OCE1001 Exam 2 questions

On a sunny day the sand on the beach is hot, but the water is still cool even though the same energy has been applied to both. What property of water does this demonstrate? ANSWER high latent heat high specific heat high thermal expansion high cohesion

High Specific Heat

Water molecules have a slight separation of charges due to their shape. This is referred to as what? ANSWER Cohesion Covalent bonding Hydrogen bonding Polarity

Polarity

Protons have which type of electrical charge? Neutral Positive Negative No charge

Positive

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate

Sodium

Which of the following statements comparing covalent and hydrogen bonding is correct? Weaker covalent bonds occur within water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules. Stronger covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form within water molecules. Weaker covalent bonds occur between adjacent water molecules and stronger hydrogen bonds form within water molecules.

Stronger covalent bonds occur within water molecules and weaker hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules.

Rapidly changing salinity with depth is called the ________. halocline mixed layer thermocline pycnocline

halocline

Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to: low surface tension. low viscosity. high viscosity. high surface tension. strong covalent bonds.

high surface tension.

The transfer of water between the atmosphere, the oceans, and the continents is known as the: closed cycle. meteorological cycle. hydrobiological cycle. geologic cycle. hydrologic cycle.

hydrologic cycle.

If water temperature decreases, water density ______ ; if salinity decreases, density ________ . ANSWER decreases; decreases increases; decreases decreases; decreases increases; increases

increases; decreases

As water boils, it reaches a plateau where all energy added is used to break intermolecular bonds in water, not increase its temperature; this is called ________. Latent heat of melting latent heat of evaporation latent heat of vaporization latent heat of condensation latent heat of freezing

latent heat of vaporization

The correct order of substances from most acidic to most alkaline is _______, ________, __________. seawater, pure water, rainwater rainwater, pure water, seawater rainwater, seawater, pure water seawater, rainwater, pure water pure water, rainwater, seawater

rainwater, pure water, seawater

Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations lowest from just below the surface to a depth of about 1000 meters in both high and low latitudes? chemosynthesis of archaea photosynthesis by phytoplankton oxygen is less soluble at this depth in the ocean respiration by fish and other marine organismsc mixing with the atmosphere

respiration by fish and other marine organismsc

The covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule form as a result of the ________. transfer of electrons between the atoms surface tension of water polarity of water molecules viscosity of water sharing of electrons between the atoms

sharing of electrons between the atoms

The pH of surface seawater is usually 8.1. That means the water is __________. slightly basic (or alkaline) strongly acidic strongly basic (or alkaline) neither acidic nor basic slightly acidic

slightly basic (or alkaline)

Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean at high latitudes than the surface ocean at low latitudes? there is less respiration in the surface waters at high latitudes surface water temperatures are colder at high latitudes water is more stratified at high latitudes there is more respiration in the surface waters at high latitudes there are fewer people breathing the oxygen at high latitudes

surface water temperatures are colder at high latitudes

What is latent heat? ANSWER the heat needed to change the temperature of water by 1oC (1.8oF) the heat transferred from the atmosphere to the water the amount of heat water can hold before changing temperature the heat needed for water to change state

the heat needed for water to change state

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: electron sharing. the polarity of water molecules. electron transfer. the viscosity of water. surface tension.

the polarity of water molecules.

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. ocean salinity varies as a function of season. ocean salinity varies with geographical location. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.

What is the name of the layer of water marked by rapidly changing temperature with depth? ANSWER pycnocline thermocline halocline

thermocline

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean in the Mediterranean Sea in the Persian Gulf in the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Washington and Oregon

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Why do dissolved oxygen concentrations increase at depths greater than about 1000 meters at high and low latitudes? Choose all that apply. oxygen is more soluble at these depths there are more organisms producing oxygen at these depths deeper water is colder there are fewer marine organisms at these depths it is deeper and darker, so less oxygen is photodegraded by sunlight

oxygen is more soluble at these depths deeper water is colder there are fewer marine organisms at these depths

Salinity is expressed in ________. parts per million parts per trillion parts per thousand parts per hundred

parts per thousand

Examine the accompanying table. Calculate how much less water is contained in saturated air at a polar location with a temperature of -10°C compared to a tropical location with a temperature of 40°C. A. 45 grams B. 47 grams C. 30 grams D. 50 grams

