanic eruptions Hydrothermal activity at the mid-ocean ridge River discharge

Hydrothermal activity at the mid-ocean ridge

Compared to a solution of freshwater, a cell that contains dissolved solutes would be considered: Hypotonic and would absorb water Hypertonic and would lose water Hypertonic and would absorb water Hypotonic and would lose water Isotonic and would lose dissolved solutes

Hypertonic and would absorb water

Why does the wave height of a tsunami increase as the tsunami enters shallow water?

In shallow water, the energy of the tsunami must be contained within a smaller water column.

Where are the large floating regions of trash in all oceans of the world where plastics outnumber marine organisms several times over located? Near the poles In subtropical gyres In foreshore regions In areas of Ekman transport Along equatorial countercurrents

In subtropical gyres

Which of the following terms describes organisms living buried in the sand, shells, or mud? Benthonektos Epifauna Infauna Nektobenthos Planktofauna

Infauna

Which of the following is considered the world's largest oil spill? Blowout of the Ixtoc #1 oil-drilling platform in 1979. Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991. Spillage from natural seeps and regular human activities every year. Rupturing of the Exxon Valdez supertanker in 1989. Explosion of the Deepwater Horizon oil-drilling platform in 2010.

Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.

Besides where each type of wave is located, what is one of the most obvious physical differences between internal waves and surface waves? Internal waves are so deep in the ocean that they can't be measured. Internal waves can only be measured by submarines. Internal waves have a much longer wavelength as compared to the shorter wavelength surface waves. Internal waves are invisible while surface waves are not. Internal waves only occur during very special conditions.

Internal waves have a much longer wavelength as compared to the shorter wavelength surface waves.

Which one of the following is not considered a true type of oceanic island? Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge) Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago). Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands) Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the danger levels of mercury poisoning? Choose all that apply. It is considered an "extreme danger"... It is considered a "danger" ... It is considered a "possible hazard"... It is considered "safe" ... It is considered a "safe level" ...

It is considered an "extreme danger".. It is considered a "possible hazard"... It is considered a "safe level" ...

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Why was DDT intentionally released into the environment? It was sprayed on flowers to brighten their colors. It was applied in swamps to kill mosquitos that spread malaria. It was sprayed on fruit trees to ripen the fruit faster .It was poured into the ocean to kill algae that caused dead zones. It was sprayed on forests to kill beetles that were decimating pine tree populations.

It was applied in swamps to kill mosquitos that spread malaria.

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was Leif Erikson James Cameron James Cook Juan Sebastian del Cano Christopher Columbus

James Cook

________ protect a harbor or bay entrance and usually occurs in pairs. Breakwaters Groin fields Groins Jetties

Jetties

What does JOIDES stand for?

Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? Ferdinand Magellan Juan Sebastian del Caño Vasco da Gama Giovanni Caboto Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Juan Sebastian del Caño

Which of the following is the most specific taxonomic grouping shared by common dolphins and bat stars? Class Kingdom Family Phylum Order

Kingdom

Which of the following associations is incorrect? Kingdom Protoctista—phytoplankton Kingdom Fungi—mushrooms Kingdom Animalia—dolphins Kingdom Monera—bacteria in hydrothermal vents Kingdom Plantae—algae

Kingdom Plantae—algae

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Floating Sargassum Jellyfish Krill Seagrasses Zooplankton

Krill

Which swift-flowing surface current in a major subtropical gyre transports a large volume of warm water from the equator toward the mid-latitudes? Kuroshio Current West Australian Current California Current Benguela Current North Equatorial Current

Kuroshio Current

Graded bedding provides evidence that __________.

LARGE, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

What is the overall effect of the stronger than normal trade winds typical of La Niña conditions? lowering of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions flipping of the South Pacific ocean current direction from normal conditions swapping of the South Pacific high and low pressure zones from normal conditions raising of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions

LOWERING of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions

Compared to a typical estuary, which of the following exhibits the exact opposite circulation pattern? Galveston Bay Laguna Madre San Francisco Bay Pamlico Sound Chesapeake Bay

Laguna Madre

Volcanic ash is considered to be which type of marine sediment? Hydrogenous Cosmogenous Lithogenous Biogenous

Lithogenous

What is the difference between longshore current and longshore drift?

Longshore current refers to the movement of water, longshore drift refers to the movement of sediment.

Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the high latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at high latitudes?

Lower salinity due to HIGH PRECIPITATION and runoff and melting icebergs, and low evaporation due to cooler temperatures

A(n) ________ is the time that elapses between when the Moon is directly overhead and the next time the Moon is directly overhead. Earth day Lunar day Solar day Martian day

Lunar day

Plankton that measure between 2 to 20 centimeters are classified, based on size, as which of the following? Macroplankton Phytoplankton Picoplankton Virioplankton Zooplankton

Macroplankton

Which of the following plankton are the largest? Macroplankton Phytoplankton Picoplankton Virioplankton Zooplankton

Macroplankton

Which type of sediment deposit has an average rate of deposition (per 1000 years) of 0.001 millimeter (0.00004 inch)? Abyssal clay, pelagic deposit Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit Coarse lithogenous sediment, neritic deposit Biogenous ooze, pelagic deposit

Manganese nodule, pelagic deposit

Why does the crust uplift slightly on either side of a growing glacier?

Mantle under the glacier is pushed aside by sinking CRUST...

Which of the following is the deepest trench? Peru-Chile Middle America Kuril Aleutian Mariana

Mariana

Of the following statements, which is/are included in the World Health Organization's definition of marine pollution? Choose all that apply. Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. Marine pollution is human-made. Marine pollution can be a natural occurrence. Marine pollution is aesthetically displeasing (an eyesore). Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy. Marine pollution is harmful to human health only.

Marine pollution results in or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. Marine pollution is human-made. Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy.

Tides are generated by forces imposed on Earth that are caused by a combination of gravity and motion among all of the following except ________. Moon Earth Sun Mars

Mars

Which of the following water masses has the highest average salinity? Mediterranean Intermediate Water Antarctic Intermediate Water Antarctic Bottom Water North Atlantic Deep Water

Mediterranean Intermediate Water

A cold-tolerate water clone of Caulerpa taxifolia was first introduced in which sea? Caspian Sea Black Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Which of the following pollutants is involved with acid rain production? Hydrochloric acid Nitric aid Sulfur acid Acetic acid

Nitric aid

How did the view of the ocean by early Mediterranean cultures influence the naming of planet Earth? Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of small land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water. Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water. Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by large bodies of water. Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of small land masses surrounded by large bodies of water.

Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Melting glacial ice Formation of large inland lakes Uplifted continental crust Melting sea ice Increased seafloor spreading rates

Melting sea ice

Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa? Lepidodendron Archaeopteris Mesosauras Glossopteris

Mesosauras

Which of the following is the least frequent cause of a tsunami in recent centuries? Fault movement Volcanic eruptions Meteorite impacts Landslides

Meteorite impacts

Why do fish in Minamata Bay have such high methylmercury concentrations?

Methylmercury-laden wastewater was intentionally released into the ocean.

The ancient remains of which of the following, buried before they could decompose, are the source of today's petroleum deposits? Microscopic organisms Peat and coal Land based plants Dinosaurs Fish and amphibians

Microscopic organisms

In the ocean, where are the youngest rocks found? Trenches Mid-ocean ridges Subduction zones Around the continents

Mid-ocean ridges

What occurs more often, pure destructive, pure constructive, or mixed interference? Pure constructive interference Pure destructive interference Mixed interference

Mixed interference

What piece of evidence supports Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift? Records of glacial masses in the tropics indicate a worldwide ice age. Calculations of tidal forces show that this mechanism is sufficient to cause landmasses to move Modern-day species that evolved in isolation share a common ancestor. Coal deposits that form in tropical swamps are absent from continents near the poles. Rocks of varying ages found in mountain chains separated by the Atlantic Ocean indicate that they formed at different times in history.

Modern-day species that evolved in isolation share a common ancestor.

The most important factor that causes ocean tides on Earth is the

Moon

In the long term, what do beach drift and longshore current do? Move sediment up to the shoreline Move sediment parallel to the shoreline Move sediment away from the shoreline Move sediment perpendicular to the shoreline

Move sediment parallel to the shoreline

Which of the following occurs during light wave activity? The beach is saturated with water from previous waves A net movement of sand down the beach face Much of the swash soaks into the beach Backwash dominates the transport system A backward movement of sand along the beach face

Much of the swash soaks into the beach

Which of the following agencies defines life as "Life is a self-sustained chemical system capable of undergoing Darwinian evolution?"

