Ocean Final
A calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by ________ degree centigrade.
1
How many years ago did the last ice age end?
10,000
Earth's axis of rotation is tilted at an angle of ________.
23.5°
Siliceous ooze contains at least ________% of the hard remains of silica-secreting organisms.
30
The oldest part of the Great Barrier Reef is around ________ years.
30 million
Around the margin of the Pacific Ocean, the continental slopes in the United States more than ________ degrees.
5
Manganese nodules grow about ________ per million years.
5 millimeters
What is the pH of pure water?
7.0
What is the approximate age of the Detroit Seamount?
80 million years old
What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?
85%
What is the temperature range for a white smoker?
86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit
Snow reflects back into space as much as ________ of incoming solar radiation, and so has a high albedo.
90%
If the elevation of the Sun above the horizon is at 30 degrees, what is the percentage of absorbed radiation?
94
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Abyssal hill Rift valley Oceanic rise Oceanic ridge Seafloor spreadin
Abyssal hill
The first person to advance the idea of mobile continents or continental drift was ________.
Alfred Wegener
Which volcanic rock is named after the Andes Mountains in South America?
Andesite
Which of the following is Earth's plastic layer, which flows when a gradual force is applied to it?
Asthenosphere
Where can stromatolites be found?
Australia
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Seismologists prefer the well-known Richter scale over the moment magnitude scale BECAUSE the Richter scale is better for larger-magnitude earthquakes.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Which of the following dissolved solids account for the majority of seawater composition?
Chloride
The ________ is a transition zone between the continental slope and the deep-ocean floor comprised of a huge submerged pile of debris.
Continental rise
Where are the thickest marine sediments located?
Continental shelf
Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
The extinction of the dinosaurs marks the boundary between which two periods?
Cretaceous and Tertiary
Which of the following was not a ship of Captain James Cook's?
Discovery
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East Pacific Rise are geographic examples of which type of plate boundary?
Divergent
Which of the following Vikings is credited with discovering Greenland?
Erik Thorvaldson
Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water?
Evaporation
What type of seafloor feature does a transform plate boundary make?
Fault
Which circulation cells are between 30 and 60 degrees latitude?
Ferrell cells
A tropical cyclone with a wind speed of 260 km/hr. would be classified as Category ________ on the Saffir-Simpson Scale of hurricane intensity.
Five
Which state has large phosphorite deposits and supplies about one-quarter of the world's phosphates?
Florida
The trade winds blow in which of the following directions in the Southern Hemisphere?
From southeast to northwest
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Sea MARC SeaBeam Precision depth recorder (PDR) GLORIA Global positioning system (GPS)
Global positioning system (GPS)
Which of the following is not an accessory metal present in manganese nodules?
Gold
Which of the following surface seawater salinity conditions would you predict for the following location: Latitude: 30°S Longitude: 80°E
High surface seawater salinity due to evaporation
Oceanography is divided into four different academic disciplines or subfields of study. Which one is not mentioned in the textbook? Geological oceanography Physical oceanography Chemical oceanography Biological oceanography Historical oceanography
Historical oceanography
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Oceanic trench Volcanoes Mountains Island arc Hydrothermal vents
Hydrothermal vents
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Oceanic transform fault Mariana Trench San Andreas Fault Transform fault North Anatolian Fault
Mariana Trench
Which German vessel used echo sounding to identify the underwater mountain range running through the center of the South Atlantic Ocean?
Meteor
Which of Newton's laws states that an object at rest remains at rest, and a moving object continues to move in a straight line unless an external force changes its state of motion?
Newton's first law
In which period did the first fishes appear?
Ordovician
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Ammonia Methane Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water vapor
Oxygen
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Pangaea Gondwanaland Panthalassia Panamerica Tethys Sea
Panamerica
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Christopher Columbus John Cabot Vasco de Gama Ptolemy Ferdinand Magella
Ptolemy
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Convergent active margin Rift valley Continental margin Active margin Transform active margin
Rift valley
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Rift valley Convergent plate boundary Island arc Volcanic arc Continental arc
Rift valley
Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater?
Sodium
The fossil remains of Mesosaurus were found only on which two landmasses?