A. 45 grams

The density of pure water reaches its maximum density, or plateaus, at an approximate temperature of __________. 4ºC 1.9ºC 100ºC 90ºC 0ºC

A. 4C

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________. A. alkaline B. acidic C. neutral

A. Alkaline

The density (mass per volume) of most liquids increases as the __________ is lowered. A. temperature B. salinity C. pH D. pressure E. concentration

A. Temperature

The most common liquid on planet Earth is __________. A. water B. carbon C. ammonia D. hydrogen E. oxygen

A. Water

How do hydrogen bonds define the three states of matter in water? Choose all that apply. In liquid water, there are some hydrogen bonds between water molecules that form and break repeatedly. There are no hydrogen bonds when water is in a gas phase. Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds and are responsible for water's high heat capacity and latent heats. Ice has more hydrogen bonds than water vapor does. Water will be a solid if there are hydrogen bonds between all water molecules.

-There are no hydrogen bonds when water is in a gas phase. -Water will be a solid if there are hydrogen bonds between all water molecules. -In liquid water, there are some hydrogen bonds between water molecules that form and break repeatedly. -Ice has more hydrogen bonds than water vapor does.

Ch 5 Hw Questions

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Ch6 Dynamic Study Module

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What is the density of pure water? 2.0 g/cm3 3.0 g/cm3 1.0 g/cm3 1.5 g/cm3 2.5 g/cm3

1.0 g/cm3

Salinity can be calculated from all of the ions found in the water. The most commonly used is chlorine. If the chlorinity of a sample is determined to be 1.92%, what is the salinity? To calculate, refer to this equation: Salinity (%o) = 1.80655 x chlorinity (%o) ANSWER 34.7%o 3.47%o 0.347%o 347%o

34.7%

Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline at 300 and 1000 meters depths: 1°C decrease per 50 meters of depth 5 meters 250 meters 190 meters 550 meters

550 meters

The latent heat of melting of water is 80 calories per gram, and the latent heat of evaporation is 585 calories per gram. How much energy must be lost for one gram of water to undergo deposition (change state from gas to solid)? 505 calories per gram 665 calories per gram 585 calories per gram 80 calories per gram

665 calories per gram

What is the pH of pure water? 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

7

What is the average surface pH of the ocean? ANSWER 5 10 8.1 7.0

8.1

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater.

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs. A. coccolithophores; foraminifers B. coccolithophores; radiolarians C. diatoms; foraminifers D. diatoms; radiolarians

A. coccolithophores; foraminifers

What type of compound releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water? ANSWER an acid an alkaline a neutral a base

An acid

Which of the following is the smallest reservoir of the Earth's hydrologic cycle? Streams and lakes Atmospheric water vapor Ice caps, glaciers, and snow Groundwater and soil moisture World ocean

Atmospheric water vapor

What are the basic building blocks of matter? ANSWER molecules neutrons atoms protons

Atom

The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________. protons atoms ions neutrons electrons

Atoms

In the figure above, which shows water molecules. Which label(s) indicate a covalent bond? A B C B and C D

B

Which statement accurately describes the interaction between a water molecule and sodium chloride as it dissolves? A. The positive hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative sodium ion. B. The negative oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive sodium ion. C. The positive oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive sodium ion. D. The negative oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive chloride ion. E. The negative hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative chloride ion.

B. The negative oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive sodium ion.

Why is water able to dissolve salt? A. Polar water molecules are attracted to nonpolar salt molecules, causing them to separate. B. Water molecules are polar and are attracted to the electrically charged ions that form salts. C. Salt is composed of two different elements that are not bonded to one another, so it dissolves easily. D. The water molecule is bent so that salt attaches to the oxygen side of the molecule and is dissolved. E. Oxygen atoms are negatively charged and attract other negatively charged elements like salts.

B. Water molecules are polar and are attracted to the electrically charged ions that form salts.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________. A. carbonate ions (CO3 −2) B. carbonic acid (H2CO3) C. bicarbonate ions (HCO3 −) D. calcium carbonate (CaCO3) E. hydrogen ions (H−)

B. carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Which attributes of the water molecule arise from the unique bend in its geometry? A. Both sides are negatively charged. B. The oxygen end has a positive charge, and the hydrogen end has a negative charge. C. The hydrogen end has a positive charge, and the oxygen end has a negative charge. D. Both sides are positively charged.