NASA

What does NOAA stand for? National Oceanic and Atlas Administration National Oceanic and Atlas Association National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Which of the following terms describes organisms that live on the bottom yet also have the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor? Benthonektos Epifauna Infauna Nektobenthos Planktofauna

Nektobenthos

Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates? Nekton Benthos Plankton Animalia Plantae

Nekton

Which part of the ocean is considered to be the most climatically sensitive regions on Earth? South Pacific South Indian North Pacific North Atlantic South Atlantic

North Atlantic

An example of relocation is the movement of Cape Hatteras Lighthouse. Where is the lighthouse located?

North Carolina

At which latitude on the Earth is the speed of Earth's rotation the slowest? 30 degrees N and S 60 degrees N and S North and South poles Equator

North and South poles

Which wind belt curves to the right due to the Coriolis effect and blow from northeast to southwest? Polar easterly wind belts Southeast trade winds Northeast trade winds Prevailing westerly wind belts

Northeast trade winds

The North Atlantic Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

Northern Boundary Current

The Maelstrom off the coast of ________ is one of the strongest whirlpools in the world.

Norway

What are the major steps involved in the process of science?

Observation, hypothesis, testing, and theory

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? Ocean to atmosphere Atmosphere to ocean Continent to atmosphere Continent to ocean Atmosphere to continent

Ocean to atmosphere

Why is the average depth of the ocean much greater than the average height of land? -More erosion happens on land than in the ocean. -Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust. -Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust. -Continental crust is less buoyant than oceanic crust. -Oceanic crust is cooler than continental crust.

Oceanic crust is more dense than continental crust.

What type of plate boundary will result in the formation of a volcanic island chain or arc near a deep-sea trench? Continental-continental convergent boundaries Oceanic-oceanic divergent boundaries Continental-continental divergent boundaries Ocean-continental convergent boundaries Oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries

Oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries

Since Tuna is sold in 5 ounce (142 grams) cans in the U.S.A., what is the most frequently you eat an entire can of tuna and not be above the average U.S. fish consumption rate?

Once a week

In which period did the first fishes appear? Ordovician Devonian Silurian Cambrian

Ordovician

Over the last 186 years, how has the location of Earth's magnetic north pole changed?

Over the last 186 years....

Which of the following was not abundant in the early atmosphere? Hydrogen Carbon dioxide Water vapor (steam) Oxygen

Oxygen

Which of the following has been indicated as a cause of spontaneous abortions in sea lions and the death of shrimp in Escambia Bay, Florida?

PCBs

Deep-ocean trenches and volcanic arcs result from the collision of two plates at convergent plate boundaries and mostly occur along the margins of which of the following oceans?

Pacific Ocean

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the:

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following has the deepest waters? Pacific Ocean Lake Baikal Mediterranean Sea Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth? Antarctica Great Barrier Reef Pacific Ocean Amazon Rainforest Grand Canyon

Pacific Ocean

Which of the following resources found in ocean sediments has the greatest economic value? Sand and gravel Petroleum Gas hydrates Rare-earth elements Manganese nodules and crusts

Petroleum

Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply. Manganese nodules Halite Petroleum Gas hydrates Phosphorites

Petroleum Gas hydrates

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________. Chinese Polynesians Greeks Phoenicians

Phoenicians

At what depth is phosphate concentration lowest? Why?

Phosphate concentration is lowest at the SURFACE...

Which of the following types of plankton can photosynthesize and produce its own food? Photoplankton Synthoplankton Holoplankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Which of the following kingdoms has only a few species living in the marine environment? Eubacteria Plantae Animalia Protista Archaebacteria

Plantae

Eukaryotes include which of the following? Choose all that apply. Plantae Protista Archae bacteria Eubacteria Fungi

Plantae Protista Fungi

Which type of breaker has a curling crest that moves over an air pocket? Plunging breaker Spilling breaker Standing breaker Surging breaker Swelling breaker

Plunging breaker

Based on the characteristics, what is the name of the wind belt being described as cold, dry winds generally from the east? Trade winds Polar easterlies Prevailing winds None of the above

Polar easterlies

A boundary or belt characterized by cold deserts occurs in which of the following regions? Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) 5 to 30 degrees30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 degrees 60 to 90 degrees Poles (90 degrees)

Poles (90 degrees)

Polar high pressure occurs in which of the following regions? Equatorial (0 to 5 degrees) 5 to 30 degrees 30 degrees 30 to 60 degrees 60 degrees 60 to 60 degrees Poles(90 degrees)

Poles(90 degrees)

Where did the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill occur?

Prince William Sound

Which of the following is a direct method for measuring surface currents? Dynamic topography maps Pressure gradients Radio altimeters Propeller flow meter

Propeller flow meter

In which kingdom does marine kelp belong? Protista Fungi Archae bacteria Plantae Animalia

Protista

Which of the following was true about the Protoearth? Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous. Protoearth had one large ocean. Protoearth's size was smaller than today's Earth. Protoearth had early primitive life forms.

Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous

Which of the following is the major environmental concern regarding the release of methane from the sea floor to the atmosphere? Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate. At least fifty deep-ocean floor sites may contain extensive methane hydrate deposits. Sudden releases of methane hydrates have been linked to underwater slope failures. Sea floor methane seeps support a rich community of organisms that depend on the methane. Methane is created when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments.

Release of large quantities of methane from the ocean causes dramatic effects on global climate.

Which of the following is not a hard stabilization option? Groins Relocation Breakwaters Seawalls Jetties

Relocation

What is the fate of the largest proportion of plastic pollution that enters the oceans each year? Remains floating at sea Encrusted by marine life Sinks to the sea floor Eaten by marine animals Washes up on the beach

Remains floating at sea

Identify the major feature of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge Volcanic arc Oceanic rise Rift valley Trench Submarine canyon

Rift valley

Dissolved ions enter the ocean through which of these processes? River discharge Hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridge Adsorption and precipitation Sea spray Biological processes

River discharge

Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean? Rotary corer Seiche disk Gravity corer Long line Dredge

Rotary corer

Which type of sampling did the JOIDES Resolution conduct? Gravity corer Rotary drilling Dredging None of the answers

Rotary drilling

When do all locations on Earth experience equal lengths of day and night?Choose all that apply. June Solstice December Solstice September Equinox March Equinox

September Equinox March Equinox

Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea? Shipwreck Contagious disease Scurvy Gunfire

Scurvy

Of the following processes, which increases the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply. Melting icebergs Precipitation Sea ice melting Sea ice formation Runoff Evaporation

Sea ice formation Evaporation

Why do coral reefs at the ocean surface grow away from seamounts over time?

Seamounts subside as tectonic plates move. Coral reefs grow away from the seamount in order to stay near the sunlight.

What is the difference between an ocean and a sea?

Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of salt water (memorize first part) that are somewhat enclosed by land, but they are directly connected to the world ocean.

When are the Sun's rays perpendicular to Earth's surface at the equator? Choose all that apply. September Equinox December Solstice June Solstice March Equinox

September Equinox March Equinox

Which of the following statements is/are true concerning spring tides? Choose all that apply. Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned. Spring tides occur at first quarter moon and third quarter moon. Spring tides occur only during the spring season. Spring tides have high high tides. Spring tides have high low tides.

Spring tides occur when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are aligned. Spring tides have high high tides.

What did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate? Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated how the water that makes up the oceans and atmosphere could be outgassed from Earth's interior. Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that organic molecules could not have been produced in Earth's early oceans. Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of complex organic molecules, such as proteins and DNA, could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "biotic soup"). Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of simple organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "prebiotic soup"). Stanley Miller's experiments demonstrated the salinity of the oceans using synthesized prebiotic materials.

Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of simple organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "prebiotic soup").

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding subtropical convergence? Choose all that apply. Subtropical convergence causes a bulge of surface water that can be as high as 2 meters. Subtropical convergence produces a hill of piled up water in the center of each gyre in the northern hemisphere that is deflected towards the west. Subtropical convergence is caused by the clockwise rotation of each gyre in the southern hemisphere. Subtropical convergence is caused by the clockwise rotation of each gyre in the northern hemisphere. Subtropical convergence produces a hill of piled up water in the center of each gyre in the southern hemisphere that is deflected towards the east.

Subtropical convergence causes a bulge of surface water that can be as high as 2 meters. Subtropical convergence produces a hill of piled up water in the center of each gyre in the northern hemisphere that is deflected towards the west. Subtropical convergence is caused by the clockwise rotation of each gyre in the northern hemisphere

Which of the following are names for large ocean waves that can be created by constructive interference? Choose all that apply. Superwaves Freak waves Havoc waves Shipwrecker waves Rogue waves

Superwaves Freak waves Rogue waves

Ocean sediments consist of particles that have slowly settled out of the water by which of the following the processes? Grain lithification Sediment compaction Suspension settling Porosity reduction Paleooceanography

Suspension settling

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as: variation in wind speed over the Pacific Ocean. the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure. relative changes between two different atmospheric pressure systems at high altitude .wind speed and wind direction differences along the equator. tidal differences between coastal Peru and Darwin, Australia.