South America and Africa
Which of the following climatic regions exists at the following location: Latitude: 60°S Longitude: 170°W?
Subpolar
Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater?
Sulfate
In the Northern Hemisphere, June 21 is known as ________.
Summer solstice
Which of the following has the greatest influence on seawater density?
Temperature
Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea?
The Arctic Ocean
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Collecting adequate samples from which of the following is the most difficult?
The deep-ocean floor
Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the mid-ocean ridges?
The shallowest slope below sea level
In which period did the dinosaurs dominate?
Triassic
Which part of the Earth receives the most annual radiation from the sun?
Tropics
Based on altitude, which is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?
Troposphere
Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris
Match the term with the appropriate phrase.
Used to determine ocean structure beneath the seafloor = Seismic reflection profile a method of mapping the topography of the ocean floor along a strip up to 60 km wide = multibeam sonar uses high frequency sound waves to measure ocean depth = precision depth recorder cumulative plot of the frequency of depth or elevation = hypsographic curve
The Eltanin Fault is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic transform
The Peru Chile Trench is an example of ________ plate boundary.
an oceanic-continental convergent
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet, its ________ must have changed.
chemical composition
The intensity of solar radiation received at lower latitudes (near the equator) compared to higher latitudes (near the poles) is ________.
greater
A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water.
hydrogen
The surface tension of water ________.
is relatively high
The strength of a hurricane stems from water's ________.
latent heat of condensation
Sediments derived from preexisting rocks on land are called ________.
lithogenous
Ascension Island is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a(n) ________.
mid-ocean ridge
The gently sloping and fast-spreading parts of the mid-ocean ridge are called ________.
oceanic rises
Earth's second atmosphere formed from ________.
outgassing
A layer of rapidly changing density with depth is called a ________.
pycnocline
One of the most abundance, chemically stable, and durable minerals in the Earth's crust is ________.
quartz
Stanley Miller's 1952 experiment created ________ from the chemical ingredients thought to exist in Earth's early ocean.
simple organic compounds
Ice crystals are ________ structures in which water molecules are widely spaced.
six-sided
The Himalaya Mountains are an example of the ________ stage of the Wilson Cycle.
suturing
Low latitude wind belt(s) with strong, reliable, generally easterly winds is (are) the ________.
trade winds
In 2003 the world fishing fleet spent over ________ billion to catch $80 billion worth of fish.
$120
Waves from separate sea areas move away as swell and produce an interference pattern when they come together. If Sea A has wave heights of 2.5 meters and Sea B has wave heights of 3.5 meters, what would be the height of waves resulting from destructive interference?
1 meter
Which of the following best describes how DDT use lead to a serious decline in the osprey population of Long Island Sound during the late 1950's and 1960's?
Adult ospreys could not produce normal thickness eggs due to DDT in their food supply.
Rogue waves are created along the "Wild Coast" off the southeast coast of ________, where the Agulhas Current flows directly against large Antarctic storm waves.
Africa
Which of the following kingdoms also includes humans?
Animalia
Which of the following is the only current that completely circumscribes Earth?
Antarctic Circumpolar
Which of the following oceans has the least diversity of reef-building corals?
Atlantic Ocean
Chemosynthetic bacteria do not form the base of the food web at which of the following biocommunities?
Cold water reefs
Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?
Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.
Which of the following caused devastating effects on the marine food chain and was banned in the United States in 1972?
DDT
The angular distance of the Sun or Moon above or below Earth's equatorial plane is called ________.
Declination
What does DART stand for?
Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
The image is an example of which of the following photosynthetic marine organisms?
Dinoflagellate
Which of the following often wind up as bycatch because fishers commonly used them to locate tuna?
Dolphins
Which of the following features is characteristic of a submerging shoreline?
Drowned beach
The California Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Eastern Boundary Current
The area in the enclosed rectangle in the false-color map of sea surface temperatures is an example of which of the following features?
Eddies
The false-color map of sea surface temperatures shown below is an example of which of the following features?
El Niño conditions
The North Equatorial Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Equatorial Current
Which of the following currents contributes to the South Eastern United States being humid?
Gulf Stream
Which of the following has caused an increase in the mortality of blue crab, oysters, and other bottom-dwelling animals in Chesapeake Bay since the early 1950s?