C. The hydrogen end has a positive charge, and the oxygen end has a negative charge.

Why does the water molecule have polarity? A. Water contains two elements that have opposite charges from one another. B. Water contains two hydrogen atoms, which outnumber the one oxygen atom. C. Water is geometrically bent to give one side, or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge. D. Both sides of the water molecule can help to dissolve substances.

C. Water is geometrically bent to give one side, or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge.

The depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the __________. A. halocline B. thermocline C. calcite compensation depth or CCD D. pycnocline E. lysocline

C. calcite compensation depth or CCD

The heat needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1oC (1.8oF) is what? ANSWER kinetic energy calorie van der Waals force temperature

Calorie

Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a: change in state. change in atomic mass. change in subatomic structure. change in molecular weight. change in chemical composition.

Change in state

Which of the following is the most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? Calcium Chloride Magnesium Sodium Sulfate

Chloride

The densest water found in the ocean has what characteristics? Cold, fresh, deep Cold, salty, and deep Warm, salty, shallow Cold, salty, shallow Warm, fresh, deep

Cold, salty, and deep

Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the low latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at low latitudes? Compared to high latitudes, there is higher salinity due to higher evaporation, but the salinity is slightly lower close to the equator due to an increase in runoff there. Salinity is uniformly high due to the high levels of evaporation. Compared to high latitudes, there is lower salinity due to higher evaporation, but the salinity is slightly lower close to the equator due to an increase in runoff there. There is not much of a relative difference in the seawater salinity between high latitudes and low latitudes; the variation in low-latitude salinity averages out to be about the same as in high latitudes.

Compared to high latitudes, there is higher salinity due to higher evaporation, but the salinity is slightly lower close to the equator due to an increase in runoff there.

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the smallest? Atmosphere to continent Atmosphere to ocean Continent to ocean Continent to atmosphere Ocean to atmosphere

Continent to Ocean

A water molecule contains two small hydrogen atoms and one large oxygen atom. What kind of bond keeps these three atoms together? ANSWER polar bond covalent bond ionic bond hydrogen bond

Covalent Bond

If all the water in the ocean was evaporated and only the solid salt was left behind, how much salt would there be? A. enough to fill one 50-story building B. enough to replace the volume of all the water in the oceans with salt C. enough to create a 1-inch-thick coating on the ocean floor D. enough to form a layer about 500 feet thick that covers all of Earth E. enough to blanket North America in a foot of salt

D. enough to form a layer about 500 feet thick that covers all of Earth

A large influx of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the ocean over an extended period of time will have what effect on the pH? not have an effect on the pH decrease the pH increase the pH

Decrease the pH

The density of water ___ below 4oC (39.2oF). ANSWER stays the same decreases increases

Decreases

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern? The lack of marine life in deep water means that a smaller amount of organic acids is released into the water by biological activity. The carbonate buffering effect makes the water more basic or alkaline. The low temperature and high pressure at depth both work to lower the pH. The water is more saline with depth, and higher salinity means greater acidity. Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. An increase in the pH of seawater means it is becoming more acidic. Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater. The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater. The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water. Seawater is slightly acidic.

Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater. The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater. The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water.

The pH scale is a measure of the __________ ion concentration of a solution. A. bicarbonate B. hydroxide C. carbonate D. carbonic acid E. hydrogen

E. Hydrogen

Subatomic particles with a negative charge are called ________. electrons ions protons atoms molecules

Electrons

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale? Precipitation River discharge Melting glaciers Stream runoff Evaporation

Evaporation

What state of water has independent molecules that flow freely? ANSWER gas solid liquid

Gas

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is: Cl-. HCO3-. Na+. CO2. Ca+2.