THE relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth and the Moon? Choose all that apply. During a first quarter moon and a third quarter moon, the lunar and solar tidal bulges are additive. There are two lunar tidal bulges and two solar tidal bulges. The solar tidal bulges are larger than the lunar tidal bulges because the Sun is larger than the Moon. A new moon is one that you can't see because Earth is between the Moon and the Sun. Earth rotates counterclockwise on its axis, or from west to east.

THERE ARE TWO lunar tidal bulges and two solar tidal bulges. EARTH rotates counterclockwise on its axis, or from west to east.

Which of the following differences between warm-water and cold-water species is not directly caused by differences in water temperature? Cold-water organisms reproduce later and less frequently than those in tropical waters. Floating organisms are physically smaller in warm waters than in colder waters. Total biomass of plankton in the tropics is far less than that found in high-latitude waters. Tropical organisms grow faster and have a shorter life expectancy than those in colder water. Warm-water species often have ornate plumage which is absent in the larger cold-water species

TOTAL biomass of plankton in the tropics is far less than that found in high-latitude waters.

The Pacific coast, excluding Alaska, has the lowest average erosion rate in the United States, despite significant beach starvation and localized erosion. Which of the following factors accounts for this low average?

Tectonic emergence

Which of the following estuaries form when faulting or folding of rocks creates a restricted downdropped area into which the sea has flooded? Bar-built estuary Tectonic estuary Coastal plain estuary Fjord

Tectonic estuary

Which of the following best defines heat capacity?

The AMOUNT of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?

The Arctic Ocean

Why does wave height increase as waves enter shallow water? The wavelength of the wave must be contained within a larger water column in shallow water. The energy of the wave must be contained within a smaller water column in shallow water. The energy of the wave must be contained within a larger water column in shallow water. The wavelength of the wave must be contained within a smaller water column in shallow water.

The ENERGY of the wave must be contained within a SMALLER water column in shallow water.

What would happen to Earth if ocean floor were created at divergent boundaries at a faster rate than it is destroyed at convergent boundaries? The Earth would increase in mass. The Earth would increase in volume. The Earth would decrease in volume. The Earth would decrease in mass.

The Earth would increase in volume.

What is the difference between the geographic North Pole and the magnetic North Pole?

The Earth's axis runs through the.....

How does the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) change over time? The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in winter and north of the equator in summer. The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer. The ITCZ migrates north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer. The ITCZ migrates north of the equator in winter and south of the equator in summer.

The ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer.

If it is January and the Moon is in syzygy, which additional factor would contribute to extreme tidal ranges around the world? The Moon in apogee The Moon in perigee Earth in aphelion The Moon in quadrature

The Moon in perigee

Why does the Moon reach perigee two days before it completes its 29-and-a-half-day lunar cycle?

The Moon's orbit around Earth shifts position over time.

Which of the following statements comparing ocean to land is correct? The tallest point on land, Mt. Everest, is much taller than the ocean is deep. The Pacific Ocean covers more of Earth's surface than all the land combined. About half the surface area on Earth is covered with oceans and half is covered with land. On Earth, the average depth of the oceans is less than the average height of the land.

The Pacific Ocean covers more of Earth's surface than all the land combined.

Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans? The Pacific Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Southern Ocean The Indian Ocean

The Southern Ocean

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?Choose all that apply. -The Indian Ocean is about 7% the size of the Pacific Ocean. -The Arctic is a continent surrounded by land, whereas the Antarctic is an ocean surrounded by continents. -The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. -Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. -NASA satellites fly over Antarctica.

The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. NASA satellites fly over Antarctica.

How is a semidiurnal period related to a tidal day?

The semidiurnal period is half as long as a tidal day.

In a severe warm phase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), fisheries' productivity on the west coasts of the Americas is dramatically reduced. Which stage of ENSO would come just before the fisheries' collapse? The pressure gradient in the Walker Circulation Cell weakens. The southeast trade winds diminish and may even reverse. The thermocline deepens in eastern boundary currents of the Pacific Ocean subtropical gyres. Sea level increases in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Coral reefs in the equatorial Pacific show signs of damage in response to increasing water temperature.

The TEHRMOCLINE deepens in eastern boundary currents of the Pacific Ocean subtropical gyres.

Which of the following is not a sea? The Black Sea The Mediterranean Sea The Red Sea The Adriatic Sea The Yellow Sea

The Yellow Sea

How can a dip needle be used to determine one's location on Earth? The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more parallel to Earth's surface at the poles and more perpendicular at the equator. The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more parallel to Earth's surface in the northern hemisphere and more perpendicular in the southern hemisphere. The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more perpendicular to Earth's surface at the poles and more parallel at the equator. The angle of magnetic field lines is consistent, allowing you to use a dip needle to determine your location. The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more parallel to Earth's surface in the southern hemisphere and more perpendicular in the northern hemisphere.

The angle of magnetic field lines changes depending on where you are on Earth's surface. They are more perpendicular to Earth's surface at the poles and more parallel at the equator.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Coastal regions have experienced population increases and increased damage BECAUSE programs like the National Flood Insurance Program have encouraged construction in the unsafe locations they were designed to prevent.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine animals live near the ocean surface BECAUSE this is where food can be obtained.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The berm is a favorite place of beachgoers BECAUSE it normally consists of dry sand.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have not had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE tropical organisms grow faster, have a shorter life expectancy.

The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Alternatives to hard stabilization have been sought BECAUSE hard stabilization has not been proven to have negative environmental consequences.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The same waves break against both headlands and in nearby bays, but their energy is different BECAUSE wave reflection causes the distribution of wave energy to change between them.

The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE their body fluids are nearly isotonic.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are affected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they do not have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ocean waves are not considered body waves BECAUSE they transmit energy through the upper part of the ocean near the interface between the atmosphere and the ocean.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The inhabitants of the open ocean risk desiccation BECAUSE they live in an environment of abundant saltwater.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The main cause of rogue waves is theorized to be an extraordinary case of destructive wave interference BECAUSE rogue waves are the suspected cause of many of the approximately 1,000 sinkings that occur each year.

The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

What happens when two solutions are isotonic?

There is no net movement...

How do the physical properties of the asthenosphere differ from the lithosphere? The athenosphere is a plastic or malleable region of Earth's interior, whereas the lithosphere is a liquified rock layer. Both are capable of flow. The athenosphere is a brittle, solid region. The lithosphere is a plastic or malleable rock layer that is capable of flow. The athenosphere is plastic or malleable and capable of slow flow. The lithosphere is a brittle and rigid solid region comprised mosly of basalt and granite. The athenosphere is a brittle, low-density region composed of continental and oceanic crust. The lithosphere is a plastic or malleable, high-density region composed of oceanic crust.

The athenosphere is plastic or malleable and capable of slow flow. The lithosphere is a brittle and rigid solid region comprised mosly of basalt and granite.

Which of the following statements about the average depths of the four principle oceans is correct?

The average depths of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans are very similar, while the depth of the Arctic Ocean is much shallower than the other three.

What will happen to the crust as a glacier grows? The crust under the glacier will push the mantle up. The crust under the glacier will sink into the mantle. The mantle under the glacier will push the crust up.

The crust under the glacier will sink into the mantle

What is the relationship between wave base and wavelength?

The depth of the wave base is one-half the wavelength of the waves.

Which hypothesis best explains the continuous bend in the Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount chain? -This feature results from two independent mantle plumes that merged to create the appearance of a bend. -The location of the mantle plume that formed this feature drifted over time. The trench associated with the formation of this feature has a continuous bend in it. The direction of plate motion shifted over time over a stationary mantle plume (hotspot). The mid-ocean ridge that forms this feature has a continuous bend in it.

The direction of plate motion shifted over time over a stationary mantle plume (hotspot).

Which of the following best defines heat?

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature

If Earth rotated in the opposite direction, how would global atmospheric circulation be affected? The global wind belts would blow in the opposite north-south direction. The global wind belts would blow in the opposite east-west direction. The atmospheric circulation cells would reverse direction. Atmospheric circulation would be organized into a total of 8 circulation cells (4 in the Northern Hemisphere and 4 in the Southern Hemisphere).

The global wind belts would blow in the opposite east-west direction.

How are the materials that make up Earth's interior stratified in relation to their densities?

The highest-density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, whereas lower-density materials are located closer to Earth's surface.

Which attributes of the water molecule arise from the unique bend in its geometry? -Both sides are positively charged. -The oxygen end has a positive charge, and the hydrogen end has a negative charge. -The hydrogen end has a positive charge, and the oxygen end has a negative charge. -Both sides are negatively charged.

The hydrogen end has a positive charge, and the oxygen end has a negative charge.

How does the inclination of Earth's axis change over the course of a year?

