OCE1001 Chapter 1
Which statement(s) below correctly describe differences between oceanic and continental crust?
1.) Continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust. 2.) Continental crust floats higher on the mantle than oceanic crust. 3.) Continental crust is mainly composed of granite, whereas oceanic crust is mainly composed of basalt.
Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.
1.) Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. 2.) The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification. 3.) Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. 4.) Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's oceans?
1.) NASA satellites fly over Antarctica. 2.) The Southern Ocean is one of the least-studied areas on planet Earth. 3.) Earth's ocean is one big interconnected body of water. Submit
Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Choose all that apply
1.) Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. 2.) Early organisms evolved into more-complex organisms over geologic time. 3.) As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. 4.) The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop.
Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply
1.) The asthenosphere is a highly viscous layer located beneath the lithosphere. 2.) The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Earth's core?
1.) The outer core is liquid because it is so hot. 2.) Earth's core is composed of two layers that differ in physical properties. 3.) The core is composed of mainly iron and nickel, with some sulfur.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the scientific method?
1.) The scientific method involves repeated testing and adjustment of hypotheses to explain observations. 2.) Scientists make predictions based on established theories. 3.) The scientific method is an ongoing cycle. Submit
Describe the mantle in two parts:
1.) contains a weak layer below the lithosphere 2.) contains rock rich in magnesium and iron.
Describe the core in two parts:
1.) contains iron and nickel 2.) contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer
Describe the crust in two parts:
1.) part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition 2.) Earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?
100 atoms
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?
25 atoms
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________.
3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
Earth is about:
4.6 billion years old
Archeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ________ years ago.
40,000
When did our Solar System begin to form?
5 billion years ago
How did our Solar System begin to form?
A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.
Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:
Ages of rocks
What element(s) are found in high concentrations in continental crust?
Aluminum and Silica
Which ocean basin is currently covered by extensive sea ice for much of the year?
Arctic
Isostatic adjustments are the result of the buoyancy of Earth's lithosphere as it floats on the ________ below which is denser and plastic like
Asthenosphere
The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans.
Oceanic crust is primarily:
Basalt
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago
Billion
Earth's atmosphere became oxygen rich about 2.45 ________ years ago.
Billion
Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago
Billion
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?
Cambrian
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.
Chemical Composition
Which of the following parts of Polynesia was populated last?
Easter Island
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:
Eratosthenes
Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference?
Eratosthenes
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellan
The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography.
Geological
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.
Hydrogen
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:
Hypothesis
Waters from which ocean basins combine to form the Southern Ocean?
Indian, Atlantic, Pacific
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?
It was blown away by the solar wind.
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.
James Cook
Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later?
Juan Sebastian del Caño
Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?
Lithosphere
List the earth's layers from top to bottom
Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Outer Core, Inner Core
What element(s) are found in high concentrations in oceanic crust?
Magnesium and Iron
Rocks in which layer(s) of Earth are rigid?
Mesosphere, Inner core, Lithosphere
Which of the following is the first step of the scientific method?
Observation
Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What steps of the scientific method have you performed in your inquiry?
Observation, Hypothesis formulation
Which of the following is Earth's liquid iron-nickel layer?
Outer Core
Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.
Outgassing
What are the reaction products of photosynthesis?
Oxygen gas and sugar
Which of the following has the deepest waters?
Pacific Ocean
Which of the following is the largest natural geographic feature on Earth?
Pacific Ocean
What happens during radioactive decay?
Parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes.
The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.
Phoenicians
The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography.
Physical
What type of organisms utilize photosynthesis?
Primary producers, phytoplankton, and autotrophs
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
Ptolemy
The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by:
Pytheas
What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the properties of the asthenosphere?
Silly Putty
Imagine that you are enjoying a day at the beach in California, exploring tide pools. You find a California sea hare in the shallow water and gently scoop it into your hand. As you touch it, the sea hare releases purple ink into your hand. You think maybe the sea hare released the ink to scare you (a potential predator) away, but you are not sure. What is the next step you would need to take to advance your understanding to the next level of scientific inquiry?
Testing
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
The Arctic Ocean
Which ocean is the shallowest ocean in the world?
The Arctic Ocean
How did the Moon form?
The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth
Which ocean covers more than half of the ocean surface area on Earth?
The Pacific Ocean
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?
The Pacific Ocean
What happened when Mr. Trujillo hit the Silly Putty with his hammer?
The material fractured like a solid
Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?
The rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.
Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of:
Theories
How do plants and animals gain the energy needed to carry out cellular functions?
They utilize the energy in sugar
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?
Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
What are the reaction products of respiration?
Water and carbon dioxide gas
What does the term "asthenosphere" literally mean?
Weak sphere
What is a nebula?
a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
What is a scientific theory?
a well-substantiated explanation that is supported by facts, tested hypotheses, and logical inferences
The nebular hypothesis suggests that:
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud
What is the chemical formula for sugar?
c6h12o6
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
Earth's early atmosphere most likely included:
carbon dioxide, water vapor, ammonia, and methane.
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth
What is the basis for relative positions of Earth's physical layers?
material density, with the least-dense material on the surface and the most-dense material in the center
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents.
shape; position
As shown in this video, Silly Putty will flow when stress is applied __________ and Silly Putty will fracture when stress is applied __________.
slowly, rapidly
The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is __________.
the Pacific Ocean
What is the scientific definition of half-life?
the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?
thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally __________.
thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