Increased discharge of sewage and fertilizers
Which of the following is considered the world's largest oil spill?
Intentional dumping by the Iraqi army in 1991.
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at much greater pH compared to typical black smokers?
Lost City
Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?
Lunate caudal fin
Which of the following types of caudal fins is found on fast-cruising fish such as tuna, marlin, and swordfish?
Lunate caudal fin
Which of the following is not a depositional feature?
Marine terraces
Tides are generated by forces imposed on Earth that are caused by a combination of gravity and motion among all of the following except ________.
Mars
________ waves also known as interface waves.
Orbital
A vast majority of all large tsunami are generated in the ________ Ocean.
Pacific
Which feature forms right after liquid slush develops?
Pancake ice
Which of the following characterizes the pesticide DDT and industrial chemicals such as PCBs?
Persistence in the environment Biologically active Propensity to accumulate in food chains
Which of the following is not considered a pollutant in the marine environment?
Phytoplankton
________ is a partially mixed estuary.
Slightly stratified estuary
________ is the area that is above the spring high tide and is covered by water only during storms.
Spray zone
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Australian drought Strong trade winds Flooding rains in southeastern United States Decreased fish stock in coastal Peru Peruvian upwelling stops
Strong trade winds
Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?
Strong wave activity
The image above is an example of which of the following?
Summertime beach
Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents?
Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres."
________ occur only in the upper part of the ocean.
Surface waves
Which of the following estuaries forms when the sea floods a downdropped area caused by faulting?
Tectonic Estuary
The estuary in the image above is an example of which of the following?
Tectonic estuary
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Surface ocean water thermal expansion Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet melting Deep ocean water thermal expansion Tectonic uplifting Melting of terrestrial glaciers and ice caps
Tectonic uplifting
Which of the following climatic regions exists at the following location: Latitude: 40°S Longitude: 80°W?
Temperate
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Invasive species can wreak ecological havoc by outcompeting and dominating native populations BECAUSE they lack predators or other natural controls in their new habitats.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic zooplankton are primary consumers BECAUSE they eat microscopic phytoplankton.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine animals live near the ocean surface BECAUSE this is where food can be obtained.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Multibeam SONAR systems have resolution limitations in deep water BECAUSE beams of sound spread out with depth.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Plankton cannot determine their horizontal position within the ocean BECAUSE they can't swim, move only weakly or move only vertically.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Bay of Fundy is a prime target for tidal power BECAUSE it has the largest tidal range in the world.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The beach face is a favorite place for runners BECAUSE the sand is wet and hard packed.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The temperatures across the Atlantic at different latitudes are much higher in Europe than in North America BECAUSE of the effects of heat transfer from the Gulf Stream.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The true value of the ecological efficiency in populations important to present fisheries is of practical importance BECAUSE it determines the size of the fish harvest that can safely be taken from the oceans without damaging the ecosystem.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Waves break in the surf zone BECAUSE particle motion near the bottom of the wave is severely restricted.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Most marine organisms are unaffected by the high pressure at depth BECAUSE they have large internal air pockets that can be compressed.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The movement of Earth's tectonic plates is not responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE Earth's tectonic plates have not moved great distances.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The open ocean is almost always blue in color BECAUSE they contain large amounts of microscopic marine algae and suspended particles.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: U.S. companies no longer produce DDT BECAUSE, the EPA has banned the use of DDT in the United States since 1972.
The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Hurricanes are no longer a threat to life and property around the globe BECAUSE improvements in technology have provided increasingly accurate forecasts and prompt evacuation.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The greenhouse effect is not a natural process that influences the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere BECAUSE it is now being altered by human emissions.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The inhabitants of the open ocean risk desiccation BECAUSE they live in an environment of abundant saltwater.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Usually a parasite robs enough energy to kill the host BECAUSE if the host dies, so does the parasite.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Volcanic eruptions are responsible for the recent observable climate changes BECAUSE large and long lasting volcanic eruptions may have been influential in contributing to Earth's climate shifts in the distant past.
The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.
Which of the following occurs when seafloor spreading rates increase?