The inclination of Earth's axis does not change.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the layer(s) of Earth that is/are responsible for the magnetic field? The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid, and they are both composed of silicate minerals .The inner core and outer core are both solid, but the inner core is mostly composed of iron and nickel, and the outer core is mostly silicates. The inner core is so hot that it is liquid, and the outer core is solid. Both are composed of silicate minerals. The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid, and they are both composed mainly of iron and nickel. The inner core is so hot that it is liquid, and the outer core is solid. Both are composed mainly of iron and nickel.

The inner core is solid and the outer core is liquid, and they are both composed mainly of iron and nickel.

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material. The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock. The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core. The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock.

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

What was the one line of evidence that Alfred Wegner could not explain with continental drift? Glacial evidence Mountain belts The mechanism for the movement of the plates Continents fitting together like a puzzle piece Fossil evidence

The mechanism for the movement of the plates

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following? His correlation of fossils was false; they were different species. The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents . There is no evidence of past glacial activity in areas that are now tropical. There was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents

The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents

Which statement accurately describes the interaction between a water molecule and sodium chloride as it dissolves?

The negative oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive sodium ion.

Which of the following is the most convincing piece of evidence set forth to support the concept of sea floor spreading? The oceanic pattern of alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field The correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents The mid-ocean ridge is entirely volcanic in origin The mid-ocean ridge rises more than 2.5 kilometers above the surrounding deep-ocean floor

The oceanic pattern of alternating reversals of Earth's magnetic field

What causes wave refraction? Water piles up against a beach and then flows offshore against incoming waves. Winds that blow for a long time offshore create an area where waves are generated. Offshore sand bars that cause waves to break offshore. A wave strikes a shallowly submerged underwater object. The part of a wave in shallow water slows down, causing the wave to bend and line up nearly parallel to the shore.

The part of a wave in shallow water slows down, causing the wave to bend and line up nearly parallel to the shore.

How would the alignment of a particle of magnetite differ with respect to the Earth's surface, if it solidified at the magnetic Equator, the Tropic of Cancer, or the magnetic North Pole?

The particle of magnetite would be aligned parallel with Earth's surface.....

What is osmosis? The diffusion of ions from a solution of lower concentration to a solution of higher concentration. The diffusion of dissolved solutes across a semi-permeable membrane. A process that increases the concentration of water molecules inside the cellular structure. The movement of dissolved solutes from a high salinity solution into a low salinity solution. The process of water molecules moving from a hypotonic solution through a semi-permeable membrane into a hypertonic solution.

The process of water molecules...

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method? Choose all that apply. The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. The scientific method ends with a theory that is regarded as an absolute truth. Most people will probably not use portions of the scientific method during their lifetime. Scientists make predictions based on established theories. The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations.

The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. Scientists make predictions based on established theories. The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations.

Which statement best describes the origin of Earth's oceans? Earth's oceans were outgassed exclusively from the interior of the planet during early formation. The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets. The vast majority of the water that fills our oceans was derived from comets. The Earth's oceans were created from nearly equal parts outgassing of the interior and icy comets colliding with Earth.

The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets.

What triggers a wave traveling across the ocean to finally release its energy?

The wave begins to interact with the sea floor as it moves into shallower water.

What is an interference pattern?

The wave pattern produced when two or more waves interact.

Why do ocean waves bend around headlands? The waves have longer wavelength just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend. The waves have shorter wavelength just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend. The waves are moving more slowly just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend. The waves are moving faster just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.

The waves are moving more slowly just in front of the headland, causing the waves to bend.

How would a beach be affected if a wide berm were protected from erosion during winter months? The wintertime beach would look similar to any other wintertime beach. The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach. The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach, but with a longshore bar. The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach, but with a narrow berm.

The wintertime beach would look similar to the summertime beach.

Why are water molecules in a gas phase able to move rapidly and independently of each other?

There are no hydrogen bonds....

Which of the following occurs when seafloor spreading rates increase? Subduction increases. There is a rise in sea level New continental crust forms. There is no change in sea level Sea level falls.

There is a rise in sea level

In terms of temperature for high-latitude regions, which layer is absent? Mixing zone Thermocline Pycnocline Halocline

Thermocline

Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing temperature? Thermocline Mixed layer Halocline Pycnocline

Thermocline

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. -They occur only on the ocean floor. -They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. -They occur entirely within the middle of continents. -They are all located along the edges of continents. -They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

How do engineers decrease the amount of erosion caused by a groin?

They build more groins and place them parallel....

How do Earth's magnetic field lines of force currently behave? They travel in a straight line from the south pole to the north pole and straight back to the south pole. They enter the Earth at the Equator and exit at the poles. They travel in a straight line from the north pole to the south pole and straight back to the north pole. They create loops from the center of the Earth that enter in the south and exit in the north. They create loops from the center of the Earth that exit in the south and enter in the north.

They create loops from the center of the Earth that exit in the south and enter in the north.

How are freshwater fish adapted to their freshwater surroundings? Each day they drink 8-12 ounces of freshwater per pound of body weight to avoid dehydration. They do not drink freshwater. Each day they drink 4-8 ounces of freshwater per pound of body weight to avoid dehydration. Each day they drink 12-16 ounces of freshwater per pound of body weight to avoid dehydration. Each day they drink 16-20 ounces of freshwater per pound of body weight to avoid dehydration.

They do not drink freshwater.

Consider a coastal region that repeatedly experiences harmful algal blooms because of fertilizer runoff. A local politician suggests introducing the zebra mussel because they filter feed and will clear the water of the bloom. Why is this an ill-advised proposition from an ecological standpoint?

They have no natural predators and can dramatically alter the ecosystem.

How do dry offshore winds affect the coastal ocean? Choose all that apply. They increase surface salinity. They increase mixing. They increase rates of evaporation. They decrease deepwater salinity. They support the formation of a halocline.

They increase SURFACE salinity. They increase RATES of evaporation. They SUPPORT the formation of a halocline.

What adaptation must a saltwater fish have to counteract the effects of osmosis?

They must be able to replace the water in their bodies lost to osmosis.

What did the continents that formed during the break-up of the supercontinent 600 million years ago look like?

They were nothing like the continent shapes we see on Earth today.

Which of the following would best describe the principal goal of science? A. To develop theories that help scientists determine the truth B. To explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena C. To determine what happened in the past D. To explain why the world and the laws of nature exist E. To allow scientists to test their hypotheses with experiments

To explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena

According to the geological time scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest? Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles, flowering plants and fishes Trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles Insects and dinosaurs, trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

In which layer of the atmosphere is all weather generated? Ozone layer Troposphere Tropopause Stratosphere

Troposphere

Why does the water molecule have polarity? Both sides of the water molecule can help to dissolve substances. Water contains two elements that have opposite charges from one another. Water is geometrically bent to give one side, or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge. Water contains two hydrogen atoms, which outnumber the one oxygen atom.

Water is GEOMETRICALLY bent to give one side, or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge.

What is osmosis? Water molecules move from the more-concentrated solution to the less-concentrated solution, meaning that in this case they move from the more-salty water to the less-salty water. Water molecules move from the more-concentrated solution to the less-concentrated solution, meaning that in this case they move from the less-salty water to the more-salty water. Water molecules move from the less-concentrated solution to the more-concentrated solution, meaning that in this case they move from the more-salty water to the less-salty water. Water molecules move from the less-concentrated solution to the more-concentrated solution, meaning that in this case they move from the less-salty water to the more-salty water

Water molecules move from the LESS-concentrated............................ to the MORE-SALTY water.

How does water move as waves pass?

Water moves in a circle in the same direction as wave movement.

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination?

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane......

How does wave amplitude change with depth in water?

Wave amplitude decreases as depth increases.

Which of the following statements about wave period is most accurate? Wave period is the inverse of wavelength. Wave period is the inverse of wave frequency Wave period is the inverse of wave height Wave period is the inverse of wave amplitude.

Wave period is the inverse of wave frequency

How does wave refraction at headlands affect deposition and erosion?

Wave refraction at the headland INCREASES EROSION at the headland and causes deposition in adjacent bays.

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? Waves lose little energy as they travel across the ocean. Waves transfer wind energy from the surface to deeper water. Waves are the result of a disturbance (release of energy) somewhere in the ocean. Waves approach the beach at an angle. Waves are usually caused by a distant storm.

Waves approach the beach at an angle.

What does the term "in phase" refer to?

Waves in phase have identical wavelengths and are aligned peak-to-peak and trough-to-trough

How are wave period and wavelength related?

Waves with shorter periods have shorter wavelengths.

When will perfect destructive interference occur? -When two waves that have long wavelength interfere. -When two waves that have low amplitude interfere -When two waves that are in-phase interfere. -When two waves that are 180 degrees out-of-phase interfere.

When two waves that are 180 degrees out-of-phase interfere.

