OCE1001 Chapter 2

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Azores Iceland Galapagos Islands Canary Islands Aleutian Islands

Aleutian islands

The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was: Drummond Matthews. Alfred Wegener. Frederick Vine. John Tuzo Wilson. Harry Hess.

Alfred Wegner

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Panthalassia Tethys Sea Pangaea Gondwanaland Panamerica

Panamerica

Wegener used which of the following to provide evidence for continental drift? Earthquake distribution Seafloor magnetic patterns Shape of continental margins Locations of active volcanoes Magnetic pole reversals

Shape of continental margins

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Frederick Vine Stanley Miller Harry Hess Alfred Wegener Drummond Matthews

Stanley Miller

Which of the following statements about the Wilson cycle is/are correct? Choose all that apply. The Mediterranean Sea is in the process of closing. The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic Ocean basin is growing wider. The Arctic Ocean is an example of the declining stage of the Wilson cycle. The East African Rift Valley is an example of the juvenile stage of the Wilson cycle. The embryonic stage begins with continental crust being uplifted and pulled apart.

The Mediterranean Sea is in the process of closing. The Pacific Ocean basin is shrinking, and the Atlantic Ocean basin is growing wider.

The book The History of Ocean Basins, which contained the idea of seafloor spreading, was written by geologist: Drummond Matthews. Alfred Wegener. Frederick Vine. Harry Hess. John Tuzo Wilson.

Harry Hess

Which of the following is an example of a nematath? Iceland Hawaiian Islands-Emperor Seamount Chain Aleutian Islands Great Barrier Reef Mariana Islands

Hawaiian islands

When the subcontinent of India drifted northward and collided with Asia, what landform was created? Himalaya Mountains Alps Mountains Marianas Trench Phillipine Islands Mediterranean Sea

Himalaya Mountains

Consider the geologic fate of the following seamounts and islands in the Hawaiian Island-Emperor Seamount chain. Assuming conditions remain favorable for coral growth, which would most likely be the next to form an atoll? Maui Loihi Hawaii Kauai Oahu

Kauai

Which of the following fossils was used as data to help reconstruct Pangea because it was a reptile found in South America and Africa? Glossopteris Archaeopteris Lepidodendron Mesosauras

Mesosauras

Of the following statements about ocean crust, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Ocean crust is created at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is destroyed at transform faults. Ocean crust is destroyed at deep sea trenches. Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge. Ocean crust is destroyed at the mid-ocean ridge.

Ocean crust is created at the mid-ocean ridge Ocean crust is destroyed at deep-sea trenches

Which of the following was not used as evidence for continental drift? Matching sequences of rocks Past glacial activity The fit of the continents The distribution of organisms Paleomagnetic reversals

Paleomagnetic reversals

Approximately how long does it take for a complete Wilson cycle to occur? one year a few hundred years a few hundred thousand years a few hundred million years a few hundred billion years

a few hundred million years

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. lithosphere; mesosphere crust; lithosphere mantle; crust lithosphere; asthenosphere asthenosphere; lithosphere

lithosphere;asthenosphere

Ocean basins with continental margins are representative of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. declining juvenile terminal suturing mature

mature

What stage is marked by the creation of a well-formed ocean basin with a mid-ocean ridge in the middle? mature juvenile declining embryonic suturing

mature

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called: paleogeography. sedimentology. paleomagnetism. paleoclimatology.

paleogeography

The Alps are an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic-continental convergent a continental transform a continental-continental divergent a continental-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent

continental-continental convergence

The Pacific Ocean is an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. juvenile terminal suturing declining mature

declining

Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called: guyots. hotspots. tablemounts. seamounts. mantle plumes.

seamounts

Climate distribution on Earth is primarily controlled by: plants and animals that live in an area. presence or absence of glacial debris. latitude. Earth's geologic history. longitude.

latitude

Continent-continent convergence occurs in what stage of the Wilson cycle? mature juvenile declining embryonic suturing

suturing

The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle. mature declining suturing terminal juvenile

suturing

If the rate and direction of plate movement remain the same for the next 50 million years, an accurate prediction would then be: Formation of a land bridge between Australia and Antarctica Rifting of the Eurasian plate to form a juvenile ocean Suturing of the Atlantic Ocean Accretion of the California Terrane onto Alaska Subsidence of the Himalayan Mountains

Accretion of the California Terrance onto Alaska

Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? Andes Mountains San Andreas Fault Aleutian Islands Himalaya Mountains Mendocino Fault

Andes Mountains

Which of the following rocks is the most reliable one used to collect information about Earth's magnetic field where and when the rock originated? Limestone Basalt Schist Granite Sandstone

Basalt

The first scientist to propose the origin of coral reefs based upon subsidence (sinking) of volcanic islands was: Harry Hess. Alfred Wegener. Charles Darwin. Drummond Matthews. John Tuzo Wilson.