There is a rise in sea level
Which of the following properties makes plastic an increasingly abundant component of oceanic flotsam and very damaging to the marine environment?
They are durable causing them to last almost indefinitely.
Wave height is the vertical distance from crest to trough.
True
Which of the following types of caudal fins is featured in the image?
Truncate caudal fin
The average slope of the continental shelf is approximately ________.
a tenth of a degree
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a(n) ________.
hypothesis
Eustatic changes in sea level might include ________.
increased glacial melting due to the global warming
The solubility of CO2 ________ as seawater gets colder and pressure ________.
increases; increases
Nearly all large organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are called ________ because they burrow into the sediment.
infauna
The tide-generating force varies ________.
inversely with the cube of the distance between the objects
Bioremediation ________.
is a method of oil cleanup that uses microbes to break down oil
This marine mammal ________.
is a small mammal with dense fur and lacks an insulating blubber layer
Cruisers are thought to have relatively high body temperature because ________.
it increases the power output of muscle tissue
Productivity in polar oceans is ________.
light-limited
Sophisticated climate models forecast relatively little warming of ________.
low latitudes
The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the ________.
lugworm
Petroleum in the ocean is not considered a pollutant when ________.
natural seepage is responsible
Warm currents flowing ________ on the ________ sides of continents produce warm, humid conditions.
poleward; eastern
Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to ________.
respiration
The term ________ refers to large numbers of fish, squid, or shrimp that form well-defined social groupings.
school
The ratio of wave height to wavelength is called the ________.
wave steepness
The speed of a deep-water wave is proportional to ________.
wavelength
Highly productive areas of coastal upwelling are found along the ________ margins of continents, where surface currents are moving ________ the equator.
western; toward
Neap tides occur ________.
when the Moon is in quadrature
The muscle tissue of a "lunger" is predominantly ________.
white
Worldwide, about ________ storms grow to named tropical cyclones status each year.
100
Approximately how fast do tidal bores move?
15 miles per hour
When was the Walker Circulation Cell first described?
1920s
Based on the graph of surface air temperature versus time, when did the rate of warming begin to increase dramatically?
1980
In which year were the Nike shoes spilled in the Pacific Ocean?
1990
Approximately how many barrier islands are there worldwide?
2,150
At the surface, the concentration of oxygen in the swim bladder is about ________, which is the same as the atmosphere.
20%
In which year was the first commercial-scale wave power plant began generating electricity?
2000
When was the last El Niño event?
2015-2016
Nearly _____ of the world's total catch is from very highly productive upwelling areas, which represent only about 0.1% of the ocean surface area.
21%
Of the 230,000 known species that inhabit the marine environment, about how many live in or on the ocean floor?
225,000
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed in the atmosphere?
23
The Sun is ________ times more massive than the Moon.
27 million
The Moon cycles between perigee, apogee, and back to perigee every ________.
27.5 days
Sea level has experienced only minor changes as a result of melting glacial ice during the past ________ years.
3,000
The average albedo of Earth's surface is about ________.
30%
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is absorbed by clouds?
4
The Earth is approximately ________.
4.6 billion years old
Since 1750, the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere has increased more than ________.
40%
The Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen Ice Shelf has decreased by more than ________ over the past decade.
40%
Approximately how many species of sharks exist in the world?
400
A boundary or belt characterized by strong, steady winds, generally from the east occurs in which of the following regions?
5 to 30 degrees
What is the latitude for the trade winds?
5-30 degrees
Fossil discoveries indicate that whales evolved from mammals on land about ________ million years ago.
50
When did the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum occur?
56 million years ago
According to the Beaufort wind scale, what is the beaufort number for a strong breeze?
6
What percentage of the Sun's energy that reaches Earth's surface is reflected back into space?
6
According to the figure showing global wind belts and boundaries, the polar front is located in/at ________.
60° latitude
Corals only grow within the tropics where average annual water temperature is above ________.
64°F
If all of the glacial ice on the Earth were to melt, sea level would rise ________ meters.
70
The Earth-Moon distance varies by ________.
8%
Scientists estimate that ________ of deep-sea marine life is bioluminescent.
90%
The percentage of biomass regularly decomposed within the euphotic zone is about ________.