When will perfect constructive interference occur for waves that are in phase and moving at the same velocity? When waves with identical wavelengths interfere. When waves with short wavelengths interfere. When waves with large amplitudes interfere. When waves with identical amplitudes interfere.

When waves with identical wavelengths interfere.

Of the following factors, which is/are used to classify marine organisms as plankton, nekton, or benthos? Choose all that apply. The maximum depth of water in which they can survive Organism size Proximity to land Where they live (their habitat) Their mobility (how they move)

Where they live (their habitat) Their mobility (how they move)

Which of the following generates most ocean waves? Tidal movement and turbidity currents Large objects falling into the ocean Passing ships at the surface Wind blowing across the surface The movement of different air masses

Wind blowing across the surface

Why does upwelling occur along the west coast of South America under normal conditions? (winds moving...)

Winds moving westward

How are winter beaches different from summer beaches?

Winter waves are short and high...

What caused the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004?

a 9.2-magnitude earthquake off the coast of Indonesia in the Java Trench

Which of the following objects would appear to bob up and down with the waves in the ocean? Choose all that apply. a bird a surfer a plastic bottle a warning sign tightly anchored to the sea floor a person standing in shallow water

a bird a surfer a plastic bottle

What is an anticylone?

a center of high atmospheric pressure

What is a cyclone?

a center of low atmospheric pressure

What shape is formed by a parcel of water when a wave passes through it?

a circle

The Red Sea is an example of ________ plate boundary. a continental-continental convergent a continental-continental divergent an oceanic-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent an oceanic-oceanic divergent

a continental-continental divergent

If you found a line of volcanic peaks a few hundred miles long in which the volcanoes were of mixed ages in no particular order, what probably created them? a transform boundary this would not occur in nature a hot spot a convergent boundary

a convergent boundary

What common office item is used in this video to demonstrate internal waves?

a desktop ocean

How long does it take berms to become narrow and rocky after summer has passed?

a few weeks

If you found a line of volcanic peaks a few hundred miles long in which the volcanoes were progressively older toward one end of the line, what probably created them? a convergent boundary a transform boundary a hot spot a divergent boundary

a hot spot

What is a volcanic arc? a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a hot spot a row of volcanoes that forms on the ocean floor above a mid-ocean ridge a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone a row of volcanoes that forms on the downgoing plate near a subduction zone

a row of volcanoes that forms on the overriding plate near a subduction zone

What surface feature would you expect to form if both a hot spot and a tectonic plate are stationary? a small hill above the hot spot a single volcano a ring of volcanoes a chain of volcanoes

a single volcano

Evidence shows that periodic reversals of Earth's magnetic field have resulted in __________. -a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks along ridges and rises. -apparent polar wandering -mass extinction of life-forms -interruption of Earth's gravitational field -seafloor spreading

a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks along ridges and rises.

What is a scientific theory? an idea that is supported by a majority of the populationan educated guess an explanation that is supported by political leaders and popular media a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, laws, tested hypotheses and logical inferences a hypothesis that has been tested once

a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, laws, tested hypotheses and logical inferences

Where is the youngest ocean floor found? along the edges of continents along chains of hot spot volcanoes along the axis of ocean trenches along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

along the crest of mid-ocean ridges

The center of an open ocean tidal system is called a(n) ________. amphidromic point tidal flux cotidal center seiche rotary center

amphidromic point

The tides in each cell rotate around which of the following? subtropical convergence zones mid-ocean ridges Ekman transport centers amphidromic points Earth's barycenter

amphidromic points

How is an arch formed along a sea coast?

an arch forms when a sea cave....

One major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is:

an increase in nutrients...

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? mid-ocean ridges andesitic volcanoes hot spots volcanic island arcs fracture zones

andesitic volcanoes

Which of the following factors contribute to the direction of longshore current and longshore drift? Choose all that apply. angle that waves approach the shore major offshore storm centers major ocean surface currents wave refraction wave height

angle that waves approach the shore major ocean surface currents wave refraction

When the Earth is at its greatest distance from the sun, it is said to be at: perigee. proxigean. apogee. perihelion. aphelion.

aphelion.

The ________ zone has no light, and it exists below about 1000 meters (3300 feet). epiphotic euphotic disphotic aphotic

aphotic

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

Which areas experience the biggest difference in water level between high tide and low tide? areas farthest from the amphidromic points areas on the amphidromic points areas along cotidal line 0 areas along cotidal line 12 coastlines

areas farthest from the amphidromic points

Which areas of Earth experience the most precipitation? areas near the subtropical highs areas near the ITCZ areas near the polar front

areas near the ITCZ

What factor primarily determines the distribution of radiolarian ooze?

areas of upwelling

Neritic marine environments would be found: deep in the ocean basin. associated with continental shelves. within a deep-sea trench. at mid-ocean ridges. in subduction zones.

associated with continental shelves.

Which way would sediment move if NO beach drift existed? away from shore perpendicular to shore parallel to shore at an angle to shore

at an angle to shore

Where are most modern divergent plate boundaries found? at subduction zones at transform boundaries at continental margins at mid-ocean ridges within continents

at mid-ocean ridges

Where does the length of day remain the same throughout the year?

at the equator

The basic building blocks of all matter are called

atoms

Which of the following process(es) explain why DDT concentrations in predators such as osprey or bald eagles are higher than the DDT concentrations in their prey? Choose all that apply. biomagnification photooxidation bioaccumulation biotransformation biological evolution

biomagnification bioaccumulation

What kind of hydrothermal vent has the highest temperature and mineral content? Geothermal heat pump Black smoker Warm-water vents White smoker Hot springs

black smoker

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen: was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere. can form ozone and block some UV radiation. reduces atmospheric temperature. is necessary for photosynthesis to occur. combines with iron in volcanic rocks.

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

The primary reason phytoplankton are "concerned" about buoyancy is that they __________. cannot withstand the cold temperatures if they sink into deeper water will be crushed by the high pressure at depth need to stay near the surface to have enough oxygen to survive will be eaten by their predators if they sink cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone

cannot photosynthesize below the photic zone

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Why does the resultant tide-generating force create a tidal bulge on the side of Earth that faces away from the Moon?

centripetal force...

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:

change in state.

Which two single-use items are the most common types of marine debris found during beach cleanups? plastic bags and cans food wrappers and plastic utensils straws and plastic bags cigarette filters and food wrappers cigarette filters and plastic bags

cigarette filters and plastic bags

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean, and likely the world, in the form of ______________. coal crude oil halites phosphorites clathrates

clathrates

Which sediment type dominates in the neritic environment? -biogenous sediment, such as diatom tests -cosmogenous sediments, such as space dust -coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks -hydrogenous sediments, such as manganese nodules -fine lithogenous sediment, such as clay

coarse lithogenous sediment, such as sand and small rocks

The ________ extends inland from the shore as far as ocean-related features can be found.

coast

The boundary between the shore and the coast is known as the

coastline

Of the metals commonly found in manganese nodules, ________ is the only metal deemed "strategic" for the United States. nickel cobalt molybdenum vanadium copper

cobalt

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs.

coccolithophores; foraminifers

A cold air mass moving into an area occupied by relatively warm air is called a(n) ________

cold front

What process turns the turbine that generates the electricity in a wave power plant? seawater rising as it enters the power plant housing electricity breaking waves gravity compressed air

compressed air

A major characteristic of a seamount is that it is ________. boot shaped cone shaped cable top shaped hat shaped

cone shaped

Directly seaward of the continental shelf is a more steeply sloping region called the: trench. continental rise. continental slope. abyssal plain. mid-ocean ridge.

continental slope.

What is the motion of a declining stage of the Wilson cycle?

convergence

What type of plate boundary are most tsunamis associated with? divergent plate boundaries convergent plate boundaries transform plate boundaries

convergent plate boundaries

Stenothermal organisms are found predominantly in the ________. deep, open ocean deep, coastal ocean shallow, coastal ocean shallow, open ocean all parts of the ocean

deep, open ocean

Large deposits of sediment at the mouths of rivers are called: barrier flats. tombolos. bay-mouth bar barrier islands. deltas.

deltas

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: initial collection of materials and their position in Earth. presence of water at Earth's surface. differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth. gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. decrease in temperature downward toward the core.

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

The movement of a substance in solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane in a living organism is called: active transport. osmosis. diffusion. Brownian movement.

diffusion.

What are Earth's three different tidal patterns called? diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed diurnal, semidiurnal, and moderate tidal, semitidal, and moderate tidal, semitidal, and mixed

diurnal, semidiurnal, and mixed

What is the motion of a juvenile stage of the Wilson cycle?

divergence

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic). divergent plate boundary. transform fault boundary. convergent plate boundary (continent-continent).

divergent plate boundary.