HCO3-

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 20°N Longitude: 180°W High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation High surface seawater salinity due to precipitation Low surface seawater salinity due to evaporation Low surface seawater salinity due to precipitation

High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation

What type of bonding occurs between water molecules? ANSWER covalent bonding hydrogen bonding ionic bonding

Hydrogen Bonding

What causes water's density to decrease when it freezes? dispersion forces covalent bonds ionic bonds van der Waals attractions hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Dissolved ions are removed from the ocean through which of these processes? Hydrothermal activity at the mid-ocean ridge River discharge Volcanic eruptions

Hydrothermal activity at the mid-ocean ridge

Locations that experience seasonal seawater freezing Locations that experience seasonal ice melting have Sample A B C and D

Increased Salinity Decrease Salinity A- Just East of Bahamas B-Off west coast of Africa near equator C-From Red Sea D- From Baltic Sea

As climate change causes global rises in temperature, which of the following processes affecting sea surface salinity are likely to occur? Increased melting of glacial ice and sea ice will decrease sea surface salinity Decreased sea ice formation will decrease sea surface salinity. Higher levels of precipitation and runoff will decrease sea surface salinity. Increased sea ice formation will increase sea surface salinity. Higher levels of evaporation from the ocean will increase sea surface salinity.

Increased melting of glacial ice and sea ice will decrease sea surface salinity Decreased sea ice formation will decrease sea surface salinity. Higher levels of precipitation and runoff will decrease sea surface salinity. Higher levels of evaporation from the ocean will increase sea surface salinity.

What areas on Earth experience the greatest day/night temperature variations? ANSWER coastal landmasses coastal oceans interiors of landmasses interiors of oceans

Interiors of Landmasses

Human consumption of which of the following components of seawater helps prevent goiter? Calcium Iodine Magnesium Sodium Sulfate

Iodine

What type of bonding does table salt have? Ionic Covalent Metallic Hydrogen

Ionic

What makes water a polar molecule? It is high energy in the gas phase and low energy in the solid phase. It has hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds. It behaves erratically in a gas phase. It has a positive hydrogen side and a negative oxygen side. It is attracted to many substances.

It has a positive hydrogen side and a negative oxygen side.

The presence of a dissolved ion in very low concentrations in ocean water indicates what about the amount of time it stays in the water? ANSWER It has low residence time. It has no residence time. It has high residence time. It has moderate residence time.

It has low residence time.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? It rises rapidly as the ice melts. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It immediately begins to rise slowly. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts.

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Why isn't desalination more widespread? It is energy expensive. It cannot be done on a large scale. The freshwater yield is low. The technology is not widely available.

Its energy expensive

Drag the appropriate labels about the three water phases to their respective targets. Note that some labels will be used more than once.

Liquid Gas Gas Liquid Solid Solid

Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 60°N Longitude: 20°W High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation High surface seawater salinity due to precipitation Low surface seawater salinity due to evaporation Low surface seawater salinity due to precipitation

Low surface seawater salinity due to precipitation

Is there relatively high or low seawater salinity in the high latitudes? What combination of factors explains the salinity at high latitudes? Lower salinity due to high precipitation and runoff and melting icebergs, and low evaporation due to cooler temperatures Higher salinity due to low evaporation and low runoff Lower salinity due to warm temperatures, which leads to high evaporation and low precipitation and runoff Higher salinity due to high precipitation and runoff and melting icebergs, and low evaporation due to cooler temperatures

Lower salinity due to high precipitation and runoff and melting icebergs, and low evaporation due to cooler temperatures

Van der Waals forces are relatively weak interactions that exist between electrically ________ molecules because of the molecules' uneven distribution of charge. positive negative neutral

Neutral

Subatomic particles with a neutral charge are called ________. protons ions electrons atoms neutrons

Neutrons

Which of the following gases in the atmosphere is the most abundant percentage by volume? Nitrogen Methane Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Nitrogen

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? Continent to ocean Atmosphere to ocean Atmosphere to continent Continent to atmosphere Ocean to atmosphere

Ocean to atmosphere

Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing density? Pycnocline Thermocline Halocline Mixed layer

Pycnocline

Dissolved ions enter the ocean through which of these processes? Hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridge Sea spray Adsorption and precipitation Biological processes River discharge

River Discharge

What is the term for the total amount of solids dissolved in water? ANSWER chlorinity turbidity salinity alkalinity

Salinity

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater.

Of the following processes, which increases the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply. Sea ice formation Precipitation Melting icebergs Evaporation Runoff Sea ice melting

Sea ice formation Evaporation

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing.

Why is there little change to salinity below 1,000 meters (3,281 feet)? At this depth most of the dissolved material precipitates out of the water. Deep water is well mixed. Surface processes don't affect the deeper water. Currents move the dissolved solids.