90%
About what percent of the world fishery is obtained within 320 kilometers (200 miles) of shore?
95%
Even though ________ of marine species are bottom dwelling, the vast majority of the ocean's biomass is planktonic.
98%
More than ________ of the approximately 230,000 known marine species live in diverse environments within or on the ocean floor.
98%
The opening of Drake Passage about 41 million years ago caused a fundamental reorganization of ocean currents leading to the isolation of ________, which caused it to become much cooler.
Antarctica
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Animalia Fungi Archaea Plantae Protista
Archaea
The ________ is one of the locations where the effects of global warming are being most keenly felt and likely will experience quite dramatic changes in the future.
Arctic
In the United States, semidiurnal tides commonly occur along the ________.
Atlantic coast
Which of the following is the smallest reservoir of the carbon cycle on the Earth?
Atmosphere
Which pathway has the largest annual flux of carbon between reservoirs?
Atmosphere to biosphere
Rogue waves are sometimes called all of the following except:
Awake waves
Which of the following domains includes simple life-forms with cells that usually lack a nucleus?
Bacteria
How many known marine species have been catalogued by taxonomists at the World Register of Marine Species?
Between 200,000 and 250,000
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: A tidal bulge is not created on the side of Earth facing away from the Moon BECAUSE the provided gravitational force is greater than the required centripetal force.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: In most places on Earth, high tides occur every 12 hours BECAUSE tides depend on the solar day.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The net result of an increase in atmospheric moisture should be an increase in air temperature BECAUSE the heat absorption of water vapor in the atmosphere dominates over the higher reflectivity of clouds.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Which set of fins is used for moving fast?
Caudal and pectoral
Which of the following fins is featured in the image?
Caudal fin
Dinoflagellate tests are made of which material?
Cellulose
Gray whales are members of which of the following orders?
Cetacea
Which of the following atmospheric constituents has the greatest ability to absorb heat on a per-molecule basis?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Which of the following greenhouse gases is also destroying the ozone layer?
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued which of the following statements?
Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account.
Jellies are an example of which of the following?
Cnidarians
Which feature is not part of the beach?
Coast
If you are concerned about purchasing fish from health thriving fisheries, which of the following should you avoid?
Cod: Atlantic (Canada & United States)
Which of the following kingdoms includes single-celled organisms whose cells lack discrete nuclei and the internal organelles?
Eubacteria
Humans are part of which of the following domains?
Eukarya
The introduction of which of the following non-native species altered the ecology of fresh-water lakes and blocked the water-carrying pipes of power plants?
European zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha
Rogue waves are often caused by destructive wave interference.
False
The majority of surface ocean waves are caused by earthquakes.
False
The type of breaker that is best for surfing is called a pounding breaker.
False
Wave steepness is equal to wavebase divided by wavelength.
False
When a tsunami reaches a coastal area, it is always represented by a single rapid surge of water toward the shore, resembling a suddenly occurring high tide.
False
Which of the following estuaries forms as sea level rises and floods a glaciated valley?
Fjord
Which of the following a cold seep?
Florida Escarpment
Which of the following color schemes is correct for the graph of productivity in middle latitude oceans?
Green = Phytoplankton; Yellow = Sunlight; Blue = Nutrients; Black = Zooplankton
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Internal wave Capillary wave Wind Gravity wave Sea or sea area
Internal wave
The K—T boundary contained an unusual clay layer with high proportions of which element?
Iridium
Who was killed in Hawaii during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
James Cook
Which of the following is considered a warm current?
K
Which of the following is the cause of the presumed pause in the rise of Earth's average global surface temperature in the past few decades?
Measurement bias from the greater use of buoys
________ are small marine organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles.
Meiofauna
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Aphelion Perihelion Apogee Nadir Perigee
Nadir
Which of the following includes most adult fish, marine mammals, marine reptiles, and some marine invertebrates?
Nekton
An example of relocation is the movement of Cape Hatteras Lighthouse. Where is the lighthouse located?
North Carolina
In which hemisphere are the northern lights called the aurora borealis?
Northern
The North Pacific Current is an example of which of the following types of currents?