Plates move apart at __________ boundaries, move together at __________ boundaries, and move side-by-side at __________ boundaries. convergent/transform/divergent divergent/convergent/transform convergent/divergent/transform transform/divergent/convergent transform/convergent/divergent

divergent/convergent/transform

Which way does air move in an anticyclone in the Southern Hemisphere?

down, and in a counterclockwise direction

What would you expect weather to be like on the eastern coast of Australia if the western coast of South America were experiencing unusually warm, wet weather? (The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually...)

dry weather

When would you expect the low-pressure cell over the North Pole to be most developed? during the Northern Hemisphere winter during the Northern Hemisphere summer during the Northern Hemisphere fall during the Northern Hemisphere spring

during the Northern Hemisphere winter

If all the water in the ocean was evaporated and only the solid salt was left behind, how much salt would there be?

enough to form a layer about 500 feet thick that covers all of Earth

The ________ zone is from the surface to a depth of 200 meters. mesopelagic epipelagic bathypelagic abyssopelagic

epipelagic

What is the surface layer of the ocean called? aphotic zone abyssopelagic zone bathypelagic zone epipelagic zone mesopelagic zone

epipelagic zone

The zone that extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis is called the ________ zone. aphotic disphotic euphotic hyperphotic hypophotic

euphotic

Coastal organisms that can tolerate large changes in salinity are known as ________. euryhaline eurythermal stenohaline stenothermal

euryhaline

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?

evaporation

What causes emulsification of an oil slick? chemical reactions between the oil and seawater burning of the oil removal of the lighter components of the oil by birds evaporation of the lighter components in the oil sinking of the heavier components of the oil

evaporation of the lighter components in the oil

If a cotidal line is labeled "1," what does this mean concerning the tides?

everywhere along the line has a HIGH tide 1 hour AFTER the moon passes over the Greenwich Meridian

Archaea are also known as which of the following? eukaryotes extremophiles cyanobacteria parasites hosts

extremophiles

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via: precipitation. wind. deposit feeders. fecal pellets. carbonate dissolution.

fecal pellets.

What type of force is the Coriolis effect? tensional fictitious accelerating frictional gravitational

fictitious

Which phase(s) of the moon result in a low tidal range?

first quarter moon third quarter moon

A grunion is a marine ________ that comes completely out of the water to spawn.

fish

Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ________ layers four five two three

five

Which of the following best describes a plunging breaker? forms in the deep ocean and releases its energy before reaching the shoreline forms on moderately sloped shorelines to create curling crests releases its energy slowly over a long distance of the sea floor occurs on steep slopes and releases all of its energy quickly on the shoreline releases its energy progressively from one end to the other

forms on moderately sloped shorelines to create curling crests

A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 220 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.

four

How many semidiurnal tides would you expect during one tidal period?

four tides

What pattern of tides would you expect to see for a mixed tidal system?

four tides of different heights

What process do phytoplankton use to stay afloat in surface waters? tiny legs that kick rapidly frictional resistance streamlining swim bladder smicroscopic fins

frictional resistance

The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ________. rare-earth elements gas hydrates coal wind power ethanol

gas hydrates

Scientific studies have shown that fish exposed to PAHs in crude oil exhibited changes in ________ that are linked to developmental abnormalities, decreased embryo survival, and lower reproductive success. blood concentrations body temperature heart rate gene expression metabolism

gene expression

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.

geological

Which type of current flow moves in a circular path around a subtropical convergence, reflecting Ekman transport, gravity, and the Coriolis effect? geostrophic circulation counter-current circulation thermohaline circulation density-driven circulation Langmuir circulation

geostrophic circulation

Examine the organisms below and choose the organism that does not fit the taxonomic classification pattern. common dolphins bat stars giant kelp killer whales humans

giant kelp

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more ________. silt and sand than in tropical waters coral debris than in tropical waters clay than in temperate waters gravel than in tropical waters shell fragments than in temperate waters

gravel than in tropical waters

The attraction between Earth and the Moon is an example of ________ force.

gravitational

What is symbiosis?

groups of organisms living together for mutual benefit

Where are barrier islands common? Choose all that apply. west coast of South America west coast of the United States Gulf coast of the United States Japan east coast of the United States

gulf east

A tablemount is another name for a(n) ________.

guyot

The ________ zone consists only of deep trenches along the margins of continents. abyssal bathyal hadal littoral subneritic

hadal

What drives Hadley cell circulation?

heating from the Sun

Water's viscosity is a ________ to planktonic organism and a ________ to nektonic organisms.

help; hindrance

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to:

high surface tension

Organisms that spend their entire lives as plankton are ________. picoplankton holoplankton meroplankton macroplankton

holoplankton

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water. nitrogen hydrogen oxygen carbon

hydrogen

How does mercury get into the ocean? Choose all that apply. improper disposal of batteries rotting fruit industrial runoff burning fossil fuel sharmful algal blooms

improper disposal of batteries industrial runoff burning fossil fuel

Which way does air converge on a cyclone in the Northern Hemisphere?

in a counterclockwise direction

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the Coriolis effect?Choose all that apply. The Coriolis effect is absent at the poles. In the Southern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes an object to be deflected to the left of its intended direction. The Coriolis effect is maximized near the equator. The Coriolis effect influences the speed of a moving object. In the Northern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes an object to be deflected to the right of its intended direction.

in the southern hemisphere.... in the northern hemisphere....

Where do coral reefs exist with sea mounts? In tropical latitudes In polar latitudes In both polar and tropical latitudes

in tropical latitudes

Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find ________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust.

increased; decreased

Tidal movement, turbidity currents, wind stress, and even passing ships at the surface create ________ waves.

internal

Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter?

iodine

What type of bonding does table salt have?

ionic

Which of the following organisms give birth to live young? Choose all that apply. killer whales common dolphins bat stars humans giant kelp

killer whales common dolphins humans

The biggest concern with biological pollutants is that they often __________.

lack predators...

What are waste disposal facilities on land called?

landfills

What are groins typically composed of?

large blocks of rock and concrete

Deep-water currents move ________ volumes of water and are much ________ than surface currents. smaller; slower larger; faster smaller; faster larger; slower

larger; slower

As water boils, it reaches a plateau where all energy added is used to break intermolecular bonds in water, not increase its temperature; this is called latent heat of freezing latent heat of vaporization latent heat of melting latent heat of condensation latent heat of evaporation

latent heat of vaporization

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: -Earth's geologic history. -longitude. -presence or absence of glacial debris. -latitude. -plants and animals that live in an area.

latitude

Why does glacial subsidence NOT occur at the exact moment that a glacier forms? (The rate of subsidence is controlled by the rate at which.....)

mantle can flow

To which planet is NASA sending the spacecraft InSight to study crustal movements similar to earthquakes?

mars

Scientists typical do not use a specific environmental bioassay to draw general conclusions about a pollutant because they

may..

Planktonic organisms that spend part of their lives in planktonic form and the rest of their lives as either benthos or nekton are called: holoplankton. bacterioplankton macroplankton. meroplankton. zooplankton.

meroplankton.

A dissolved oxygen minimum layer occurs in the ________ zone. epipelagic bathypelagic nektopelagic abyssopelagic mesopelagic

mesopelagic

Sunlight can penetrate through which layers of the ocean? Choose all that apply. abyssopelagic zone mesopelagic zone bathypelagic zone aphotic zone epipelagic zone

mesopelagic zone epipelagic zone

Which of the following are by-products of an oil slick? Choose all that apply. methane vapor mousse tar cake tarballs tar cream

methane vapor mousse tarballs

What form of chemical pollution results in neurological damage that can range from blindness to brain damage to paralysis and even death? DDT fertilizers methylmercury pharmaceuticals sewage sludge

methylmercury

Which geologic features are associated with divergent boundaries? mid-ocean ridges and ocean trenches mid-ocean hot spots and ocean trenches mid-ocean hot spots and continental rift valleys mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys

The total number of cataloged species on Earth in both marine and terrestrial environments is currently 1.8 _______

million

What tidal pattern would best describe a coastline that experienced a maximum tidal range of 6 feet in the morning and a smaller 2-foot range in the late afternoon?

mixed

The most common tidal pattern around the world are:

mixed tides

A _____ tidal pattern has two high and two low tides of unequal heights during each lunar day. A ____ tidal pattern has one high and one low tide during each lunar day. A ____ tidal pattern has two high and two low tides of approximately equal heights during each lunar day.

mixed, diurnal, semidiurnal

Which of the following gases in the atmosphere is the most abundant percentage by volume? Oxygen Nitrogen Methane Carbon dioxide

nitrogen

What is a typical tsunami wavelength?

more than 200 kilometers (124.3 miles

Complete this statement: Divergence is to moving away as convergence is to _______. moving side-by-side moving over moving under moving toward

moving toward

What caused the Deepwater Horizon spill?

natural gas explosion

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called:

natural selection

There is destructive interference between the lunar and solar tidal bulges during ________ tides. fall neap spring summer winter

neap

What do we call the tide that occurs when destructive interference between lunar and solar bulges produces a small tidal range?

neap

The Kuiper Belt is located beyond the orbit of which planet?

neptune

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is: abyssal clay deposits. pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits. neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits. neritic siliceous sediment deposits. manganese nodule deposits.

neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits.

