OCE1001- CH. 5

Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater.

True

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

covalent bonds

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. river input

decreases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. precipitation

decreases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. change in state from liquid to gas

evaporation

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?

evaporation

Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant.

True

The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature.

True

The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C.

True

The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting.

True

Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect.

False

In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts.

False

Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation.

False

Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances.

False

The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water.

False

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true?

- A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. - An increase in salinity increases seawater density.

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:

thermocline.

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which is/are true?

- As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. - Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. - Water's maximum density is at 4ºC. - Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats.

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water?

- Catch and melt fresh falling snow. - Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it. - Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. - Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago.

Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater?

- Evaporation - the formation of sea ice

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true?

- In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. - The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3. - Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system.

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater?

- Pass electrical current through the water. - Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out.

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true?

- There is a thermocline in low latitudes. - There is a halocline in low latitudes. - There is a halocline in high latitudes. - There is a pycnocline in low latitudes.

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules?

- Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. - Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. - Snowflakes form six-sided crystals. - Water molecules have polarity. - Water has cohesion and surface tension.

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true?

- When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes. - When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. - In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. - In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. - Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another.

All the following statements regarding pH are true except

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. desalination B. solar distillation C. pycnocline D. electrolysis E. reverse osmosis

C. pycnocline

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion

D. hydrogen ion

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation

E. distillation

At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity.

False

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Why do ionic compounds dissolve readily in water?

The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water.

As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline.

True

Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity.

True

Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor).

True

Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion.

True

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________.

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. basic building blocks of all matter

atoms

The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:

calorie.

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except :

evaporation.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth

halocline

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities?

high heat capacity

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to:

high surface tension.

In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is:

higher than other liquids.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. high temperature

increases seawater salinity

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. sea ice formation

increases seawater salinity

The surface tension of water:

is relatively high.

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in density with depth

pycnocline

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a

pycnocline.

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by:

temperature

By measuring only chlorinity (concentration of the chloride ion, Cl-) in seawater, we can then calculate the total salinity. This is an application of _________.

the principle of constant proportions

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.