Northern Boundary Current
Which of the following has been shown to cause liver cancer and harmful genetic mutations in animals?
PCBs
Which of the following resulted in mercury contamination and over 1780 deaths due to Minamata disease in Japan?
Producing acetaldehyde
Which of the following kingdoms includes a diverse collection of single-celled and multicelled organisms that have a nucleus?
Protista
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Mixed Mixed semidiurnal Quadrature Semidiurnal Diurnal
Quadrature
Which ship plowed through a 95-foot wave generated by Hurricane Luis?
Queen Elizabeth II
Which of the following methods are used to measure ocean surface currents directly?
Radio-transmitting float bottles
What is the fate of the largest proportion of plastic pollution that enters the oceans each year?
Remains floating at sea
Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?
Rock weed
Which of the following animals uses a swim bladder to achieve neutral buoyancy?
Sea Bass
Which of the following human threats to the ocean may wreak havoc on corals by reducing the amount of sunlight they receive?
Sea level rise
What's another name for an abyssal hill?
Seaknolls
Marketing of which of the following non-native marine species by the aquarium industry is causing problems worldwide?
Seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia
Oceanographers who want to know about ocean structure beneath the sea floor use which of the following techniques?
Seismic Reflection
Worldwide how many tidal power plants exist?
Seven
Which of the following rivers is the second largest tidal range in the world?
Severn River
Up until 1993 New York City dumped which of the following into the coastal ocean?
Sewage sludge
If you are standing at 28 degrees north latitude, you will experience a high tide when the Moon is directly overhead. When will low tide occur?
Six lunar hours later
Which of the following statements about human-caused climate change is correct?
Social acceptance of human-caused climate change by the U.S. general public lags far behind scientists.
Which of the following Atlantic Subtropical gyre boundary currents is split into two by a large landmass?
South Equatorial Current
Where is the world's only commercially operated wave energy plant located?
Spain
Which of the following is not a baleen whale?
Sperm whales
Which type of breaker has a longer life span and give surfers a longer ride than other breakers?
Spilling breaker
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: A tidal bulge is created on the side of Earth facing away from the Moon BECAUSE the required centripetal force is greater than the provided gravitational force.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Attempts to limit crown-of-thorns sea star damage to the Great Barrier Reef made the problem worse BECAUSE divers smashed the crown-of-thorns, which then regenerated new individuals from various body parts.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Marine invertebrates such as worms, mussels, and octopuses have not had to evolve special mechanisms to maintain their body fluids at a proper concentrations BECAUSE tropical organisms grow faster, have a shorter life expectancy.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Reef-building corals are able to survive in nutrient-poor tropical waters BECAUSE they capture tiny planktonic food with their stinging tentacles.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The longshore current along the East Coast of the United States moves to the south BECAUSE the strong Gulf Stream current is moving to the north.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Alternatives to hard stabilization have been sought BECAUSE hard stabilization has not been proven to have negative environmental consequences.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Which of the following statements regarding sea otters is correct?
They inhabit kelp beds in coastal waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Marine terrace Tombolo Sea caves Wave-cut cliffs Sea arches
Tombolo
Which of the following ecosystems accounts for 21.0% of the world marine fishery?
Tropical shelves
In shallow-water waves, wave speed increases with increased water depth; in deep-water waves, wave speed increases with increased wavelength.
True
Swell describes waves that have traveled out of their area of origination.
True
What depth does Argo floats collect data?
Upper 2,000 meters
What shape troughs does the capillary waves exhibit?
V
Which of the following plankton are the smallest?
Virioplankton
The body shape illustrated in the diagram allows the fish to cope with which of the following properties of water?
Viscosity
Which of the following substances has the highest specific heat?
Water
The speed of longshore currents decreases as which of the following increases?
Wave period
The speed of longshore currents increases as which of the following decreases?
Wave period
The New Moon is immediately followed by the ________ phase of the Lunar Cycle.
Waxing crescent
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Summer solstice Vernal equinox Ecliptic Autumnal equinox Westerlies
Westerlies
The atmospheric high-pressure cells over North America in the map suggest that the atmospheric patterns shown most likely represent which season for the northern hemisphere?