Sediments found on continental margins are called: continental. pelagic. estuarine. neritic. oceanic.

neritic.

Van der Waals forces are relatively weak interactions that exist between electrically ________ molecules because of the molecules' uneven distribution of charge.

neutral

Which type of faulting is associated with the development of new ocean floor? normal faulting transform faulting front faulting back faulting reverse faulting

normal faulting

The two most significant human sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are: oil tanker and blowout accidents in marine coastal waters. natural seeps and urban run-off. normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off. blow out accidents and urban run-off. tar balls and oil tanker accidents.

normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off.

Most of the year, and most of the time, the movement of sediment and water (longshore current) along the California coast is from

north to south

Bacteria includes simple life-forms with cells that usually lack a ________. nucleus cytoplasm lysosomes mitochondria

nucleus

Which is the first step of the scientific method? theory hypothesis prediction observation testing

observation

________ are events and phenomena that we can detect with our senses. Theories Hypothesis Laws Guesses Observations

observations

Most large earthquakes occur along which of the following? Other faults in the sea floor Faults on land Mid-ocean ridges Ocean trenches

ocean trenches

Which geologic features are associated with convergent boundaries? ocean trenches and continental rift valleys mid-ocean ridges and continental rift valleys mid-ocean ridges and volcanoes ocean trenches and volcanoes

ocean trenches and volcanoes

New lithosphere is produced in association with: deep-sea trenches. fracture zones. oceanic ridges. hydrothermal vents. transform faults.

oceanic ridges.

Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called: transform faults fracture zones. convergent plate boundaries. oceanic rises. deep-sea trenches.

oceanic rises

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________. oceans meteorites atmosphere lithosphere mantle

oceans

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. in the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Mediterranean Sea in the Persian Gulf in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean off the coast of Washington and Oregon

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

All types of pollution are harmful, but _____ is among the least damaging forms. oil microplastics methylmercury nurdles PCBs

oil

According to the World Health Organization definition of marine pollutants, __________ is not a pollutant. plastic oil from offshore seeps DDT mercury from the burning of coal oil from the tanks of ships

oil from offshore seeps

An area that experiences diurnal tides will have:

one high tide and one low tide daily

Stanley Miller's famous experiment demonstrated that __________. all the required factors have been identified for the production of living organisms Earth's early atmosphere was rich in CO2, ammonia, and hydrogen the earliest organisms lived in volcanoes organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere living organisms can be produced by lightning strikes

organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere

Which layer of the Earth is composed of a liquid?

outer core

Which is the largest tectonic plate? North American Philippine Arabian South American Pacific

pacific

Which ocean is associated with most tsunamis?

pacific

Which U.S. coast is considered an emerging shoreline? Gulf coast Pacific coast Atlantic coast

pacific coast

The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called ________. biogeochemistry plate tectonics climatology paleoceanography historical oceanography

paleoceanography

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called:

paleogeography.

Salinity is expressed in

parts per thousand

When would the oceans experience the greatest tidal range? (when earth is in...)

perihelion

Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean than in the deep ocean at both high and low latitudes? photosynthesis by phytoplankton oxygen is more soluble in surface waters mixing with the atmosphere chemosynthesis of archaea respiration by fish and other marine organisms

photosynthesis by phytoplankton

Where did most of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere come from? chemosynthesis respiration of phytoplankton in the ocean photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the ocean human respiration photosynthesis of land plants

photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the ocean

Part complete The oldest fossilized remains of organisms are primitive ________ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago. heterotrophic chemosynthetic photosynthetic streptococcus

photosynthetic

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.

physical

The majority of our planet's biomass is represented by __________. epifauna nekton benthic organisms multicellular algae phytoplankton

phytoplankton

How does methylmercury make its way up the food chain? zooplankton to phytoplankton to small fish to big fish big fish to small fish to zooplankton to phytoplankton small fish to big fish to zooplankton to phytoplankton small fish to big fish to phytoplankton to zooplankton phytoplankton to zooplankton to small fish to big fish

phytoplankton to zooplankton to small fish to big fish

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the: plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. entire earth had warm, humid conditions at the time the plants were living. poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past. plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

Which of the following materials is/are illegal to dump anywhere in the ocean? plastic metal glass garbage dunnage

plastic

Which type of trash constitutes the majority of debris in the ocean? Paper Plastic Glass Metal

plastic

Plastics cause significant biological damage in oceans when: bacteria levels increase in them. pellets appear in the sediments. degradation rapidly releases toxins into the environment. plastic waste strangles seals and birds. plastics degrade into DDT.

plastic waste strangles seals and birds.

Most large ocean floor features owe their origins to _________.

plate tectonic processes

Which process causes the surface geography of Earth to change over time?

plate tectonics

Typically, the United States is influenced more by ________ air masses during the winter and more by ________ air masses during the summer. arctic; polar arctic; tropical polar; tropical tropical; arctic polar; arctic

polar; tropical

The instrument that emits a high-frequency sound beam to measure the depth of the ocean developed in the 1950s is the ________. GLORIA SeaMARC precision-depth recorder (PDR) Seabeam SeaWiFS

precision-depth recorder (PDR)

A person experiences a popping feeling in their ears during the takeoff or landing of an airplane or while driving on steep mountain roads due to changes in the ________ of the atmosphere.

pressure

Sewage treated at a facility typically undergoes ________. primary treatment secondary treatment tertiary treatment quaternary treatment

primary treatment

When was the Precambrian eon?

prior to 600 million years ago

A plankton biologist has discovered a new species and he needs your help classifying it into the proper kingdom. All you can observe is that this microscopic organism has just one nucleus in its cell, and it has chlorophyll, so it must be photosynthetic. What kingdom does it belong to?

protista

What would you look for as evidence that a rock layer formed from materials deposited by ancient turbidity currents? repeated sequences of.....

repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become FINER UPWARD

In the ship's name, what does R/V stand for?

research vessel

Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations lowest from just below the surface to a depth of about 1000 meters in both high and low latitudes?

respiration by fish and other marine organisms

Deep ocean currents ___. are primarily driven by wind patterns include deep water that rises in the North Atlantic and surface water that sinks in the Pacific and Indian Oceans result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content)

result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content)

Whirlpools can be created in some restricted shallow passages due to ________. reversing tidal currents a vertically mixed estuary wave refraction tsunamis or tidal waves tidal bores up low-lying rivers

reversing tidal currents

Narrow currents flowing across the surf zone toward the open ocean are called: rip currents. longshore currents. swash. nearshore currents. surf flow.

rip currents.

Areas of low pressure tend to have ______ air and _____ weather. sinking, stormy rising, clear sinking, clear rising, stormy

rising, stormy

Which of the following is/are part of a beach compartment? Choose all that apply. river beach wind continental rise submarine canyon

river beach submarine canyon

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________. gravity coring dredging grab sampling instrumented probes rotary drilling

rotary drilling

What is the salinity profile in areas of the coastal ocean where there is a DRY OFFSHORE WIND?

salinity is high at the top

What is the salinity profile in areas of the coastal ocean where there is RIVER RUNOFF?

salinity is low at the top...

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination?

saltwater is boiled....

If you built a solid structure perpendicular to the shore, such as a groin, which of the following would occur?

sand would accumulate on the upcoast...

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________. biogenic ooze sand, silt, and gravel halite, gypsum, and anhydrite basalt fragments and metallic sulfides red clay

sand, silt, and gravel

Air warmed by the land that rises and is replaced by cooler air from the ocean may produce a:

sea breeze

Measurement of ocean floor bathymetry from satellites relies on ___________. Select only one answer. calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location density differences of ocean waters sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination?

sea water is frozen...

By analyzing cores of sediment collected from the sea floor, scientists can infer past environmental conditions on all of the following except ________. atmospheric winds surface temperature nutrient supply sealife populations abundance of marine life

sealife populations

In comparison with other ocean basins, major sedimentary features such as continental rises and abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific. The primary reason for their scarcity in the Pacific is that __________.

sediment is trapped....

You have just arrived for a vacation on the Oregon coast, and you wish to explore some tide pools while you are there. You hear the local weatherman say that there will be a minus tide at 7:00 a.m. tomorrow. You should __________.

set your alarm...