Surface processes don't affect the deeper water.

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: pH. chlorinity. temperature. salinity. density.

Temperature

Which of the following exerts the greatest control over density at the ocean's surface? ANSWER pressure temperature salinity

Temperature

Which of the following exerts the greatest control over density at the ocean's surface? ANSWER temperature salinity pressure

Temperature

Which of the following best defines heat capacity? The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius

What makes water the universal solvent? ANSWER The hydrogen bonding pulls other molecules closer. The ionic bonds are strengthened in the molecule, allowing water to encapsulate the molecule. The dipolarity of the molecule allows ions of other compounds to separate easily. The surface tension of water holds other molecules in until they dissolve.

The dipolarity of the molecule allows ions of other compounds to separate easily.

Which of the following best defines temperature? The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together

The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules

Which of the following best defines heat? The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together

The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean. Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity.

The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.

Why are water molecules in a gas phase able to move rapidly and independently of each other? There are no covalent bonds between water molecules in a gas phase. Water molecules in a gas phase are at a higher temperature and have a lot of kinetic energy. Hydrogen bonds in a gas phase repeatedly form then break, allowing the water molecules to move freely. The covalent bonds holding each water molecule together in a gas phase are very strong. There are no hydrogen bonds between water molecules in a gas phase, so each water molecule acts as an individual.

There are no hydrogen bonds between water molecules in a gas phase, so each water molecule acts as an individual.

In terms of temperature for high-latitude regions, which layer is absent? Halocline Pycnocline Mixing zone Thermocline

Thermocline

Which of the following is a layer of rapidly changing temperature? Thermocline Halocline Mixed layer Pycnocline

Thermocline

Based upon latitude, where is salinity highest in the Northern Hemisphere? ANSWER pole Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Cancer

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply. Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water molecules hydrate other ions. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water density is greatest when solid.

Water has cohesion and surface tension. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water molecules hydrate other ions. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything.

Which of the following statements is true of water in a solid state? Choose all that apply. Solid water conforms to the shape of its container. Water molecules in ice remain in a relatively fixed position and are not as mobile as they are in the liquid state, where there are fewer hydrogen bonds. Water molecules in ice do not interact with each other very often. There are covalent bonds between each water molecule. It is rigid and forms a three-dimensional crystalline shape.

Water molecules in ice remain in a relatively fixed position and are not as mobile as they are in the liquid state, where there are fewer hydrogen bonds. It is rigid and forms a three-dimensional crystalline shape.

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination? A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent? Water molecules reduce the attraction between ions of opposite charges. Water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules. Water molecules make it much easier for ions to separate. Water molecules stick to other polar chemical compounds. When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

What happens to pH in the cases of the following formulas? HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ ANSWER a. decreases pH (acidic) b. decreases pH (acidic) a. decreases pH (acidic) b. increases pH (basic) a. increases pH (basic) b. increases pH (basic) a. increases pH (basic) b. decreases pH (acidic)

a. increases pH (basic) b. decreases pH (acidic)

Changing the salinity of a body of water most often involves which of the following? ANSWER adding/removing fresh water adding/removing suspended solids adding/removing dissolved solids adding/removing chlorine

adding/removing fresh water

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________. have no latent heat have a high heat capacity are smaller than water molecules are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar are organic

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

The salinity curve for high latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. Whereas, the salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. decreased; decreased; increased; increased increased; decreased; decreased; increased decreased; increased; increased; decreased increased; increased; decreased; decreased

decreased; increased; increased; decreased

The freezing point of water _____ with the addition of dissolved substances and ____ at higher pressures. ANSWER decreases; increases decreases; decreases increases; decreases increases; increases

decreases; decreases

Why are dissolved oxygen concentrations higher in the surface ocean than in the deep ocean at both high and low latitudes? respiration by fish and other marine organisms photosynthesis by phytoplankton oxygen is more soluble in surface waters chemosynthesis of archaea mixing with the atmosphere

photosynthesis by phytoplankton

Where did most of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere come from? respiration of phytoplankton in the ocean human respiration chemosynthesis photosynthesis of land plants photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the ocean

photosynthesis of phytoplankton in the ocean