Charles Darwin

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer. The solid iron-nickel inner core spins rapidly in the same direction as Earth, but much faster. The Sun has such a powerful magnetic field that it creates a magnetic field on Earth. Convection of the silicate materials in the asthenosphere generates a magnetic field. The solid inner core spins rapidly in the opposite direction as Earth rotates. Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle? Suturing Declining Juvenile Terminal Mature

Declining

Iceland is located on what type of plate boundary? Oceanic/continental Transform Divergent Continental/continental convergent Oceanic/oceanic convergent

Divergent

Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle? Pacific Ocean Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean East Africa Red Sea

East Africa

Of the following statements about Earth's magnetic field, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator. The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. Magnetic north is at the same point on Earth as the geographic north pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole.

The lines of the magnetic force are parallel with Earth's surface at the equator. The magnetic north pole may reverse so that it is located near the geographic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic south pole. The lines of the magnetic force are perpendicular relative to Earth's surface at the magnetic north pole.

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock. The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core. The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock. The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material.

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

Alfred Wegener's continental drift hypothesis received much hostile criticism and ridicule from the scientific community because of which of the following? There is no evidence of past glacial activity in areas that are now tropical. The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents. His correlation of fossils was false; they were different species. There was no correlation of rocks found in adjacent positions on matching continents

The mechanism he proposed for the movement of the continents.

Of the following statements about the age of the ocean crust, which one is true? Select only one answer. The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near an ocean trench. The oldest ocean crust is about 2 million years old and is located near the mid-ocean ridge. The oldest ocean crust is about 4.5 billion years old and is located near the edge of a continent.

The oldest ocean crust is about 200 million years old and is located near an ocean trench.

Why does the sea floor have a striped pattern of magnetic anomalies that is symmetric with respect to the mid-ocean ridge? Choose all that apply. The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming. Polar reversals cause existing ocean crust to remagnetize. Marine organisms that live on the sea floor have caused this pattern.

The polarity of Earth's magnetic field experiences reversals. The igneous rock of the ocean floor preserves Earth's existing magnetic field as the rock cools. The ocean floor is spreading apart and new sea floor is forming.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. They occur entirely within the middle of continents. They are all associated with zones of earthquakes. They are all located along the edges of continents. They occur only on the ocean floor.

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time. Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. Volcanic arcs are created at hotspots. The age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move from one end of a volcanic arc to the other.

Volcanic arcs are associated with convergent plate boundaries. In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time. Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity.

The Mariana Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic-oceanic divergent a continental transform an oceanic transform an oceanic-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent

an oceanic-oceanic convergent

The East Pacific Rise is an example of ________ plate boundary. an oceanic-oceanic divergent an oceanic transform an oceanic-continental convergent an oceanic-oceanic convergent a continental-continental divergent

an oceanic-oceanic divergent

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? andesitic volcanoes fracture zones hot spots mid-ocean ridges volcanic island arcs

andesitic volcanoes

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of a: convergent plate boundary (continent-continent). convergent plate boundary (oceanic-oceanic). divergent plate boundary. convergent plate boundary (continent-oceanic). transform fault boundary.

divergent plate boundary

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________. edges at around 2,000 meters depth current shoreline edges of the deep sea floor the edge of the continental shelf oceanic trenches in subduction zones

edges at around 2,000 meters depth

Which of the following lines of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the concept of drifting continents? Choose all that apply. the composition of meteors from outer space evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle the distribution of species of fossils

evidence of glaciers in areas that are now tropical the pattern of similar mountain belts on different continents the way the shapes of the continents fit together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle the distribution of species of fossils

Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called: patch reefs. fringing reefs. barrier reefs. atolls.

fringing reefs

Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called ________. oceanic ridges volcanic arcs oceanic rises ultra-slow spreading centers guyots

guyots

Coral reefs ________. were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to Hispaniola are most common in deep and cold sub-tropical basins include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event can be found at latitudes above 60°

include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs

Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere: randomly varies. increases in proportion to the distance. remains the same. is unrelated to the distance from the ridge. decreases in proportion to the distance.

increases in proportion to the distance.

The Hawaiian Islands are located where the Pacific plate is: being subducted beneath Japan. being subducted beneath the North American plate. being thrust over the North American plate. diving under Japan. moving over a hot spot or mantle plume.

moving over a hotspot or mantle plume

Chains of extinct volcanoes that are progressively older as one travels away from a hotspot are called ________. oceanic rises volcanic arcs nemataths oceanic ridges ultra-slow spreading centers

nemataths

The steeply-sloping and slower-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________. oceanic ridges nemataths oceanic rises ultra-slow spreading centers guyots

oceanic ridges

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the: entire earth had warm, humid conditions at the time the plants were living. plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets. plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past.

plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

Compared to the rest of the planet, an unusually high concentration of hot spots and rifting is located on the continent of Africa. A likely explanation for this is that __________. mantle plumes do not occur at divergent plate boundaries, and Africa has no divergent plate boundaries Africa is just very large a large portion of Africa is located near the equator the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket" and a large portion of Africa is located near the equator the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

the African Plate is essentially stationary with respect to Earth's interior and the thick continental crust acts as a "heat blanket"

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining: glacial debris at various locations. the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor. fossils in marine sediments. the location of ancient coral reefs. apparent polar wandering.

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________. burrowing organisms have destroyed the peak of the seamount the seamount has been submerged by rising sea level that resulted from global climate change the seamount is an extinct volcano with the crater filled by a solidified lava lake the seamount is an erosional remnant of a flat abyssal plain the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level

the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level