Spreading centers have ________ earthquakes, while trenches have ________ earthquakes.

shallow; deep

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.

shape; position

The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the surface tension of water transfer of electrons between the atoms polarity of water molecules viscosity of water sharing of electrons between the atoms

sharing of electrons between the atoms

The part of the shore that represents the water's edge and migrates back and forth with the tide is known as the

shoreline

The pH of surface seawater is usually 8.1. That means the water is

slightly basic (or alkaline)

What mechanism(s) is/are responsible for transporting clay to deep ocean basins? Choose all that apply. underwater landslides slow-moving ocean currents rivers ice rafting wind

slow-moving ocean currents wind

Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues, a possible consequence could be __________. slowing of deep-ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water an increase in upwelling in the Arctic, resulting in increased surface biological productivity increased albedo in the polar areas, resulting in the cooling of nearby landmasses acceleration of deep-ocean circulation, resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels in deep water decreased humidity and precipitation in the Arctic region, resulting in aridity and the loss of boreal forests

slowing of deep-ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water

Asterina miniata is the scientific Latin name for the bat star. What is the translation for Asterina miniata?

small star

Based on the map of what the world may look like in 50 million years from now, the Pacific Ocean will become ________ while the Atlantic Ocean will become ________.

smaller; larger

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?

sodium

Normally, beaches have the greatest amount of sand on the berm near the end of __________.

summer

The Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead along the Tropic of Cancer, during the: autumnal equinox. ecliptic. summer solstice. vernal equinox. winter solstice.

summer solstice.

The single most important factor that determines the distribution of life in the oceanic province is ________.

sunlight

Which of the following abiotic factors most influences the shape of the dissolved oxygen and phosphate curves? salinity tides sunlight temperature deep water currents

sunlight

Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean at high latitudes than the surface ocean at low latitudes? there is more respiration in the surface waters at high latitudes water is more stratified at high latitudes there are fewer people breathing the oxygen at high latitudes surface water temperatures are colder at high latitudes there is less respiration in the surface waters at high latitudes

surface water temperatures are colder at high latitudes

Which type of breaker forms when the ocean bottom has an abrupt slope?

surging breaker

What type of breaker would pose the most danger to people playing or swimming in the surf zone?

surging breakers

A tsunami may result from: constructive wave interference. tectonic activity on the seafloor. an intense storm. a large deep-water wave.a storm surge.

tectonic activity on the seafloor

An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a: tectonic estuary. coastal plain estuary. bar-built estuary. fjord. salt wedge estuary.

tectonic estuary.

The term referring to the size and shape of sediment particles is ________

texture

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hotspots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________. a large portion of Africa is located near the equator mantle plumes do not occur at divergent plate boundaries, and Africa has no divergent plate boundaries Africa is just very large the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" and a large portion of Africa is located near the equator the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

What is the scientific definition of half-life?

the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half

What is refraction?

the bending of waves due to a change in wave velocity

What is the coastal tidal range?

the difference in sea level...

What is the wavelength?

the distance between consecutive wave crests or troughs

What is the wave height?

the distance between the highest and lowest part of the wave

What is the crest of a wave?

the highest part of the wave

The thickness of sea ice is limited primarily by __________.

the insulating nature of the ice itself

What is the wave base?

the lower limit of wave-induced motion in the water

What is the trough of a wave?

the lowest part of a wave

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining: fossils in marine sediments. apparent polar wandering. glacial debris at various locations. the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor. the location of ancient coral reefs.

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of West Coast hurricanes is that __________. the western deserts keep the humidity too low for hurricanes to form the Rocky Mountains serve as a barrier to keep storms away from the coast the ocean water near the U.S. coast does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes hurricanes do not occur in the eastern Pacific the Coriolis effect, necessary for the rotation of hurricanes, does not exist outside the tropics

the ocean water near the U.S. coast does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes

In the United States mixed tides commonly occur along:

the pacific coast

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of:

the polarity of water molecules.

Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to: -the presence of seamounts. -the absence of convergent active margins. -its smaller size compared to other ocean basins. -the presence of convergent active margins. -all of the above.

the presence of convergent active margins.

What are tides?

the regular daily rises and falls in sea level caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and Sun on Earth

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. ocean salinity varies as a function of season.the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth .the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. ocean salinity varies with geographical location.

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

What is isostasy?

the rising and sinking of Earth's crust.....

The Coriolis effect is caused by __________. changes in Earth's rotational velocity Earth's magnetic field the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) the rotation of Earth the curvature of Earth

the rotation of Earth

What causes western intensification? the rotation of Earth from east to west Upwelling the rotation of Earth from west to east Ekman transport the clockwise rotation of earth

the rotation of Earth from west to east

What causes the three different types of breakers? the size of the approaching wave erosion of the shoreline the intensity of the wind at the surface gravity the steepness of the beach slope

the steepness of the beach slope

What is bathymetry?

the study of the depth of the ocean

What two features are many of Earth's deserts associated with?

the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents

How does the tide cycle affect erosion along a sea coast?

the tide cycle...

What is the wave period?

the time it takes for one wavelength of a wave to pass a particular point

What is the December solstice?

the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly away from the Sun

What is the June solstice?

the time of the year when Earth's geographic North Pole is leaning most directly toward the Sun

What is longshore transport? the transport of sand offshore the transport of sand and other sediment in a zigzag pattern down the beach the transport of water downshore the transport of sand in the upcurrent direction the seaward transport of water

the transport of sand and other sediment in a zigzag pattern down the beach

The Ekman spiral is caused by: the pycnocline. the wind and gravity. density differences in the water column. the wind and the Coriolis effect. pressure gradients.

the wind and the Coriolis effect.

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of: observations theories guesses hypotheses laws

theories

How do river runoff and dry offshore winds affect the coastal ocean when they are combined? Choose all that apply. They enhance the halocline. They increase surface salinity. They increase rates of evaporation. They decrease deepwater salinity. They increase mixing.

they increase mixing they increase rates of evaporation

The tides are considered an example of shallow-water waves because the tidal bulges have a wavelength that is on the order of __________.

thousands of kilometers

For how long will land rebound after a glacier melts?

thousands of years

Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ________ layers

three

How are tsunamis generated?

through displacement of the seafloor under water

If the side of Earth that faces the Moon experiences a tidal bulge (high tide), then the opposite side of Earth will experience a __________.

tidal bulge or high tide

The vertical difference between consecutive high and low tides is called the:

tidal range

Biomagnification of toxic substances means that

toxic...

Equatorial currents are driven by the: westerlies. trade winds. density. Ekman transport. Coriolis force.

trade winds.

The wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the: trade winds. westerlies. doldrums horse latitudes .polar easterlies.

trade winds.

Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries? uplifted mountain ranges mid-ocean ridges hot spots volcanic island arcs

uplifted mountain ranges

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through:

upwelling

Diverging surface waters are areas of ________ and ________ productivity. downwelling; high downwelling; low upwelling; high upwelling; low

upwelling; high

The Coriolis effect is due to changes in the ________ of Earth with latitude. velocity pressure temperature density chemical composition

velocity

The Bay of Fundy is well known for which tidal characteristic?

very high tidal range

A neap tide has: moderately high tidal range. very high tidal range. moderately low tidal range. very low tidal range. no tidal range.

very low tidal range.

Seamounts and abyssal hills are ________ in origin.

volcanic

Nearly all oceanic islands are __________.

volcanic in origin

The Full Moon is immediately followed by the ________ phase of the Lunar Cycle.

waning gibbous

The most common liquid on planet Earth is

water

What factor primarily controls the distribution of calcareous ooze?

water depth

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. comets from outer space water-bearing minerals found in meteorites release of liquid water from the core water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

The largest wind-generated waves tend to be associated with the: westerlies. polar regions .trade winds. equatorial doldrums. horse latitudes.

westerlies.

To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the ________. southern Ocean near Australia northern Atlantic western Pacific eastern Pacific

western Pacific

The Agulhas Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?

western boundary current

When do new oceans form? when an ocean is broken apart by a divergent boundary when a continent is broken apart by a convergent boundary when an ocean is broken apart by a convergent boundary when a continent is broken apart by an ocean boundary when a continent is broken apart by a divergent boundary

when a continent is broken apart by a divergent boundary

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent?

when the ions separate....

Neap tides occur: when the moon is in quadrature. at summer and winter solstice. during a storm surge. when the moon is full or new. when the sun is at perihelion or aphelion.

when the moon is in quadrature.

When will a hot spot volcano become extinct? when the hot spot stops sending rising mantle to the volcano when the hot spot is carried away from the volcano by the tectonic plate when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate when the volcano stops sending rising mantle to the hot spot

when the volcano is carried away from the hot spot by the tectonic plate

When does a violent storm become a hurricane?

when wind speeds exceed 118 kilometers per hour (73 miles per hour)

A tidal current can produce a rapidly spinning body of water called a vortex or:

whirlpool

Warm water (From 30°C to 350°C) hydrothermal vents form:

white smokers