Winter
The East Africa Rift Valleys are an example of ________ plate boundary.
a continental-continental divergent
Match the examples of sediments below with the term that best describes their classification. Each example will match to one term.
abyssal clay = lithogenous (terrigenous) sediment coccolithophores = biogenous sediment halite (salt) = hydrogenous sediment tektites = cosmogenous sediment
The ________ zone includes all the deepest parts of the ocean below 4000 meters.
abyssopelagic
An organism's response to environmental changes are called ________.
adaptations
The basic building blocks of all matter are called ________.
atoms
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ________.
bacteria
Zebra mussels and Atlantic comb jellies are both examples of biological pollutants (non-native species) that were introduced to new habitats by _______.
ballast water
Animals that live in the abyssopelagic and ________ zones feed mostly upon one another.
bathypelagic
A ________ is a deposit of shore area.
beach
With respect to their marine environment, these organisms can be referred to as ________.
benthos
The ________ is the dry, gently sloping, slightly elevated margin of the beach that can be found at the foot of coastal cliffs or sand dunes.
berm
According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms lived in sea floor rocks about 3.5 ________ years ago.
billion
Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the ________.
chlorination of the liquid effluent
Low-pressure regions in the northern hemisphere rotate ________.
counterclockwise
The high parts of the waves are called ________.
crests
Orchestoidea is an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
deposit
The zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues is a type of ________.
dinoflagellate
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along ________.
edges at around 2,000 meters depth
Organisms that are either permanently attached to the bottom of the ocean floor or move over it are called ________.
epifauna
Baleen whales are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
filter
Barnacles are an example of a heterotroph that feeds by ________ feeding.
filter
A grunion is a marine ________ that comes completely out of the water to spawn.
fish
A(n) ________ is produced when water rushes into a bay (or river) with an incoming high tide.
flood current
The part of the shore that is exposed at low tide and submerged at high tide is known as the ________.
foreshore
The attraction between Earth and the Moon is an example of ________ force.
gravitational
Bacteriovores, carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores are types of ________ organisms.
heterotrophic
Bioremediation has been particularly effective in marine ecosystems in the clean-up of ________.
hydrocarbons
Years after the oil spill from the Exxon Valdez, ecologic recovery has largely taken place because ________.
most substances that comprise oil are naturally biodegradable
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. flood current neap tide ebb tide flood tide ebb current
neap tide
An increase in cloud cover due to higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a(n) ________.
negative-feedback loop
The flow of energy through a biotic community is ________.
noncyclic and unidirectional
The two most significant human sources of oil pollution in the marine environment are ________.
normal oil tanker/shipping operations and urban run-off
In temperate oceans of the northern hemisphere during the winter months ________.
nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease
Organisms which feed directly on plants, algae, and other animals are called ________.
omnivores
The diameter of the Moon is ________ that of Earth.
one-fourth
Waves at the ocean surface are ________ waves.
orbital
The zone that lies between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves is known as the ________.
shore
Coastal upwelling along the coast of Chile is a result of winds from the ________ turning towards the ________ due to Ekman transport.
south; left
Halfway between the crests and the troughs is the ________.
still water level
The largest loss of life from a hurricane is usually due to ________.
storm surge
The inner ________ zone extends to the depth at which marine algae no longer grow attached to the ocean bottom.
sublittoral
Other than the oil spilled intentionally by the Iraqi army during their invasion of Kuwait in 1991, the world's largest oil spill was from ________.
the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico (2010)
Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor.
thousand
Cold currents flowing ________ on the ________ sides of continents produce arid conditions.
toward the equator; western
A Secchi disk is used to measure water ________.
transparency
Today, ocean color is collected worldwide every ________ days by MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites.
two
Earth's mantle is exposed on the ocean floor in great slabs of rock between widely-spaced volcanoes in ________.
ultra-slow spreading centers
Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich deep water through ________.
upwelling
Waves in the surf zone begin to behave like shallow-water waves when ________.
water depth = wavelength/20
Standing waves may be caused by ________.
wave reflection
The Himalayan Mountains and Alps are geographic examples of which type of plate boundary?
Convergent
Which of the following is the most advanced technology used to collect sediment samples from the deep ocean?
Rotary corer
